腹横筋膜与腹膜前疝修补术103例分析

目的重新认识腹横筋膜的解剖特点,从解剖学角度探讨腹膜前疝修补术的合理性。方法对术中腹横筋膜以及腹膜前间隙的解剖观察,回顾性分析腹膜前修补腹股沟疝103例的临床资料。结果耻骨肌孔由腹横筋膜的前层覆盖,腹横筋膜由两层构成,腹壁下血管位于两层之间。3种方法放置的补片在不同的腹膜前间隙覆盖耻骨肌孔。103例均成功,无切口感染、髂腹股沟神经痛病例。术后随访1～6年无复发。结论从解剖学特点看,覆盖耻骨肌孔的腹膜前疝修补具有合理性。前后入路腹膜前疝修补补片放置的间隙不同。     

腹股沟区腹膜前解剖和疝修补术

目的：重新认识腹股沟区腹膜前解剖的特点，探讨腹膜前腹股沟疝无张力修补术的技术要点。方法：（1）对5具新鲜尸体进行腹股沟区解剖研究；（2）2005年6月-2006年5月行开放式腹膜前腹股沟疝无张力修补术共330例次（292例病人），2002年11月至2006年5月行腹腔镜下无钉合全腹膜外疝修补术（TEP）共240例次（211例病人），进行术中的观察及术后随访。结果：腹股沟区存在两层腹横筋膜，腹膜前间隙在两层腹横筋膜之间，补片即置于腹膜前间隙并覆盖肌耻骨孔。开放式腹膜前腹股沟疝无张力修补术平均手术时间43min，并发症率7．3％（24／330），复发率0．91％（3／330），平均住院时间1．7d。TEP平均手术时间57min，并发症发生率6．7％（16／240），无复发病例，术后平均住院时间2．8d。结论：从腹股沟区腹膜前解剖学特点来看在肌耻骨孔后方用足够大的补片覆盖修补符合压力学原理，腹膜前腹股沟疝无张力修补术具有合理性和可行性。     

膜解剖在腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术中的特点及临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术的膜解剖特点及临床应用。方法对我院47例腹股沟疝患者行腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术时观察前腹壁的解剖及术后对手术视频分析,描述手术径路及解剖层次。结果腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术在腹横筋膜及腹膜前筋膜之间操作,可解剖分离出无血管的平面,手术出血最少。壁平面与脏平面相互之间贯通需离断腹膜前筋膜。结论膜解剖指引下的腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补术可让手术更加精细,减少手术并发症的发生。     

腹股沟斜疝层次结构显示及其应用解剖学研究

目的为临床腹股沟疝修补术和局部手术解剖学教学提供理论基础和形态学资料。方法连续逐层解剖显示斜疝标本腹股沟区局部层次并观察腹股沟管、疝囊及周围组织。结果腹股沟区各层结构分层、明显延续为阴囊壁各层次;除腹环明显外,未见典型的腹股沟管围成结构;由腹膜形成典型的疝囊;腹膜鞘突上段闭锁不完全形成疝囊后壁的鞘突腹膜前、后层。结论认识腹股沟斜疝后腹股沟区和腹股沟管解剖结构改变是临床腹股沟疝修补术和腹股沟管重建成功的基础。     

利用腹横筋膜对腹股沟斜疝修补术的改进

利用腹横筋膜及其类同物对传统的腹股沟斜疝（简称斜疝）修补术行以下改进：①在高位结扎疝囊前，预先缝置修补内环口之缝线，将凹间韧带与髂耻束缝在一起。②在内环口至耻骨结节间将腹横筋膜折叠缝合于髂耻束上，对93例斜疝患者的治疗结果表明，改进后的修补方法，能明显减少术后腹股沟斜疝复发的因素，有一定的临床实用价值。     

腹股沟斜疝修补术的研究近况

腹股沟疝是外科常见疾病,其外科手术已有100余年的历史,近二十年来随着腹股沟三角巨微解剖的深入研究,使腹股沟疝手术日趋完善。现代解剖学强调腹股沟三角的解剖学特点,提出手术应按解剖层次进行修补,认为疝修补应着重于腹横筋膜的加强和生理防卫功能的恢复,逐渐改进了不符合解剖层次和不利于生理功能的方法,产生了以Shouldice法为代表的术式。近十年来,随着高分子新材料的产生和发展,由于它具有组织相容好、柔韧、抗菌等优点,使无张力加强腹横筋膜成为     

腹股沟区的应用解剖学研究

目的为临床腹股沟疝修补术提供解剖学资料。方法选取经甲醛防腐固定的40具成人尸体(男30具,女10具),逐层解剖并用三角板、游标卡尺、量角器对其进行测量。结果腹股沟韧带长(12.0±0.5)cm,宽0.6 cm;腹股沟管长(4.7±0.6)cm;腹股沟镰长(2.2±0.8)cm。腹股沟镰表现为四种类型:联合腱型55侧、结合型12侧、腹横肌腱膜型4侧、肌-腱膜混合型9侧。腹壁下动脉的行程异常占11.3%。腹股沟管后壁可分为两层紧贴的筋膜层,并形成一个卵圆形的区域,其纵径长(2.9±0.7)cm,横径(1.4±0.38)cm。结论腹横筋膜深层较浅层薄弱,加强和重建腹股沟管后壁是腹股沟疝手术成败的关键。     

腹膜后间隙纵向联系的应用解剖

运用矢状断面解剖。整体层次解剖和光镜观察方法,在34具尸体标本上研究了肾筋膜和腹膜后间隙在纵向上的延伸,附着和通连,结果显示,(1)肾前筋膜其上下在不同部位与后腹壁腹膜愈合,肾后筋膜向上与膈下筋膜愈合,向下愈着髂腰筋膜,外侧与腹膜愈合;(2)肾周间隙向上伸入肝裸区,肾旁前、后间隙向上受阻于肾前、后筋膜与后腹壁腹膜和膈下筋膜的愈合处,(3)肾周间隙向下开放,延续盆部腹膜外间隙,腹股沟深面及腹前外侧壁,肾旁前、后间隙在下方互不通连。     

腹膜前疝修补术的解剖研究及术式进展

经腹膜前间隙进行疝修补的方法统称腹膜前疝修补术（preperitoneal herniorrhaphy），属后入路修补手术（posterior approach repair），操作上不同于通常的前入路手术，不切开腹股沟管或游离精索，直接进入腹膜前间隙，利用髂耻束和耻骨梳韧带作修补或辅以补片无张力修补。近年来应用范围不断扩大，显现其独特的优越性。现就其演变和进展作简要阐述。     

腹股沟疝修补术的解剖基础

目的探讨腹股沟管的有关解剖结构,为腹股沟疝修补术提供解剖学基础。方法解剖33具(66侧)成人尸体标本,观察腹股沟韧带、腹股沟镰、腹股沟管等结构,并测量了相关数据。结果腹股沟韧带长度,男性约11.9cm,女性约11.4cm;宽度男性约0.7cm,女性约0.6cm;腹股沟管长度,男性约4.9cm,女性约4.5m;腹股沟管后壁可分为两层紧贴的筋膜层,并形成一个卵圆形的区域,其纵径长度男性约2.9cm,女性约2.6cm,横径约1.4cm;腹股沟镰长度,男性约2.4cm,女性约2.0cm。腹股沟镰可分为4种类型;腹内斜肌起始有3种类型,肌腱移行处呈现3种类型;腹横肌起始有两种类型。结论测量值为腹股沟疝修补术提供了解剖学依据     

The iliopubic tract: an important anatomical landmark in surgery

A band of fascial thickening, termed the iliopubic tract, lies on the posterior aspect of the inguinal region and has been described in the surgical literature as playing an important role during herniorraphy. This study was undertaken to examine the gross and microscopic anatomy of the iliopubic tract in 12 cadavers. The results confirmed that the iliopubic tract can be readily identified as a thickening of the transversalis fascia running deep and parallel to the inguinal ligament. It attaches to the superomedial part of the pubic bone medially, but laterally its fibres fan out within the fascia transversalis and fascia iliaca without bony attachment to the iliac spines. In contrast to the inguinal ligament, the histological analysis of the iliopubic tract shows a high elastin to collagen ratio. The functional signficance of this structure merits further study, but there is no doubt that it is important in many approaches to inguinal herniorraphy. For this reason it is considered that the iliopubic tract deserves greater emphasis in the anatomy teaching of the inguinal region.     

Anatomical characteristics of the iliopubic tract: Implications for repair of inguinal hernias

The high recurrence rate of inguinal hernias following primary repair has prompted us to re-examine the anatomy of the inguinal region with particular emphasis on the iliopubic tract (IPT). The IPT is described as an aponeurotic band forming the inferior margin of the transversus abdominis lamina. We documented the presence and degree of development of the IPT in dissections of 151 embalmed inguinal regions and in serial sagittal sections of four body halves. The iliopubic tract was identified in all specimens. It stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and the pubic tubercle and the pubic tubercle and pectineal line medially. The intervening arch formed a discrete structure of variable thickness and was substantial in 63 specimens. Histological sections demonstrated that the IPT is connected to the inguinal ligament, fascia lata, and anterior femoral sheath and is composed primarily of collagenous fibers with a minor elastic component. These data indicate that the iliopubic tract is a consistent and easily identified structure in the inguinal regions. These results suggest that dissection of the iliopubic tract, like the inguinal ligament, should become an integral part of the assessment of groin anatomy during hernia repair. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

腹股沟区的应用解剖及其临床意义

目的为腹腔沟斜、直疝修补术提供理论基础,方法 用肉眼观察并应用游标卡尺测量腹股沟区有关结构。结果 腹内斜肌起始有四种类型,肌腱移行处呈现三种类型：腹横肌起始,腹股沟镰各有三种类型。腹股沟韧带平均长11．65cm,宽0．58cm;髂耻束平均长6．94cm,宽0．53cm。髂耻束并不恒定存在。腹内斜肌起于髂耻束者3例,占1．17％,腹横肌起于髂耻束者占10．7％。结论 观测值为临床疝修补术提供理论基础和实用数据。     

股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上,以髌骨中点、收肌结节为观测标志解剖观测:①股中间皮神经走行与分布;②股内侧肌穿支与股中间皮神经营养血管间的吻合关系。另用1侧新鲜标本进行摹拟手术。结果①股中间皮神经前支体表投影相当于腹股沟韧带中点与髌结连线(髌骨中点至收肌结节的连线)中点的连线;②股内侧肌穿支穿出点位于股内侧肌支体表投影线(腹股沟中点与收肌结节连线中、下1/3交界点至髌骨中点的表线)中点附近,相当于收肌结节上(9.4±2.4)cm、髌骨中点垂线内(4.1±1.0)cm处。穿支穿过深筋膜至皮下,并分出众多的细小血管与股中间皮神经的神经旁和神经干血管链(网)密切吻合,在大腿前内侧形成顺沿股中间皮神经纵轴的血管丛。结论可形成股内侧肌穿支蒂股中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复膝部软组织缺损术式。     

Lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia: an anatomical insight

A detailed anatomic study was carried out on the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to better understand the etiology and treatment of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. As it passed from the pelvis into the thigh, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ran through an "aponeuroticofascial tunnel," beginning at the iliopubic tract and ending at the inguinal ligament; as it passed through the tunnel, an enlargement in its side-to-side diameter was observed, suggesting that the fascial structures proximal to the inguinal ligament may be implicated in the genesis of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. The finding of pseudoneuromas at this location, distant from the inguinal ligament, supports this hypothesis. The anterior superior iliac spine is located approximately 0.7 cm from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and serves as the bony landmark for nerve localization. Within the first 3 cm of leaving the pelvis, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was observed deep to the fascia lata; therefore, surgical dissection within the subcutaneous fascia may be conducted with relative impunity near the anterior superior iliac spine just inferior to the inguinal ligament. In 36% of cases there was no posterior branch of the nerve, which is correlated to lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia symptoms often being limited to the anterior branch region. An accessory nerve was found in 30% of cases.     

持针式单孔法治疗小儿疝的解剖学基础与手术技巧

目的　总结持针式单孔法治疗小儿腹股沟疝的应用解剖及手术技巧。 方法　回顾性分析我院2009年3月至2013年4月,采用持针式单孔法腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟疝1735例。右侧892例、左侧595例、双侧248例。均为男孩,年龄23.5~36.8月,平均26.7月。 结果　1735例患儿均在腹腔镜下顺利完成疝囊高位结扎术。除早期出现1例髂血管血肿外,其余无与解剖因素有关的损伤或并发症。 结论　正确认识手术区域的解剖是手术成功与否的基础及关键,而熟练的手术操作是减少手术并发症,降低手术复发率及提高手术安全性的有力保障。     

An evidence-based approach for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: lessons learned from over 1,000 repairs

In this educational article, we aim to provide a literature review on laparoscopic anatomy of the inguinal region. We share the lessons learnt from the 1,194 laparoscopic hernia operations we have performed in 16 years of experience, trying to provide an anatomical and physiological basis for surgeons. The current study reports a personal experience with a transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) hernioplasty procedure. A literature review using the keywords "hernia," "laparoscopic approach," and "hernia repair" was performed using the electronic biomedical database PubMed, Medline Extra, Embase, Biosis, Science Citation Index, Ovid and text books. Between January 1994 and December 2010, a total of 1,194 patients, males and females (average age, 56.7 years), underwent laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repair. Following reduction of the hernia sac and creation of the preperitoneal flap, a polypropylene mesh (10 × 16) and four spiral tacks were placed. TAPP is easy to learn and perform. Through this approach, a much better view from the inguinal anatomy is achieved, and the procedure also offers a brief learning curve. Our patients reported minimal postoperative pain and returned to work after 5-10 days, which is in accordance with the general anesthesia series. During the follow-up period, 10% of seromas, 3% of scrotal hematomas, 1% of hemorrhages, and 3% of recurrent hernias were observed. It should be emphasized that we have not observed abscess formation or acute infection related to the presence of mesh.     

Is inguinal hernia a defect in human evolution and would this insight improve concepts for methods of surgical repair?

In Homo sapiens sapiens and many mammalian quadrupeds, there is an absence of the posterior rectus sheath below the arcuate line (of Douglas) and an insubstantial transversalis fascia in the groin. This anatomical arrangement presents no particular functional anatomic difficulty for quadrupeds as their inguinal canal is directed “uphill” during ambulation and therefore is not subjected to significant gravitational stress. In humans, however, gravitational stress necessitated by erect posture, including bearing the weight of the intra-abdominal organs directed toward the lower abdomen, considerably amplifies this intrinsic anatomic weakness. It allows a significant number of pathologic inguinal hernias, both direct and indirect, to become clinically manifest and associated with a coincident increase in morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with strangulated hernias and/or delayed treatment. The morbidity is associated with a significant national economic loss secondary to work hour loss from pain, discomfort, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation following therapy. The mortality is usually associated with strangulation, especially in those in patients with delayed treatment. The lack of the evolutionary development of a strong posterior rectus sheath and transversalis fascia in the lower abdomen is thought to represent a significant specific anatomic defect in the evolution of humankind. If so, then perhaps methods for surgical repair will be directed toward correction of this defect and avoid, not encourage, such methods as the utilization of the weak or absent transversalis “fascia,” which are doomed to a high recurrence rate, or other methods that are unnecessarily complicated, such as certain laparoscopic repairs of inguinal hernia. Clin. Anat. 10:47–55, 1997 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Experience with direct Kugel patch method for repair of adult inguinal hernia.

The direct Kugel Patch method is a minimally invasive but nonlaparoscopic preperitoneal method of hernia repair which has various ideal characteristics including all the benefits of laparoscopic hernia repair without the risks of complications. In this retrospective study, we report our experience with this method for adult inguinal hernia repair. Forty-four hernias, including 35 indirect, 7 direct inguinal hernias, and 1 recurrent indirect inguinal hernia, in 41 patients were surgically repaired using the direct Kugel patch method. The average operation time was 45.6 +/- 11.3 min, and the average hospitalization time was 6.2 +/- 5.0 days. There were 5 complications of seroma and only 1 recurrence of hernia which were successfully managed. We concluded that the direct Kugel patch method provides an ideal approach to adult inguinal hernia repair with short operation time and hospital stay and a very low risk of complications or recurrence.     

股神经阻滞的应用解剖学定位研究

目的　为股神经阻滞的定位提供解剖学基础。 方法　①新鲜成人尸体5具, 行羧甲基纤维素/氧化铅水凝胶行一次性全身动脉造影,CT扫描与三维重建。②乳胶灌注标本5具,层次解剖股前内侧区,重点观测股三角内股动脉及其主要分支与股神经的位置关系。 结果　与股神经阻滞相关的结构位于腹股沟韧带与经股骨大转子的平行线之间,两直线间的距离为(5.8±1.6)cm。股深动脉恰于平行线水平与股神经相交(85%)。 结论　①股神经阻滞的安全区域位于腹股沟韧带与其平行线之间;②直接体绘制方法可用于对血管及其它器官定位的基础研究。