冠状动脉瘘的诊断及外科治疗

对21例冠状动脉瘙（CAF）患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。所有患者均经超声心动图及选择性冠状动脉造影检查确诊。6例在非体外循环下直接缝扎闭合CAF瘙口，15例在体外循环心脏停搏下切开心腔或冠状动脉修补CAF瘘口（9例行术中经食管超声监测）。术后患者原有症状及心脏杂音均消失。认为术前超声心动图检查是诊断CAF最可靠的方法;心脏直视手术治疗CAF效果肯定，术中经食管超声检查有助于寻找瘘口位置、预防残余瘘。     

冠状动脉瘘的诊断及治疗方法探讨

目的探讨冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的诊断及治疗方法。方法16例冠状动脉瘘患者，经彩色多普勒超声检查14例，确诊12例，升主动脉及冠状动脉造影检查4例均确诊。16例患者均行手术治疗．其中非体外循环下行缝扎瘘口1例，体外循环下经心腔内闭合瘘口12例，切开冠状动脉闭合瘘口1例，分别闭合冠状动脉内瘘和心腔内瘘口2例；同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术1例，室间隔缺损修补1例。结果手术发现单一瘘口11例，两个瘘口5例。全组无死亡病例及并发症发生。术后随诊无残余瘘发生。结论选择性冠状动脉造影检查是诊断CAF的金标准；CAF自行闭合性小，一旦确诊，即使无症状也应及早手术治疗。手术宜在体外循环下进行，准确判断漏口位置和精确缝合是手术成功的关键。     

冠状动脉瘘的临床分析

目的探讨11例先天性冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的临床特点及治疗方法。方法2003年至2005年,应用超声心动图、升主动脉及选择性冠状动脉造影检查确诊CAF 11例,其中单支瘘管起源于左冠状动脉5例,右冠状动脉2例,双侧起源4例。6例行外科手术治疗,2例患者行导管弹簧栓堵闭术,另3例未进行有创治疗,以药物保守治疗。结果8例手术及介入治疗均成功,无死亡及并发症发生。所有患者随访6～36个月,均无残余瘘发生。结论超声心动图及选择性冠状动脉造影是CAF的主要确诊手段。外科手术和经导管栓堵术闭合CAF均安全有效,应在临床症状出现之前进行根治性治疗。     

冠状动脉-冠状静脉窦瘘的超声心动图特征及诊断方法

目的：总结冠状动脉-冠状静脉窦瘘的超声心动图特征及诊断方法。方法：回顾性分析2018年11月至2022年6月汕头大学医学院附属第一医院·武汉亚洲心脏病医院联合心脏外科中心,经手术或冠状动脉造影或CT检查确诊的6例冠状动脉-冠状静脉窦瘘患者的临床及超声心动图资料,总结其诊断特点。结果：6例冠状动脉-冠状静脉窦瘘患者,手术证实4例,冠状动脉造影证实1例,心脏CT证实1例。合并瓣膜反流6例,合并卵圆孔未闭1例,合并节段性室壁运动异常1例。二维超声心动图可见冠状动脉扩张及冠状静脉窦扩张,可追踪瘘管及瘘口,彩色多普勒示双期异常血流进入冠状静脉窦。术前超声心动图准确诊断4例,漏诊1例,误诊1例;漏诊、误诊原因均为对冠状动脉的走行扫查不清。4例患者均接受外科冠状动脉-冠状静脉窦结扎术,术后超声心动图中位随访9.0(3.7,30.0)个月,无1例复发,无严重并发症发生。结论：冠状动脉-冠状静脉窦瘘具有典型的超声心动图影像学特征,可明确诊断,对冠状动脉的走行扫查不清易导致漏诊及误诊。     

64层螺旋CT显示冠状静脉系统形态学的研究

目的评价64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的同时显示心脏静脉系统解剖的应用价值。方法选择行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查无冠状动脉病变、心电图及超声心动图检查均正常的患者70例,男39例,女31例,行舒张中末期二维、三维图像重建,观察冠状静脉窦(CS)及其属支的显示情况,评价各测值与性别的关系。结果70例患者CS及其属支均获得较高质量图像。CS呈管状50例(71.4%),喇叭状20例(28.6%)。所测得CS及其属支的形态学参数均与性别无关。心脏最大横径、心胸比与CS口上下径、前后径及平均径均无相关性。结论64层螺旋CT可评价CS及其属支的形态学特征,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

64层螺旋CT与超声心动图联合诊断复杂先天性心脏病的临床价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT与超声心动图联合诊断复杂先天性心脏病(CCHD)的临床价值。方法选取我院CCHD患者88例作为研究对象,对患者进行64层螺旋CT、超声心动图检查,以手术结果作为金标准,评价64层螺旋CT、超声心动图以及二者联合检测心脏畸形的诊断效能。结果 88例患者手术治疗共发现146处畸形,其中心脏部分畸形52处,心脏-大血管连接部分畸形31处,大血管部分畸形63处。64层螺旋CT检查共检测出133处畸形与手术所见符合,诊断符合率为91.10%;超声心动图检查共检出129处畸形与手术所见符合,诊断符合率为88.36%;64层螺旋CT和超声心动图联合检查共检出142处畸形与手术所见符合,诊断符合率为97.26%。64层螺旋CT检查诊断畸形的诊断符合率和超声心动图检查比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);二者联合检查诊断畸形的诊断符合率显著高于单独用64层螺旋CT检查或超声心动图检查的诊断符合率,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 64层螺旋CT、超声心动图检查诊断CCHD具有无创、准确、快速、价廉的特点,两者各有优势和不足,联合诊断能够显著提高诊断的准确率,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

经导管介入封堵冠状动脉瘘中期随访——冠状动脉CT血管造影的诊断价值

目的探讨经导管介入封堵冠状动脉瘘(CAF)的中期效果及冠状动脉CT血管造影(CTA)在随访中的价值。方法回顾性分析2012年7月至2018年8月在徐州医科大学附属医院行经导管介入封堵的12例CAF患者,根据瘘口大小、起源、引流位置、分流量多少以及冠状动脉迂曲或扩张程度选取封堵器材,术后定期随访心电图、超声心动图及冠状动脉CTA,对术后临床疗效及CTA结果进行分析。结果 12例患者均封堵成功,其中2例患者合并冠状动脉重度狭窄,同期行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),术后重复造影示封堵完全,无明显残余分流。术后中位随访时间为3.5年(1个月～6年)。所有患者均复查超声心动图,未见明显残余分流,心功能良好(NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)。8例患者复查冠状动脉CTA,其中2例大型右冠状动脉左心室瘘患者出现血栓形成,另1例多发冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘仍有微量残余分流,余无明显并发症发生。结论经导管介入封堵CAF中期随访结果示封堵效果良好,但应警惕供血冠状动脉血栓形成及残余分流的风险。冠状动脉CTA能清晰显示冠状动脉血管解剖结构、封堵器位置以及有无残余分流等,在术后随访中具有重要诊断价值。     

冠状动脉瘘的诊治及CT血管成像随访价值

目的:探讨冠状动脉瘘的诊断和治疗,评估冠状动脉CT血管成像在冠状动脉瘘术后随访中的价值。方法:回顾性分析13例冠状动脉瘘患者的临床资料。13例患者术前均行冠状动脉造影、心电图、超声心动图检查,术后均行冠状动脉CT血管成像检查随访以评估有无瘘管残留。结果:13例患者中,瘘管起源于双侧冠状动脉4例,单独起源于左冠状动脉5例,单独起源于右冠状动脉4例。瘘管终点位于肺动脉8例,右心房3例,左心室1例,右心室1例。7例患者术前伴随瘤样扩张。4例患者行外科结扎治疗。9例患者行经导管介入封堵治疗,术后即刻冠状动脉造影示6例存在少许瘘管残留,3例无瘘管残留。术后随访时间为1~37个月。冠状动脉CT血管成像提示有瘘管残留7例,其中1例为外科结扎术治疗后,6例为经导管介入封堵治疗后。随访期间未见心肌梗死、死亡等严重并发症。结论:冠状动脉瘘的诊断依靠冠状动脉造影、冠状动脉CT血管成像及超声心动图的联合应用,其治疗主要有外科结扎术和经导管介入封堵术。冠状动脉CT血管成像可无创、快速、清晰地显示术后有无瘘管残留,可作为冠状动脉瘘患者术后随访的首选检查方法。     

64层螺旋CT成像与导管法造影检测冠状动脉狭窄的对照研究

目的探讨64层螺旋CT对冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的显示情况及临床价值。方法对69例临床诊断或疑诊冠心病的患者行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查及导管法冠状动脉造影。冠状动脉管腔内径减少>50%定义为显著狭窄。结果在69例患者冠状动脉的788节段(血管直径≥1.5mm)中,CT图像能够满足管腔评价者为778节段(98.7%),其中64层螺旋CT显示中度或中度以上狭窄(≥50%)的敏感性和特异性分别为81.9%和99.0%,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为95.9%和95.1%。如果在方法学上进行校正,敏感性将达91.8%。结论64层螺旋CT显示冠状动脉狭窄的准确性(95.2%)较高,在冠状动脉疾病的初步诊断以及介入治疗的筛选方面,是一种颇具潜力的无创性检查方法,但尚不能完全取代传统的导管法冠状动脉造影。     

冠状动脉瘘28例诊断及外科治疗

目的 总结冠状动脉瘘的诊断和手术治疗效果。方法 28例不同部位的冠状动脉瘘患者采用超声心动图和选择性冠状动脉造影,明确冠状动脉瘘发生位置,全部采用外科治疗,统计其疗效。结果 单纯冠状动脉瘘20例,合并其他心内畸形8例;右冠状动脉瘘18例,左冠状动脉瘘8例,双冠状动脉瘘2例。瘘入右心室13例,瘘入右心房12例,瘘入左心室1例,瘘入肺动脉2例。心腔内双瘘口及三个瘘口各有1例,余26例为单一瘘口。所有病例行手术治疗,8例合并其他心内畸形同期矫治。全组无死亡及残余瘘,效果满意。结论 心脏直视手术治疗冠状动脉瘘效果肯定,合并其他心内畸形应同期矫治。选择性冠状动脉造影对明确冠状动脉瘘发生位置和（或）瘘人心腔的位置非常必要。     

冠状动脉瘘封堵技巧与效果

目的:冠状动脉瘘（coronary artery fistula,CAF）出口多变,形态多样,本研究探讨不同冠状动脉瘘的封堵技巧与封堵术治疗效果。方法:纳入1999年1月~2012年12月所有试图实施CAF封堵术的患者,在除外其它心脏畸形的基础上,根据主动脉或者冠状动脉造影观测CAF解剖形态,选择封堵术径路、封堵器类型和大小,封堵术后定期随访。结果:共纳入36例患者（男性17例）,年龄3至74 岁(中位数21岁)。CAF起源于左冠状动脉13例（36%）,右冠状动脉18例（50%）,双侧冠状动脉5例（14%）,引流至左心室7例（19%）,右心系统29例（81%）,包括右心房7例,右心室14例和肺动脉8例。成功封堵25例,成功率69%。经静脉途径封堵9例,CAF出口分别为右心房（n=5）,右心室（n=3）和肺动脉（n=1）;经动脉途径封堵16例,出口分别为左心室（n=3）, 右心房（n=1）,右心室(n=10)和肺动脉（n=2）。术后出现短暂胸痛2例,心电图ST T改变6例和再通1例。结论:介入方式治疗CAF安全、可靠,但具体采用何种径路和封堵器,需要根据其解剖形态确定。     

Coronary Artery Fistula‐Associated Endocarditis: Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature

Coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are rare congenital anomalies and reported to have an incidence of 0.1–0.2% of all coronary angiograms. An association between fistulae and nonatherosclerotic coronary artery aneurysms is even more rare. In childhood, patients are mostly asymptomatic; however, patients older than 20 years old may present with signs of infective endocarditis, myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, and aneurysm rupture. CAF are typically identified by coronary angiography; however, there are some limited studies showing that transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can also be useful in identifying CAF. Here we report two cases of endocarditis secondary to congenital coronary artery fistulae draining into either a cardiac cavity or a coronary sinus, which were detected by TEE. Vegetations were found at the site of the fistulae drainage. Management for young patients is either percutaneous or surgical intervention. For elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, conservative treatment is another option. In these two cases, treating endocarditis with proper antibiotics and supportive treatment, the patients' conditions improved significantly.     

经导管介入治疗23例小儿先天性冠状动脉瘘

目的 探讨经导管介入法治疗小儿先天性冠状动脉瘘的经验。方法 男13例,女10例,年龄2．5～14．0岁。右冠状动脉右房瘘11例,右冠状动脉右室瘘6例,左冠状动脉右房瘘4例,左冠状动脉前降支右室瘘1例,左冠状动脉前降支肺动脉瘘1例。瘘管最窄处大小1．8～6．5mm。建立达到或通过瘘管的输送轨道,选择瘘口处或接近瘘口处的瘘管狭窄部位为封堵处。16例瘘管最窄处内径〈3mm的病例选用弹簧圈进行封堵,7例内径〉3mm的病例分别应用Amplatzer动脉导管未闭封堵器及国产对称型室间隔缺损封堵器进行封堵。结果 21例封堵成功,2例封堵不成功者外科手术成功缝扎冠状动脉瘘口。结论 经导管治疗冠状动脉瘘是一种创伤性小、疗效确切的方法。此技术首先必须系统地评价冠状动脉瘘的解剖类型及冠状动脉走向,保证欲封堵的血管的下游不能有正常血管的分支。同时必须严格掌握介入治疗适应证,对于瘘管扭曲严重,经导管封堵有困难的病例可行外科手术治疗。     

Imaging of Coronary Artery Fistulas by Multidetector Computed Tomography: Is Multidetector Computed Tomography Sensitive?

BACKGROUND: Coronary angiography is the gold standard for diagnosing coronary artery fistulas (CAFs). Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is a recently developed imaging technique for detecting coronary artery stenosis, coronary artery anomalies, and coronary artery fistulas and their courses. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine accuracy or sensitivity of MDCT in patients having CAF. METHOD: We evaluated 13 patients with 15 CAFs detected earlier by coronary angiography. MDCT was carried out on all patients and the results were compared with coronary angiography, following which, sensitivity of MDCT was detected. RESULTS: Eleven of 15 CAFs were shown on MDCT and the overall sensitivity of MDCT was found to be 73%. Seven of 8 CAFs that coursed between two vascular structures were detected and the sensitivity of MDCT in this group was found to be 87%. However, the sensitivity of 58% of MDCT in patients with fistula coursing between coronary arteries and cardiac chambers was found. CONCLUSION: Although coronary angiography is the gold standard diagnostic test for detection of CAF, MDCT may be an alternative test, especially, for CAF coursing between vascular structures, to detect origin, course, and the drainage site of fistula through its excellent spatial resolution and ability to show relationship of anatomic structures.     

Spontaneous Closure of a Symptomatic Coronary Artery Fistula Just within a Few Days of Newborn Period

We present a rare case of spontaneous closure of a fistula between the left coronary artery and the right ventricle (RV) within a few days of newborn period. A 14‐day‐old male newborn was referred to our clinic for investigation of tachypnea and cardiac murmur. A color flow Doppler echocardiography revealed turbulent flow of a large coronary artery fistula (CAF) between the left coronary artery and the RV. Tachypnea was regressed and repeat echocardiogram showed no CAF related to cardiac chambers after 4 days of admission. The spontaneous closure of CAF was found to be more likely in cases younger than 2 years with small‐sized fistulas opening into the right‐sided structures, especially into the RV. Nevertheless, the spontaneous closure is very rare in cases with significant shunt. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case with documented spontaneous closure of CAF just within the newborn period.     

Coronary artery fistula: single-center experience spanning 17 years

BACKGROUND:Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an uncommon form of congenital heart disease. It is often diagnosed incidentally during angiograms. We have reported on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of CAF. METHODS:Retrospective review of a tertiary referral institution's database identified 30 patients with CAF between 1987 and 2004. Mean follow-up was 31.61 +/- 48.03 months. RESULTS:Mean age was 60 +/- 12.7 years. Most common site of CAF origin was the left anterior descending artery (LAD) (14, 46.7%). The most common site of drainage was the main pulmonary artery (15, 50%). Therapeutic strategies were based on symptoms and shunt size. Conservative management was the option in 17 patients (56.7%) with small shunts and mild or no symptoms. Patients with moderate/severe symptoms and/or large shunts were treated with either percutaneous embolization (6, 20%) or surgical ligation (7, 23.3%). Four patients (13.3%) died during follow-up. No deaths were reported in the embolization group, two patients died of cancer in the conservative management group, and two patients died in the surgical group due to cardiac tamponade and cancer, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Origin of CAF was predominantly from the left system. Clinical presentations were variable depending on type, size of fistula, and the presence of other cardiac conditions. Management of CAF is still controversial and treatment of adult asymptomatic patients with nonsignificant shunting is still a matter of debate. Newer imaging modalities may enhance noninvasive diagnosis. A national registry is necessary for further insights into optimal treatment for large fistulae and the natural history of smaller fistulae.     

先天性冠状动脉瘘的治疗

冠状动脉瘘是一种连接于一支或多支冠状动脉与某一心腔或心脏周围血管之间的先天性或获得性冠状动脉畸形。发生率在先天性心脏疾病中为0.13%,而在总人群中的发病率大约为0.002%。最主要的症状为"窃血现象"导致的心肌缺血性症状。经典治疗方法为手术治疗,但随着介入治疗的发展,目前冠状动脉瘘临床治疗方案的选择尚存在争议,有待进一步的临床研究。