rt-PA治疗急性脑梗死伴心房颤动的疗效观察

目的:探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)治疗急性脑梗死伴房颤的疗效。方法:选取急性脑梗死伴房颤患者40例为观察组,另选取同期收治的急性脑梗死无房颤患者40例为对照组。2组均在发病4.5 h内使用rt-PA进行静脉溶栓治疗,观察治疗后继发性脑出血的发生率和死亡率,以及治疗后24 h、2周、1月的NIHSS评分和治疗1、3月后的m RS评分。结果:2组治疗后继发性脑出血的发生率和死亡率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。观察组治疗后24 h、2周、1月时NIHSS评分和治疗1月后的m RS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:rt-PA能有效治疗发病4.5 h内的伴有房颤的急性脑梗死患者。     

Implementation of Prehospital Dispatch Protocols That Triage Low-acuity Patients to Advice-line Nurses

Abstract

Introduction. Although EMS agencies have been designed to efficiently provide medical assistance to individuals, the overuse of 9-1-1 as an alternative to primary medical care has resulted in the need for new methods to respond to this increasing demand. Our study analyzes the efficacy of classifying specific low-acuity calls that can be transferred to an advice-line nurse for further medical instruction. The objectives of our study were to analyze the impact of implementing this protocol and resultant patient feedback regarding the transfer to an advice-line nurse. Methods. We collected data for retrospective review from April 2011 to April 2012 from a single municipal EMS agency with an average annual call volume of approximately 90,000. Medical Priority Dispatch System response codes were assigned to calls based on patient acuity. Patients classified under Omega response codes were assessed for eligibility of transfer to nurse advice lines. Exclusion criteria included the following: if the call was placed by a third-party caller; if the patient refused to be transferred to the advice-line nurse; anytime the MPDS system was not used; if the patient was referred from a skilled nursing facility, school, or university nursing office, or physician's office. Telephone surveys were conducted for those patients who spoke to an advice-line nurse and did not receive an ambulance response 24 hours after calling 9-1-1 to obtain patient feedback. Results. The database included 1660 patients initially classified as Omega and eligible for transfer to an advice-line nurse. After applying the exclusion criteria, 329 (19.8%) patients were ultimately transferred to an advice-line nurse and 204 (12.3%) received no ambulance response. Of those patients who were not transported by ambulance 118 (57.8%), patients completed telephone follow-up, with 104 (88.1%) reporting the nontransport option met their health-care needs and 108 (91.5%) responding they would accept the transfer again for a similar complaint. Conclusion. We identified an average of two patients per day as eligible for transfer to the nurse advice line, with less than one patient successfully completing the Omega protocol per day. While impact was limited, there was a decrease in ambulance response.     

Idarucizumab for Intravenous Thrombolysis and Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Stroke: A Case Report

BackgroundNon–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), such as dabigatran, are widely used to prevent ischemic stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Nonetheless, stroke occurs in 1–2% of patients, and the use of NOACs may increase the bleeding risk for patients who are receiving acute treatment of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) or endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Idarucizumab, a monoclonal antibody developed to bind dabigatran, has been proven safe and effective for patients with uncontrolled bleeding or for patients planning to receive emergent procedures. It is now accepted that patients taking dabigatran with recurrent stroke may benefit from IVT after idarucizumab. However, there are limited data regarding idarucizumab use in patients planning to have EVT.Case ReportWe present the case of a male patient taking dabigatran who had a stroke and who was treated with idarucizumab followed by combined IVT and EVT. The patient had immediate recanalization of the occluded vessel and near total recovery of function after 3 months.Why Should an Emergency Physician be Aware of This?Our case report supports the evidence that patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) despite being under dabigatran therapy should be evaluated for reversal by idarucizumab which can contribute to the eligibility for IVT as well as EVT. It has also been proved to provide better outcomes for patients with AIS. The availabilities of specific reversal agents for NOACs will probably alter the current management of patients with AIS.     

Prehospital Trauma Triage Decision-making: A Model of What Happens between the 9-1-1 Call and the Hospital

We describe the decision-making process used by emergency medical services (EMS) providers in order to understand how 1) injured patients are evaluated in the prehospital setting; 2) field triage criteria are applied in-practice; and 3) selection of a destination hospital is determined. We conducted separate focus groups with advanced and basic life support providers from rural and urban/suburban regions. Four exploratory focus groups were conducted to identify overarching themes and five additional confirmatory focus groups were conducted to verify initial focus group findings and provide additional detail regarding trauma triage decision-making and application of field triage criteria. All focus groups were conducted by a public health researcher with formal training in qualitative research. A standardized question guide was used to facilitate discussion at all focus groups. All focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed. Responses were coded and categorized into larger domains to describe how EMS providers approach trauma triage and apply the Field Triage Decision Scheme. We conducted 9 focus groups with 50 EMS providers. Participants highlighted that trauma triage is complex and there is often limited time to make destination decisions. Four overarching domains were identified within the context of trauma triage decision-making: 1) initial assessment; 2) importance of speed versus accuracy; 3) usability of current field triage criteria; and 4) consideration of patient and emergency care system-level factors. Field triage is a complex decision-making process which involves consideration of many patient and system-level factors. The decision model presented in this study suggests that EMS providers place significant emphasis on speed of decisions, relying on initial impressions and immediately observable information, rather than precise measurement of vital signs or systematic application of field triage criteria.     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗房颤急性缺血性卒中的临床研究

目的:探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗房颤及非房颤急性缺血性卒中患者的疗效及安全性。方法:纳入rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗发病4.5 h内急性缺血性卒中患者61例,分为房颤组22例和非房颤组39例。比较2组的基线特征,采用NIHSS及mRS量表评定溶栓前及溶栓后2 h、24 h、7 d、90 d的疗效。结果:房颤组男性人数、起病至开始溶栓时间均低于非房颤组,首次收缩压高于非房颤组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。2组溶栓后2 h、24 h、7 d NIHSS评分、7 d疗效、90 d mRS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:rt-PA治疗房颤急性缺血性卒中患者疗效及安全性与非房颤患者相当。     

Safety of Intravenous Thrombolytic Use in Four Emergency Departments Without Acute Stroke Teams

Objectives: The objective was to evaluate safety of intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) delivered without dedicated thrombolytic stroke teams. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study of patients treated between 1996 and 2005 at four southeastern Michigan hospital emergency departments (EDs) with a prospectively defined comparison to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) tPA stroke study cohort. Main outcome measures were mortality, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), systemic hemorrhage, neurologic recovery, and guideline violations. Results: A total of 273 consecutive stroke patients were treated by 95 emergency physicians (EPs) using guidelines and local neurology resources. One‐year mortality was 27.8%. Unadjusted Cox model relative risk (RR) of mortality compared to the NINDS tPA treatment and placebo groups was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 1.64) and 1.04 (95% CI = 0.76 to 1.41), respectively. The rate of significant ICH by computed tomography (CT) criteria was 6.6% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.56 to 1.90 compared to the NINDS tPA treatment group). The proportions of symptomatic ICH by two other prespecified sets of clinical criteria were 4.8 and 7.0%. The rate of any ICH within 36 hours of treatment was 9.9% (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.58 to 1.51 compared to the NINDS tPA group). The occurrence of major systemic hemorrhage (requiring transfusion) was 1.1%. Functional recovery by the modified Rankin Scale score (mRS = 0 to 2) at discharge occurred in 38% of patients with a premorbid disability mRS < 2. Guideline deviations occurred in the ED in 26% of patients and in 25% of patients following admission. Conclusions: In these EDs there was no evidence of increased risk with respect to mortality, ICH, systemic hemorrhage, or worsened functional outcome when tPA was administered without dedicated thrombolytic stroke teams. Additional effort is needed to improve guideline compliance. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1062–1071 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine     

Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Stroke: A Review of the ECASS III Results in Relation to Prior Clinical Trials

Background: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in acute ischemic stroke patients up to 3 h from symptom onset, based primarily on the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke tPA trials published in 1995. The most recent trial published with IV tPA in stroke (European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study [ECASS] III) studied patients between 3 and 4.5 h from symptom onset and found a benefit to treatment in the rate of favorable outcome when compared to placebo, with no difference in mortality. Objectives: To examine the patient selection criteria and primary outcomes in ECASS III as compared to prior clinical trials and the current practice in the United States to determine how these new data could be applied to clinical practice. Discussion: With the exception of the longer time from symptom onset to treatment, ECASS III used more restrictive patient selection criteria than is the current practice in the United States to determine patient eligibility for IV tPA. Conclusions: Based on the combined data from all trials, the benefits of thrombolysis with IV tPA for acute ischemic stroke outweigh the risks of treatment for selected patients up to 4.5 h from symptom onset. It is already known that thrombolysis is not beneficial for all stroke patients and strict criteria should be applied before treatment. As time from symptom onset increases, the need for careful patient selection likely also increases.     

Predictive Value of the Ontario Prehospital Stroke Screening Tool for the Identification of Patients with Acute Stroke

Background. In 2005, a prehospital stroke screening tool was implemented in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Patients identified by paramedics through the use of this tool in the field were transported to a regional stroke center under an acute stroke protocol. Objective. To determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of the Ontario Prehospital Stroke Screening Tool for identification of acute stroke at a single stroke center. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients transported to a regional stroke center under the prehospital acute stroke protocol over a 12-month period. Final diagnoses, treatments, andoutcomes were abstracted from a provincial registry. Rates of fibrinolysis were compared with those for the 12-month period prior to implementation of the stroke protocol. Results. Three hundred twenty-five patients were triaged under the emergency medical services (EMS) acute stroke protocol over the study period. The PPV of the screening tool was 89.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 85.7–92.7%) for acute stroke. Thirty-four patients (11%) had nonstroke conditions, with the most common being seizure (4%). The rate of administration of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for all patients with suspected stroke increased from 5.9% to 10.1% (p = 0.04) compared with the rate in the 12-month period prior to implementation of the acute stroke protocol. The tPA rate for patients arriving under the stroke protocol was 17.2%. Most patients (75%) receiving tPA arrived from outside the hospital catchment area. Conclusions. In this preliminary study, the Ontario Prehospital Stroke Screening Tool had a high PPV for acute stroke andappeared to be effective for identifying patients who required triage to a single regional stroke center. Following implementation of a citywide acute stroke protocol using this screening tool, we observed an increase in the number of patients who were eligible for andreceived fibrinolysis at our stroke center     

急性缺血性卒中的就诊延迟因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性卒中患者就诊延迟因素,提高公众、特别是高危人群对急性脑卒中早期就诊和治疗重要性的认识。方法 采用问卷调查的方法,连续收集2008年9月 --2009年9月来我院就诊的550例急性脑卒中患者,采用单因素分析方法分析就诊延迟的相关因素。结果 全部患者均经头颅CT或MRI证实。根据就诊时机将患者分为就诊及时组和就诊延迟组,及时就诊46例（8.4%）,就诊延迟504例（91.6%）。就诊延迟患者中,3.5～24 h内就诊131例（23.8%）,24～72 h就诊283例（51.5%）,超过72 h就诊136例（24.7%）。导致急性脑卒中患者就诊延迟的相关因素有发病时间、是否独居、首诊地点、转运方式、有无卒中病史、发病地点距首诊医院距离等因素,两组间比较有统计学意义（P〈005）,而性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化水平、工作状况、医疗状况、是否知道自己属于卒中高危人群、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分在两组间差异无统计学意义 结论 导致急性脑卒中患者就诊延迟与发病时间、是否独居、首诊地点、转运方式、有无卒中病史、发病地点距首诊医院距离等因素有关。     

Diagnostic Accuracy of Prehospital Clinical Prediction Models to Identify Short-term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Systematic Review

Background

Although cardiac risk prediction is widely used in various clinical settings, its potential role in enhancing prehospital triage is yet to be understood.

Objective

To systematically review the diagnostic accuracy of short-term clinical prediction models for potential use in a prehospital population with suspected acute coronary syndrome.

Methods

Eleven electronic medical databases were searched from 1990 to the end of August 2010 for all English-language observational and interventional studies. An online search strategy tool was used to identify grey-literature studies. Eligibility criteria were: 1) an unselected population of adult acute coronary syndrome patients; 2) recruited within the Emergency Department or Emergency Medical Services; 3) reported multivariate analysis encompassing patient history or physical examination; 4) reported short-term outcome measures; 5) were not solely computer protocols; and 6) were not reliant on tests unavailable out of the hospital. Data extraction was conducted by a single reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. Study quality was assessed independently by two reviewers using a validated quality assessment tool.

Results

A total of seven clinical prediction models were identified. Only two models reported were derived from a prehospital study population. Six clinical prediction models described good discriminate abilities (c-statistic) of 0.72 to 0.87. Among the range of independent predictors identified, electrocardiogram abnormalities, age, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure provided the strongest prognostic information.

Conclusion

The models identified provided reasonable diagnostic accuracy for determining short-term outcomes. Methodological weaknesses and variability in the populations investigated limit their use in clinical practice.     

急性前循环缺血性卒中血管内治疗再通后不良预后的影响因素分析

目的:探讨血管内治疗(EVT)急性前循环大动脉闭塞性卒中(AC-LAO)患者血管再通后不良预后的影响因素.方法:回顾性分析行EVT且血管成功再通的145例AC-LAO患者临床资料,依据术后90 d改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分分为预后良好组(mRS≤2分)和预后不良组(mRS>3分).单因素分析2组患者的基线资料、...     

医护人员对急性缺血性卒中院内救治静脉溶栓流程优化的质性研究

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓流程中可优化环节,为救治流程进一步优化提供依据。方法 2016年5-6月,采用目的抽样方法选取上海市某三级甲等医院12名参与急性缺血性卒中院内救治医务人员为研究对象,运用半结构式深入访谈法对其进行访谈,通过笔记及录音采集数据,应用Colaizzi内容分析法进行资料分析。结果医护人员对急性缺血性卒中院内救治静脉溶栓流程的体验包括5个主题:(1)目前救治流程基本合理;(2)对卒中急救护士配置的需求;(3)对信息化平台支持的需求;(4)患者和家属医疗决策时间延迟;(5)对多学科合作密切性加强的需求。结论有必要将溶栓地点前移至CT室并配置卒中急救护士岗位,加快建设急性缺血性卒中救治信息平台,开展院内多元化病情告知方式,加强多学科合作密切性,进一步缩短急性缺血性卒中院内救治时间。     

对急性缺血性脑卒中患者基于多学科协作诊疗干预的效果观察

目的 探讨多学科协作诊疗干预在急性缺血性脑卒中患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2019 年1 月1 日—2020 年6月 30 日某三级甲等医院介入手术室治疗的68 例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,在多学科协作诊疗干预前后时间段分别取样分组,对照组33例和观察组35 例;对照组实施常规措施,观察组在此基础上实施多学科协作诊疗干预;观察比较2组患者入院-溶栓时间、入院-股动脉穿刺时间、转诊时间和待手术时间;术后2组患者的致死率、致残率、神经功能损伤评分及患者就诊满意度。结果 观察组患者的入院-溶栓时间、入院-股动脉穿刺时间、转诊时间和待手术时间均短于对照组（P<0.001）;观察组患者的致残率和神经功能缺损评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）,2组患者致死率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;除医疗环境外,观察组对医护服务态度、团队业务能力、护理应急能力及主动性、沟通交流、健康教育和患者需求方面的评分均高于对照组（P<0.001）。结论 对急诊介入手术脑卒中患者实施基于多学科协作诊疗干预,可提高抢救患者的工作效率,改善患者临床救治结局,提高患者就诊满意度。     

脑梗死并发消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的:探讨脑梗死患者并发消化道出血(GIH)的危险因素。方法:收集急性脑梗死患者654例,对发生GIH患者可能的危险因素进行分析。结果:654例患者中,发生消化道出血44例(6.73%)。并发GIH患者的平均年龄、大面积梗死比例、既往卒中史比例、抗凝药物使用比例高于无GIH患者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),氯吡格雷与阿司匹林联合使用比例差异无统计学意义。结论:GIH在脑梗死中是常见且影响预后的严重并发症之一,对其预防及治疗需合理选择药物。     

Emergency Physician Treatment of Acute Stroke with Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A Retrospective Analysis

Stroke teams are advocated for the rapid treatment of patients who have acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). An alternate model uses existing ED resources with specialist consultation as needed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the treatment of AIS with rt-PA in this alternate ED model. METHODS: A retrospective observational review was performed of consecutive patients with AIS treated with rt-PA at four hospitals affiliated with an emergency medicine residency. Emergency physicians (EPs) were directly responsible for the treatment of all patients according to predefined guidelines. Records were evaluated from the implementation of the guidelines through December 15, 1997. RESULTS: 37 patients with AIS received rt-PA. Mean age+/-SD was 63+/-16 years (range 22-87), with 25 (68%) male. Patients presented 67+/-29 minutes after stroke onset. After ED arrival, they were seen by the EP in 14+/-13 minutes, had CT in 46+/-22 minutes, and were treated in 97+/-35 minutes. Neurologist consultation occurred in the department for nine patients (24.3%), and by telephone for 14 (37.8%). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) occurred in four (10.8%, 95% CI = 0.8% to 20.8%). There were two deaths, neither associated with ICH. Neurologic outcome at discharge compared with presentation in survivors was normal for four patients (11.4%), improved for 16 (45.7%), unchanged for ten (28.6%), and worse for five (14.3%). CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis, EPs, with specialty consultation as required, successfully identified patients with AIS and delivered rt-PA with satisfactory outcomes. Important elements of this model include early patient identification, preestablished protocols, and rapid access to CT scanning and interpretation.     

Intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: a review of pharmacologic approaches

Ischemic stroke is a major public health problem worldwide. The potential to cure stroke patients with intravenous thrombolytic therapy has evolved to the use of intra-arterial thrombolytic agents. Fewer than 200 patients have been enrolled in randomized trials of intra-arterial therapy. In this article the authors have reviewed the literature listed in MEDLINE and EMBase, and searched relevant articles to examine the role of fibrinolytic agents in acute interventional stroke therapy. Only English language articles reporting five or more patients were included. Outcomes were defined at 90 days. Good outcome was defined on the modified Rankin Scale. Symtpomatic hemorrhage was defined as hemorrhage in the setting of clinical deterioration in the first 24 to 48 h. The search identified 57 studies of which 44 reported usable data. Only three randomized trials were reported. Of a total of 1140 patients, most (73%) were treated open-label with urokinase (Abbokinase^®, Abbott Laboratories). The best outcomes were reported in case series and slightly worse outcomes were reported in clinical trials. Overall, it was not possible to distinguish whether one agent was superior to the others. There is a paucity of published evidence on intra-arterial therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Alteplase (Activase^®, Genentech Inc.) is currently the drug of choice simply because it is available and it is the current intravenous standard. Further trials and developments are anticipated.