腭咽成形术围手术期并发症135例分析

目的 总结135例咽成形术围手术期并发症，并探讨其原因及预防措施，以期提高对手术安全性认识，减少并发症。方法 患者全部采用局麻下手术，常规行双侧扁桃体摘除，于悬雍垂根部上1．5cm处做弧形切口，切除回侧粘膜下肥厚、松弛的组织，将咽腭弓与舌腭弓对位缝合，软腭黏膜下顿性分离，切除多余脂肪、松弛黏膜和软腭组织，粗长悬雍垂做到“V”切除。将悬雍垂塑型缝合。结果 135例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者，46例出现围手术期并发症，其中术中并发症：急性呼衰1例，短时呼吸障碍5例；术后并发症：局部出血13例，暂时性软腭闭合不全21例，伤口裂开2例，鼻咽腔狭窄1例，下颌关节脱位1例，过度换气综合征2例。结论 腭咽成形术常见的并发症为出血和暂时性软腭闭合不全，鼻咽部狭窄及闭锁是术后少见远期并发症。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者手术前后腭咽测量及临床意义

目的 :为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者的病源定位 ,悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP)手术范围的确定和术后疗效的评定提供依据。方法 :对 2 0例正常人及 45例OSAS患者UPPP术前、术后腭咽部进行解剖测量并将相关数据进行对照分析。结果 :正常人和OSAS患者所测腭咽解剖指标分别为 :软腭长 (2 7.6 8± 7.17)mm ,(2 9.94± 4.71)mm(P <0 .0 5 ) ;悬壅垂宽 (8.40± 1.18)mm ,(10 .74± 1.6 8)mm(P <0 .0 1) ;悬雍垂长 (10 .2 0± 2 .85 )mm ,(11.94± 2 .48)mm(P <0 .0 1) ;咽侧距 (2 3 .70± 7.0 5 )mm ,(19.87± 4.40 )mm(P <0 .0 5 ) ;腭咽距 (12 .36± 3 .97)mm ,(9.80± 2 .90 )mm(P <0 .0 1) ,均存在显著差异。UPPP参照正常人腭咽指标保留软腭长度获得良好的手术效果 ,同时控制了并发症的发生。结论 :腭咽测量法简便实用 ,病源定位准确 ,使手术选择和切除范围更为合理 ,有助于提高疗效。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术62例临床分析

目的 探讨对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者行悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）的疗效、适应症的选择以及并发症的防治。方法 利用悬雍垂腭成形术对62例OSAS进行手术治疗。结果 本组62例UPPP经术后的观察症状明显改善者达50%，总有效率90%以上。结果 悬雍垂腭咽成形术对于OSAS的治疗有一定的效果，但要注意适应证的选择，术前术后的治疗。     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术后留置气管插管的研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)术后发生急性呼吸道梗阻的原因和预防.方法对29例OSAS患者行经鼻气管插管全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)治疗,评价术后保留气管插管结果并与对照组进行比较. 结果 29例病人在术后完全清醒状态下拔除气管插管,无一出现急性呼吸道梗阻或死亡,效果明显优于对照组.结论保留气管插管对预防UPPP术后急性呼吸道梗阻起着有效而重要的作用.     

悬雍垂腭咽成形术后留置气管插管的研究

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)术后发生急性呼吸道梗阻的原因和预防 .方法　对 2 9例OSAS患者行经鼻气管插管全麻下行悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (UPPP)治疗 ,评价术后保留气管插管结果并与对照组进行比较 .结果　 2 9例病人在术后完全清醒状态下拔除气管插管 ,无一出现急性呼吸道梗阻或死亡 ,效果明显优于对照组 .结论　保留气管插管对预防UPPP术后急性呼吸道梗阻起着有效而重要的作用     

咽腔的形态学测量及其临床意义

目的：规范咽腔的测量方法,并为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的病因研究、手术治疗及术后效果的评定提供形态学依据。方法：对１００例正常成人及８４例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的咽腔进行了测量并将相关数据进行对照研究。结果：发现在上述两组人群之间的悬雍垂基底宽、悬雍垂长、舌腭弓间距、悬雍垂咽后壁间距、悬雍垂舌背间距及咽腭弓间距等项指标存有显著的统计学差异。结论：测量方法简便实用,结果提示该综合征患者的阻塞部位主要在咽峡附近。术式选择以悬雍垂腭咽成形术为主并据阻塞部位的不同辅以其它术式。手术切除软腭时其范围不可过大,应控制在１．５ｃｍ以内     

保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形加低温等离子射频治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨保留悬雍垂的腭咽成形手术（URPPP）加低温等离子射频治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）的疗效。方法 分别时46例和38例OSAHS患者行URPPP加低温等离子射频治疗和慈雍垂聘咽成形术，术后随访1年厦3年以上，比较两种手术方法的疗效。结果 术后1年UPPP组总有效率68．4％，URPPP加低温等离子射频手术组总有效率76．1％，差异无显著性。术后3年UPPP组总有效率45．8％，URPPP加低温等离子射频手术组总有效率73．3％，差异有显著性。结论 URPPP加低温等离子射频治疗OSAHS远期疗效较UPPP手术好，无严重并发症。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的解剖学基础

目的 :为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊断、手术治疗提供解剖学参考资料。方法 :选用经福尔马林固定的成尸头颈部正中矢状切面 (30例 ) 6 0侧咽标本 ,用游标卡尺测量咽腔相关解剖结构。结果 :腭帆后缘中点的厚度为 (1.2± 0 .6 )mm ,下鼻道底至腭垂尖的高度为 (31.7± 5 .9)mm ,腭垂根部的前后径、左右径、上下径分别为(6 .1± 1.5 )mm、(5 .2± 2 .2 )mm、(7.5± 2 .0 )mm ,腭垂两侧腭帆根部的厚度为 (11.3± 1.8)mm ,舌根、腭垂尖、会厌尖分别至咽后壁之间的直线距离分别为 (16 .7± 4 .8)mm、(10 .6± 4 .9)mm、(12 .7± 4 .2 )mm。结论 :咽腔的异常结构在引发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的过程中具有重要的意义     

咽腔的形态不测量及其临床意义

目的：规范咽腔的测量方法,并为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的病因研究、手术治疗及术后效果的评定提供形态学依据。方法：对１００例正常成人及８４例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者的咽腔进行了测量并将相关进行对照研究。结果：发现在上述两组人群之间的悬雍垂基底宽、悬雍垂长、舌腭弓间距、悬雍垂咽后壁间距、悬雍垂舌背间距及咽腭弓间距等项指标存有显著的统计学差异。结论：测量方法简便实用,结果提示该综合征患者的阻塞部位主     

OSAHS患者腭咽组织血管内皮生长因子水平与微血管密度相关性分析

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者腭咽组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平与微血管密度(MVD)的相关性.方法 选择经多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)确诊的40例OSAHS患者组织标本(其中轻度7例,中度12例,重度21例),其中男性36例,女性4例;年龄29～62岁.6例无鼾症患者的软腭组织作为对照组,其中男性5例,女性1例;年龄18-58岁.采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法染色腭咽部组织,用光学显微镜观察其病理组织学改变,酶联免疫吸附分析检测血浆、腭咽组织匀浆中VEGF的含量,免疫组织化学技术检测MVD的表达情况.结果 酶联免疫吸附分析显示,OSAHS患者血浆及腭咽组织匀浆中VEGF水平均明显高于对照组,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);中、重度OSA HS组与对照组比较,MVD表达差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),轻度组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);组织匀浆中VEGF水平与MVD呈正相关(P＜0.01).结论 OSAHS患者腭咽部存在新生血管生成,与缺氧程度有关,VEGF在其发生发展过程中可能起到重要作用.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征生物力学研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS）是一种在睡眠时反复出现咽部塌陷导致呼吸暂停的疾病,其发病机制涉及多个方面。根据人体上气道系统解剖结构与生理学特点,从生物力学角度研究可能诱发睡眠呼吸暂停的各种因素,讨论近年来研究睡眠呼吸暂停的生物力学模型,分析可能导致OSAHS疾病的力学机制,并对OSAHS生物力学今后的研究进行展望。建立上气道生物力学模型是研究OSAHS发病机制的有效方法之一,对OSAHS术前评估和术后预测具有重要的临床意义。     

Correlation of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome with metabolic syndrome in snorers

Though obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are correlated; the contributing factors for the occurrence of MS in Chinese snorers remain largely undefined. We aimed to investigate the associated pathogenesis of coexistence of OSAHS and MS in Chinese snorers. A total of 144 Chinese habitual snorers were divided into 3 groups, the control group (simple snorers) (n  =  36), the mild OSAHS group (n  =  52) and the moderate-to-severe OSAHS group (n  =  56). The incidence of MS in the moderate-to-severe OSAHS group (26.8%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (8.3%), the mild OSAHS group (11.1%) and all the OSAHS patients (19.45%) (all P < 0.05). Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index and proinsulin (PI) were negatively correlated with nocturnal meanSpO₂ and miniSpO₂. Meanwhile, nocturnal SpO₂ were negatively correlated with body mass index, waist and neck circumferences and diastolic blood pressure, but positively correlated with total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The study indicated that in Chinese snorers, moderate-to-severe OSAHS was closely associated with MS via nocturnal hypoxemia.     

The impact of nasal obstruction on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Summary Objective   Nasal obstruction is a predictive factor for snoring and may contribute to the development of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) by causing a higher negative intrapharyngeal pressure during inspiration. This may lead to obstructive apneas and hypopneas in predisposed people. The aim of this study was to further enrole the impact of nasal obstruction on OSAS. Patients and Methods   We investigated two groups of OSAS patients, matched pairs concerning gender, age, and BMI: OSAS patients with nasal obstruction (N, n = 28): total nasal airflow < 500 ml/s* (*referred to 150 pa pressure of difference; anterior rhinomanometry) or unilateral nasal resistance > 1 pa/ml/s*; and 28 OSAS patients without nasal obstruction (control-group C ; total nasal airflow > 700 ml/l/s*). All patients had routine examination including a standardized questionnaire, examination by an otorhinolaryngologist, anterior rhinomanometry, skin prick-testing with 18 common allergens, lung function testing, and full polysomnography. Results   We found the following significant differences: 1) In N more patients (n = 17) complained about nocturnal dyspnea than in C (n = 7; p < 0,05, (Chi²-test); 2) N had a higher apnea index (20,4 ± 19,0/h) than C (9,6 ± 10,0/h; p < 0,05, student's t -test). There were, however, no significant differences concerning lung function, skin prick test, otorhinolaryngologistical results, sleep architecture, number of hypopneas, nocturnal S_aO₂, heart rate, and level of CPAP pressure. Conclusion   Hence, beside pathophysiologically interesting effects increased nasal resistance has no clinically relevant importance in patients with OSAS.     

扁桃体部分切除术对OSAHS患儿的临床效果观察

目的　探讨扁桃体部分切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apner hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患儿的临床效果。 方法　对中山大学附属第一医院耳鼻咽喉医院2016年8月~2019年1月收治的138例扁桃体肥大合并腺样体肥大的儿童,行扁桃体部分切除术（TT组,69例）和扁桃体全切除术（TE组,69例）,比较患儿术后疼痛指数、术中出血量、手术时间、术后出血、术后发热、术后再发上呼吸道炎症、住院时间、术后呼吸暂停低通气指数、术后进食等方面的差异。 结果　TE组患儿相比TT组,术中出血量明显较多,手术时间较长,术后疼痛指数较高,但术后发热更少见。TT组患儿住院时间短于TE组,术后更快恢复进普食。两组患儿术后呼吸暂停低通气指数均较术前明显下降。术后再发上呼吸道炎症两组大致相同。 结论　对于OSAHS患儿,扁桃体部分切除术手术时间短、术中出血更少、术后出血机会更低,且同样达到缓解患儿上呼吸道阻塞的目的,值得临床应用推广。     

Nocturnal nasal obstruction is frequent and reduces sleep quality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

The prevalence and consequences of nasal obstruction in untreated obstructive sleep apnea patients are not known. The study objectives were to investigate the frequency of subjective and objective nasal obstruction in untreated sleep apnea patients and the associations with sleep and quality of life. Patients in the Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort were subjected to a type 3 sleep study, answered questionnaires and had their nasal dimensions measured by acoustic rhinometry. In total, 810 patients participated (including 153 females), aged 54.5 ± 10.6 years [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] with an apnea/hypopnea index 44.7 ± 20.7 h^?1. Nocturnal nasal obstruction (greater than or equal to three times per week) was reported by 35% of the patients. These patients had smaller nasal dimensions measured by the minimum cross‐sectional area within the smaller nasal valve (0.42 ± 0.17 versus 0.45 ± 0.16 cm², P = 0.013), reported more daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale score 12.5 ± 4.9 versus 10.8 ± 5.0; P < 0.001) and slightly lower mental quality of life than patients without nocturnal nasal obstruction. Nocturnal nasal obstruction is reported in one‐third of the sleep apnea patients and they are more likely to suffer from daytime sleepiness and slightly reduced quality of life than other sleep apnea patients.     

扁桃体部分切除术对OSAHS患儿的临床效果观察

目的　探讨扁桃体部分切除术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apner hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患儿的临床效果。 方法　对中山大学附属第一医院耳鼻咽喉医院2016年8月~2019年1月收治的138例扁桃体肥大合并腺样体肥大的儿童,行扁桃体部分切除术（TT组,69例）和扁桃体全切除术（TE组,69例）,比较患儿术后疼痛指数、术中出血量、手术时间、术后出血、术后发热、术后再发上呼吸道炎症、住院时间、术后呼吸暂停低通气指数、术后进食等方面的差异。 结果　TE组患儿相比TT组,术中出血量明显较多,手术时间较长,术后疼痛指数较高,但术后发热更少见。TT组患儿住院时间短于TE组,术后更快恢复进普食。两组患儿术后呼吸暂停低通气指数均较术前明显下降。术后再发上呼吸道炎症两组大致相同。 结论　对于OSAHS患儿,扁桃体部分切除术手术时间短、术中出血更少、术后出血机会更低,且同样达到缓解患儿上呼吸道阻塞的目的,值得临床应用推广。     

Modafinil for treatment of residual excessive sleepiness in nasal continuous positive airway pressure-treated obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) usually reduces sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. However, even with regular use of nCPAP, some patients experience residual excessive sleepiness. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the wake-promoting agent modafinil for treating residual excessive sleepiness in nCPAP-treated patients. DESIGN: 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. PATIENTS: Patients aged 18 to 70 years diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and having residual excessive sleepiness during nCPAP therapy were eligible. INTERVENTIONS: Once-daily modafinil, 200 mg or 400 mg, or placebo. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Assessments included the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Clinical Global Impression of Change, and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire. Both doses of modafinil significantly improved mean (SD) sleep latency on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test at weeks 4, 8, and 12 compared with placebo (week 12: modafinil 400 mg, 15.0 [5.3] minutes; 200 mg, 14.8 [5.3] minutes; placebo, 12.6 [5.8] minutes; P < .0001). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale score decreased more in patients taking modafinil compared with those in the placebo group (week 12: modafinil 400 mg, -4.5 [4.3]; 200 mg, -4.5 [4.7]; placebo, -1.8 [3.5]; P < .0001). At week 12, overall clinical condition improved for 61% and 68% of patients treated with modafinil 200 mg and 400 mg, respectively, versus 37% of placebo-treated patients (P < .001). Modafinil was generally well tolerated and did not adversely affect nighttime sleep or nCPAP use. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm previous shorter-term controlled trials, indicating modafinil is a useful adjunct therapy for improving wakefulness in patients with residual excessive sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome who were treated with nCPAP.