利用小动物活体成像技术快速评价呼吸道给药效果

目的:通过小动物活体成像观察荧光物质在动物呼吸道的分布,以快速评价呼吸道给药效果。方法:昆明种小鼠鼻腔吸入给予Cy5.5荧光标记的脂质基因复合物气雾剂设为实验组,同时设立阳性对照组,采用气道插管方式注入与实验组等量复合物无水乙醚溶液,阴性对照组吸入给予等量不含Cy5.5标记的气雾剂,观察气雾颗粒在各组小鼠呼吸道的荧光分布。结果:与阴性对照组比较,实验组和阳性对照组小鼠的呼吸道内均有强烈的荧光显示。结论:小动物活体成像技术可能成为呼吸道给药效果的快速、有效的评价方法。     

Animal models of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Public Health Service Animal Models Committee

The search for a model of HIV infection continues. While much of the initial work focussed on animal models of AIDS, more recent efforts have sought animal models of HIV infection in which one or more signs of AIDS may be reproduced. Most initial small animal modelling efforts were negative and many such efforts remain unpublished. In 1988, the Public Health Service (PHS) AIDS Animal Model Committee conducted a survey among PHS agencies to identify published and unpublished data on animal models of HIV. To date, the chimpanzee is the only animal to be reliably infected with HIV albeit without development of signs and symptoms normally associated with human AIDS. One recent study has shown the gibbon to be similarly susceptible to infection with HIV. Mice carrying a chimera of elements of the human immune system have been shown to support the growth of HIV and F1 progeny of transgenic mice containing intact copies of HIV proviral DNA, have developed a disease that resembles some aspects of human AIDS. Rabbits, baboons and rhesus monkeys have also been shown to be infected under certain conditions and/or with selected strains of HIV but again without the development of AIDS symptomatology. This report briefly summarizes published and available unpublished data on these efforts to develop an animal model of HIV infection.     

专科健康教育告知书的设计与应用

目的探讨应用健康教育告知书对住院患者实施健康教育的效果。方法选择2008年1月～2010年12月在我科住院的患者986例,随机分为观察组（524例）和对照组（462例）,对照组采取传统的健康教育模式,观察组在对照组基础上结合健康教育告知书对患者进行面对面宣教,观察两组教育效果。结果观察组健康教育合格率及对护理工作满意率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论应用规范的健康教育告知书能显著提高教育效果。     

机械通气对新生儿呼吸衰竭过程中呼吸力学参数改变性的研究

目的探索机械性通气对新生儿呼吸衰竭过程中呼吸力学参数的影响。方法对我院收治的呼吸衰竭新生儿192例,给予机械性通气治疗。比较患儿治疗前后呼吸力学参数上的改变,以及患儿进行血气分析。结果 19例患儿死亡,其余173例有效抢救存活。机械性通气2 h时,死亡组患儿Rrs高于存活组,Crs低于存活组,与存活组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经治疗死亡组患儿Rrs、Crs无改善,而存活组患儿Rrs降低、Crs升高,与上机2 h比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在治疗过程中,存活患儿OI、RR、MV、Crs以及Raw均有不同程度的改善。结论机械性通气治疗能有效地改善患儿机体呼吸力学,改善体内缺氧状态,大大增加了患儿的抢救率和生存率。     

Immunotoxicologic Evaluation of the Respiratory System: Animal Models for Immediate- and Delayed-Onset Pulmonary Hypersensitivity

Immunotoxicologic Evaluation of the Respiratory System: AnimalModels for Immediate-and Delayed-Onset Pulmonary Hypersensitivity.KAROL, M. H., STADLER, J. C, AND MAGRENI, C. M. (1985). Fundam.Appl. Toxicol. 5, 459–472. A wide variety of industrialmaterials is known to cause allergic pulmonary reactions. Respiratorysymptoms may occur either immediately upon exposure to the agent(immediate-onset response), or several hours later (delayed-onsetreaction). In order to determine both the mechanism of response,and a safe exposure level which would prevent development ofpulmonary sensitization, animal models are currently being developedfor both types of sensitivity responses. In the models, emphasisis placed on simulating conditions present in the industrialenvironment. For example, (1) exposure to agents is via theinhalation route, (2) animals are unrestrained and unanesthetizedboth during exposure and during elicitation of response, and(3) reactive chemicals, as opposed to hapten-protein conjugates,are used for exposure. In the model for immediate-onset sensitivity,concentration-response relationships have been observed betweenthe concentration of agent inhaled and the percentage of animalsbecoming sensitized. Agents employed were bacterial subtilisinand toluene diisocyanate. Identification of "no observable effect"threshold concentrations implies that exposure levels can beproposed for industrial chemicals which will not result in sensitizationof workers. Further development of the animal models, followedby calibration of the models to humans, should allow immunotoxicologicevaluation of chemicals for their respiratory sensitizing abilityand recommendation of threshold-limit values (TLVs) which wouldprevent Sensitization     

Effects of Sulfuric Acid on Ferret Respiratory Tract Clearance

Abstract

This study was performed to assess the effects of sulfuric acid inhalation, and partly to examine the potential suitability of the laboratory ferret as a respiratory tract clearance model. Separate groups of ferrets were first exposed nose-only to purified air, 0.5 mg/m³ ofsulfuric acid aerosol, and 1.0 mg/m³ ofsulfuric acid aerosol for 4 h. Following the deposition of radiolabeled tracer microspheres, the clearance rates from the head and chest regions were monitored using collimated radiation detection equipment. The results indicate that (1) neither of the acid atmospheres produced a statistically significant effect on the clearance rate of the head region; (2) the high-acid atmosphere produced a significant acceleration in the clearance rate of the lung region; and (3) the long-term lung clearance rate of the purified air-exposed ferrets was very close to that observed with humans. Also, the ferrets were docile and easy to handle, and seemed to be well suited to this type of study.     

Respiratory Effects of Cocaine Freebasing Among Habitual Cocaine Users

Smoking of alkaloidal cocaine ("crack") has become increasingly prevalent in our society. Recent evidence suggests that crack smoking can cause acute respiratory symptoms, abnormalities in lung function and, in some instances, sever, life-threatening acute lung unjury. To evalute further the relationship between frequent cocaine smoking and respiratory symptoms and lyng dysfunction, we studied a sample of 177 heavy, habitual smokers of freebase cocaine (mean 6.6 gm/wk for an average of 27 months) with or without concomitant smoking of tobacco and/or marijuana. Results in this sample were compared with those in a control sample of 75 age-, sex- and race-matched nonsmokers of cocaine who did or did not also smoke tobacco and/or marijuana. After controlling for the use of other smoked substances, heavy, habitual cocaine smoking was associated with the following: (1) a high frequency of acute respiratory symptoms (cough, black sputum, chest pain) in temporal association with freebase use; (2) an obstructive ventilatory abnormality involving the large airways; and (3) a mild but significant impairment in the diffusing capacity of the lung. These findings suggest that heavy, habitual crack smoking produces (1) respiratory tract injury manifested by acute respiratory symptoms and evidence of chronic airflow obstruction in large airways, and (2) an abnormality in diffusion of has at the alveolar-capillary level. The mechanism of the diffusion defect is unknown but could reflect damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane. Further study of the magnitude, persistence, reversibility, mechanism and clinical significance of the abnormality in diffusing capacity is needed.     

阿奇霉素治疗肺部感染疗效观察

目的:探讨阿奇霉素对治疗小儿肺部感染临床疗效。方法:将516例肺部感染患儿随机分为2组,在综合治疗的基础上,治疗组予阿奇霉素10mg/(kg.d),每日一次口服,5天1疗程;对照组予红霉素30~50mg/(kg.d),每日3次口服,疗程同上。分别于治疗前后进行疗效评价。结果:治疗组总有效率91.0%,对照组总有效率71.4%,治疗组疗效明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.01。结论:阿奇霉素对小儿肺部感染具有良好的治疗效果。     

克糖特对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响

目的:研究克糖特(KTF)对糖尿病模型小鼠血糖的影响,并初步探讨其降低小鼠血糖的作用机制。方法:建立链脲霉素(STZ)致糖尿病小鼠模型。将小鼠随机分为5组(n=10),分别用格列本脲(50 mg·kg~(-1))、高、中、低剂量克糖特和0.9%氯化钠溶液(0.1 ml/10g体重)灌胃15d。15d后测定正常小鼠的血糖水平,并在相应时间测定STZ致糖尿病小鼠模型空腹血糖(FBG)、药后2h血糖(2h BG)、胰岛素水平,同时对STZ所致糖尿病小鼠进行胰腺病理组织学检查。结果:克糖特对正常小鼠血糖水平无影响,能够显著降低STZ模型小鼠空腹血糖(与模型组比较降糖率可达24.39%,P<0.05～0.01)和药后2 h BG(P<0.05),明显提高胰岛素水平(P<0.05～0.01),保护胰岛β细胞。结论:克糖特对STZ引起的高血糖有较好的降糖作用,其作用机制可能与改善受损的胰岛细胞功能,促进胰岛素分泌有关。     

Health Effects of Organic Aerosols

Carbonaceous aerosol, a major component of particulate matter (PM), gases, and vapors in the atmosphere, has been associated with natural and anthropogenic air pollution, reduced visibility, climate modulation, material and ecosystem damage, and adverse health effects. More recently, epidemiological studies have indicated associations between organic fractions of ambient PM and adverse respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes. The effects of the non-PM components of the organic aerosol have received less attention because their measurement in the general environment is not mandated. This article summarizes current knowledge of the nature, prevalence, and health effects of organic aerosols encountered in the outdoor environment, identifies key information gaps, and presents a conceptual framework for research priorities for resolving those gaps. The broad, diverse class of air contaminants comprising organic aerosols may be more important to public health than the modest attention given to them. This review focuses on hazard identification and exposure assessment for evaluating risks to public health from ambient organic aerosols. Current knowledge is insufficient to support a quantitative characterization of the aggregate risk from organic air contaminants. Assessments should be done for individual species or mixtures. Efforts should be taken to assemble and evaluate a common set of standard reference materials for both organic speciation and health response assays. A greater standardization of approaches across studies and laboratories would be useful to achieve uniformity in assessing health effects. Multidisciplinary research efforts are needed to improve the current regulatory-driven air quality monitoring networks for epidemiological studies. The limited array of biomarkers linking organic aerosols to health effects needs to be expanded and specific organic compounds or classes that are associated with biological effects in human cells or animal studies need to be tested for better understanding of the exposure-response relationship.     

健康教育在儿童保健和预防接种中的效果评价

目的探讨分析健康教育在儿童保健和预防接种中的效果。方法分析2012年1月至2014年1月我社区实施儿童保健与预防接种的1127例儿童接受保健及预防接种健康教育的家长进行研究分析。结果实施健康教育后,家长对儿童保健和预防接种的重视程度明显提高,知识的掌握明显加强,儿童家长的满意度明显提高。结论采取多种形式对适龄儿童家长进行内容丰富的保健及预防接种教育,不仅可以增加家长对社区的信任,提高儿童家长的满意度,避免或减少医疗纠纷的发生,同时还加强了家长对儿童保健和预防接种知识的掌握,提高儿童家长对计划免疫相关知识的知晓率,提高儿童保健及预防接种的质量,促进儿童健康成长。     

多沙普仑逆转全麻后呼吸抑制和催醒

目的观察多沙普仑(佳苏仑)逆转全麻手术后呼吸抑制与催醒的临床效果.方法62例病人分3组,Ⅰ组静脉复合麻醉,Ⅱ组吸入麻醉,Ⅲ组静吸复合麻醉.观察用药后呼吸频率(f)、潮气量(Vt)和意识恢复情况.多沙普仑的平均用量为(1.5±0.5)mg/kg.结果证实多沙普仑可使f、Vt均显著增加(P＜0.01).Ⅱ组苏醒迅速无复睡;Ⅰ组及Ⅲ组催醒后复睡较多.结论多沙普仑能有效地兴奋全麻恢复过程中受抑制的呼吸和催醒,不良反应少.     

Health and Ecological Effects of Adiponitrile

Adiponitrile (ADN) has moderate acute toxicity with an oral LD₅₀ in rats of 100 to 500 mg/kg and a 4‐hr LC₅₀ in rats of 1.71 mg/L (vapor plus aerosol). ADN produced slight eye but no skin irritation in rabbits. Repeated exposures by inhalation produced changes in the hematologic profile with effects seen at 100 or 300 mg/m³. The hematologic changes were reversible upon cessation of further inhalation exposures. Dogs fed up to 500 ppm (equivalent to 12–15 mg/kg) showed no effects but 1,000 ppm produced vomiting and nausea which limited further testing at that concentration. ADN was not a genetic toxin, developmental toxin, reproductive toxin nor did it produce an increase in tumors in a 2‐yr drinking water study in rats. Human experience reports are limited to one accidental poisoning case and a few skin exposures resulting in transient irritation and inflammation. ADN is rapidly absorbed and excreted by mammals, and is metabolized to some extent although unchanged ADN is readily detected in urine, and does not bioaccumulate.     

Biological Effects of Animal Venoms on the Human Immune System

Venoms are products of specialized glands and serve many living organisms to immobilize and kill prey, start digestive processes and act as a defense mechanism. Venoms affect different cells, cellular structures and tissues, such as skin, nervous, hematological, digestive, excretory and immune systems, as well as the heart, among other structures. Components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems can be stimulated or suppressed. Studying the effects on the cells and molecules produced by the immune system has been useful in many biomedical fields. The effects of venoms can be the basis for research and development of therapeutic protocols useful in the modulation of the immunological system, including different autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the understanding of biological effects of diverse venom on the human immune system and how some of their components can be useful for the study and development of immunomodulatory drugs.     

罗氏芬治疗重症下呼吸道感染疗效观察

目的 观察头孢曲松(罗氏芬)对重症下呼吸道感染的治疗作用。 方法 研究对象符合标准的下呼吸道感染病例37例,静脉点滴罗氏芬1～2g ,1日1次。疗程5 ～8d。结果 本组37例中,痊愈8例,显效18例,进步10例,无效1例。临床总有效率97.29 %。15例发热者体温降至正常13例,体温降至正常时间为3.39±1.04d。本组病例中未发现 不良反应。结论 罗氏芬临床使用方便,副作用少,是治疗重症下呼吸道感染有效的药物。     

Ethanol Reversal of Tolerance to the Respiratory Depressant Effects of Morphine

Opioids are the most common drugs associated with unintentional drug overdose. Death results from respiratory depression. Prolonged use of opioids results in the development of tolerance but the degree of tolerance is thought to vary between different effects of the drugs. Many opioid addicts regularly consume alcohol (ethanol), and post-mortem analyses of opioid overdose deaths have revealed an inverse correlation between blood morphine and ethanol levels. In the present study, we determined whether ethanol reduced tolerance to the respiratory depressant effects of opioids. Mice were treated with opioids (morphine, methadone, or buprenorphine) for up to 6 days. Respiration was measured in freely moving animals breathing 5% CO₂ in air in plethysmograph chambers. Antinociception (analgesia) was measured as the latency to remove the tail from a thermal stimulus. Opioid tolerance was assessed by measuring the response to a challenge dose of morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.). Tolerance developed to the respiratory depressant effect of morphine but at a slower rate than tolerance to its antinociceptive effect. A low dose of ethanol (0.3 mg/kg) alone did not depress respiration but in prolonged morphine-treated animals respiratory depression was observed when ethanol was co-administered with the morphine challenge. Ethanol did not alter the brain levels of morphine. In contrast, in methadone- or buprenorphine-treated animals no respiratory depression was observed when ethanol was co-administered along with the morphine challenge. As heroin is converted to morphine in man, selective reversal of morphine tolerance by ethanol may be a contributory factor in heroin overdose deaths.     

One Health and Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Systems: Animal Illnesses and Deaths Are Sentinel Events for Human Health Risks

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms have adversely impacted human and animal health for thousands of years. Recently, the health impacts of harmful cyanobacteria blooms are becoming more frequently detected and reported. However, reports of human and animal illnesses or deaths associated with harmful cyanobacteria blooms tend to be investigated and reported separately. Consequently, professionals working in human or in animal health do not always communicate findings related to these events with one another. Using the One Health concept of integration and collaboration among health disciplines, we systematically review the existing literature to discover where harmful cyanobacteria-associated animal illnesses and deaths have served as sentinel events to warn of potential human health risks. We find that illnesses or deaths among livestock, dogs and fish are all potentially useful as sentinel events for the presence of harmful cyanobacteria that may impact human health. We also describe ways to enhance the value of reports of cyanobacteria-associated illnesses and deaths in animals to protect human health. Efficient monitoring of environmental and animal health in a One Health collaborative framework can provide vital warnings of cyanobacteria-associated human health risks.     

Acute Respiratory Effects of Endotoxin-Contaminated Machining Fluid Aerosols in Guinea Pigs

Exposure to machining fluid aerosols in the automotive industryis associated with a variety of respiratory symptoms includingcross-shift changes in pulmonary function, cough, asthma, andphlegm. Lubricating and cooling fluids used in machining operationsare predominantly water and thus are susceptible to microbialgrowth. In the present study, the role of endotoxin in the acutepulmonary injury produced by machining fluid aerosols was examinedin guinea pigs. Animals were exposed to nebulized water, unusedmachining fluid, or used machining fluid. At the end of a 3-hrexposure, specific airway conductance (SGaw) was not affectedby exposure to the vehicle water, but was decreased in a dose-dependentmanner by exposure to aerosols of the used machining fluid.SGaw decreased from preexposure baseline values by 0, 7, and40% in animals exposed to 1, 10, and 100 mg/m³ used machiningfluid, respectively. These exposure levels also produced acutelung injury as evidenced by changes in cellular and biochemicalindices in lavage fluid. These adverse respiratory effects mayhave been due to microbial contamination of the used machiningfluid as the aerosol exposures were associated with airborneendotoxin concentrations of 0.3, 1.9, and 5.3 µg/rn³,respectively. Animals exposed to aerosols of the endotoxin-freeunused machining fluid had no statistically significant adversefunctional, cellular, or biochemical effects except for a fourfoldincrease in neutrophils at 100 mg/m³. These results suggestthat contamination of machining fluid during use or storagemay lead to the adverse respiratory effects of aerosolized machiningfluids. To examine whether contaminating endotoxin was responsiblefor these respiratory effects, animals were exposed to 10 or100 mg/m³ unused machining fluid to which endotoxin was addedto provide airborne endotoxin concentrations similar to thosedetermined in the used machining fluid studies. Endotoxin-contaminatedunused machining fluid produced significant decrements in SGaw(14 and 38% for 0.9 and 8.2 µg/m³ endotoxin, respectively)as well as significant increases in cellular and biochemicalparameters of acute lung injury in lavage fluid. Thus, endotoxinmay play a significant role in the adverse respiratory effectsof aerosolized machining fluids.     

Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Respiratory Symptoms and Pulmonary Function

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms. During periodic medical examination, 392 French nonsmokers responded to an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Then spirometry was performed to assess pulmonary function. All of the subjects were carefully examined by two occupational physicians. ETS exposure at the workplace was more common than this exposure at home (20% vs. 5%). ETS exposure was significantly associated with forced vital capacity (FVC; ?3.16%; 95% CI: ?5.67 to ?0.64) and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1; ?2.90%; 95% CI: ?5.59 to ?0.23). Abnormal FVC results were significantly increased in exposed subgroup [odds ratio = 2.71 (95% CI: 1.09 to 6.75)]. We did not find any significant dose-response relationship between ETS exposure and lung function results. The effects of ETS exposure on respiratory symptoms and diseases (asthma, wheezing, chronic bronchitis, and dyspnea) were not significant. Thus, this study showed that there was a significant inverse association between exposure to ETS and pulmonary function. Even pulmonary function results inferior to the lower limit of normal may be possible. A stricter legislation against ETS is proposed.