冠心病合并心脏瓣膜疾病手术病人的监护

随着我国社会人口老龄化及人们生活水平的提高,冠心病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,近年冠心病合并心脏瓣膜疾病也随之增多.由于现代手术技术不断进步,监护技术日益提高,同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术和心脏瓣膜手术已列为常规手术.虽然同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术和心脏瓣膜手术风险大,护理难度大,但是经过医护人员的精心治疗与护理,本组病人均手术顺利,术后恢复良好.现将监护体会报告如下.     

同期行心脏瓣膜置换和冠状动脉旁路移植术后并发症的观察及护理

心脏瓣膜手术和冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）均已成为心脏外科的常规手术，但对部分心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠状动脉病变或冠心病合并心脏瓣膜功能不全的病人，需同期行心脏瓣膜手术和冠状动脉血运重建。由于此类病人多数病情重、病史长、年龄大、血管条件差、合并脏器功能不全者较多、手术操作复杂、手术时间长、体外循环及主动脉阻断时间长，致使病死率明显增加。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术同期瓣膜手术的临床监护

目的：探讨冠状动脉旁路移植手术同期施行瓣膜手术后病人的护理对策及护理疗效。方法：回顾分析2003年1月至2003年12月全年22例冠状动脉旁路移植术同期行瓣膜手术(二尖瓣置换或成形，主动脉瓣置换，联合瓣膜置换术)病例。结果：20例康复出院，2例死亡。康复病人心功能明显改善。结论：对冠脉搭桥同时施行瓣膜手术的患者，必须重视其临床的特殊护理。     

老年患者同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术和瓣膜手术

目的：总结老年患者同期行心脏瓣膜手术和冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的手术效果和临床经验。方法：2005年5月—2010年3月同期行心脏瓣膜手术及冠状动脉旁路移植术的老年患者65例,其中男性52例,女性13例,年龄65-79岁,平均年龄68.1±3.2岁。心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠状动脉病变31例,冠心病合并心脏瓣膜功能不全34例。同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术合并瓣膜成形术17例,合并心瓣膜置换术48例,其中合并带瓣人工血管置换（Bentall手术）3例。平均每例作冠状动脉远端吻合口1.96±0.85个。结果：术后早期病死8例（12.3%）,共出现并发症17例（26.2%）;住院病死患者中2例死于低心排血量,2例死于呼吸衰竭,1例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于恶性心律失常,2例死于重症感染引发的多器官功能衰竭。再次开胸止血3例。57例患者取得了良好的疗效,心脏功能明显改善。手术后随访48例,失访9例,随访时间1-67个月,平均随访32.2个月,随访期间病死2例,均为非心源性病死。其余患者生活质量明显改善。结论：老年患者同期行心脏瓣膜手术及冠状动脉旁路移植术是安全、有效的,近期效果满意。     

同期行心脏瓣膜置换和冠状动脉旁路移植术后并发症的观察及护理

心脏瓣膜手术和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)均已成为心脏外科的常规手术,但对部分心脏瓣膜疾病合并冠状动脉病变或冠心病合并心脏瓣膜功能不全的病人,需同期行心脏瓣膜手术和冠状动脉血运重建.由于此类病人多数病情重、病史长、年龄大、血管条件差、合并脏器功能不全者较多、手术操作复杂、手术时间长、体外循环及主动脉阻断时间长,致使病死率明显增加[1].2006年2月-2007年6月对18例行同期心脏瓣膜置换和冠状动脉旁路移植术,现对病人的临床资料进行回顾性总结,探讨其并发症的发生及护理.     

冠状动脉旁路移植同期瓣膜置换术的护理

[目的]探讨冠心病联合瓣膜病变同期手术治疗的手术配合和护理。[方法]对18例同期实施冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜置换术的病人,认真做好术前访视和心理护理,熟练掌握手术配合要点。[结果]手术均顺利完成,病人生活质量明显改善。[结论]冠状动脉联合心脏瓣膜病变同期手术风险极大,细致周到的手术护理是手术成功的重要保证。     

冠状动脉旁路术同期进行心脏瓣膜替换术对冠心病心脏瓣膜病变的疗效分析

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路术同期进行心脏瓣膜替换术对冠心病心脏瓣膜病变的临床治疗效果。方法选择2013年6月28日至2014年6月28日于该院就诊的64例冠心病心脏瓣膜病变患者,对所有患者均选择冠状动脉旁路术,并同期采用心脏瓣膜替换术进行治疗,分析心功能恢复情况、并发症发生率、随访情况。结果相比治疗前,治疗后患者左心室射血分数明显提高,左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径明显降低(P0.05);术后并发症发生率为7.81%;患者呼吸机使用时间、重症监护室监护时间、住院时间分别为(34.61±2.84)h、(4.72±1.63)d、(13.31±2.32)d;术后随访得知,61例(95.31%)患者心功能明显改善。结论对冠心病心脏瓣膜病变患者采用冠状动脉旁路术同期心脏瓣膜替换术治疗的效果显著,并发症发生率较低,可明显改善患者的心功能,值得临床推广应用。     

冠状动脉旁路移植并同期心脏瓣膜的手术治疗

目的总结同期实施冠状动脉旁路移植与心脏瓣膜手术的治疗效果和临床经验。方法 2004年5月至2010年10月同期行冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜手术49例,其中冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病变14例,风湿性心脏病合并冠状动脉病变35例,合并左心房血栓5例。行单纯二尖瓣置换术26例,单纯主动脉瓣置换11例,双瓣膜置换10例,二尖瓣成形2例;移植旁路血管99支,平均2.02支。结果无手术死亡病例,术后再次开胸止血1例;发生低心排出量2例,肺不张1例,心包积液3例。49例患者心脏功能明显改善,临床治愈出院;术后随访3～24个月,1例生物瓣置换术后半年再次出现左房血栓,无死亡事件,患者生活质量明显改善。结论同期行冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜手术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

278例心脏瓣膜手术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床分析

目的 分析心脏瓣膜替换或成型术同时行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床特点.方法 278例手术共移植旁路血管392支,同时行主动脉瓣置换手术136例,二尖瓣置换141例,二尖瓣成型63例,三尖瓣成型44例.瓣膜病合并冠心病的冠状动脉受累以单支受累最多,为123例,双支次之,为102例,多支血管受累53例.单支受累以前降支及右冠状动脉多见,回旋支次之.围术期注意心肌保护和心肌缺血预防与处理.结果 换瓣搭桥术中主动脉阻断时间(96±21)min.围术期死亡18例(8.7%).围术期发生主要脏器并发症比例17.0%.术后IGU监护1.7 d,术后住院时间平均9.7 d.术前左心室舒张末期内径(54.7±9.2)mm,左心室收缩末期内径(38.2±10.6)mm,左心室射血分数32%～65%.手术后左心室舒张末期内径(51.3±7.1)mm,左心室收缩末期内径(36.4±10.6)mm.Logistic Regression多因素统计分析显示年龄、高血压、术前NYHA心功能分级与手术病死率相关.结论 心脏瓣膜手术同时行冠状动脉旁路移植术的危险性高于单一手术,彻底解除瓣膜病变、充分的心肌再血管化和良好的心肌保护是手术成功的主要因素.     

瓣膜置换同期冠状动脉旁路移植术的监测及护理

后天性瓣膜病合并冠心病的外科治疗是瓣膜外科目前面临的危重病之一，本文报告近一年来10例瓣膜置换同期冠状动脉旁路移植术，患者均为高龄重症．术后在ICU监护治疗，围手术期无1例死亡，现将体会报告如下。     

Myocardial disease in inherited disease

To detect cardiac Fabry's disease, plasma alpha-galactosidase activity was measured in 230 male patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Seven patients were diagnosed as having cardiac Fabry's disease. They did not have typical clinical manifestations of Fabry's disease. All seven had symmetric LVH. Endomyocardial biopsies revealed marked sarcoplasmic vacuolization in all five patients examined. Typical lysosomal inclusions with a concentric lamellar configuration were observed. Two novel mutations, A20P in exon 1 and M296I in exon 6, were detected in two patients, respectively. The remaining five had no mutations in the coding region for the alpha-galactosidase gene, and had marked decreases in the amount of alpha-galactosidase mRNA. Cardiac Fabry's disease should be considered as one of the cause of LVH.     

Celiac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease

Celiac disease (CD) or gluten sensitive enteropathy is relatively common in western populations with prevalence around 1%. With the recent availability of sensitive and specific serological testing, many patients who are either asymptomatic or have subtle symptoms can be shown to have CD. Patients with CD have modest increases in risks of malignancy and mortality compared to controls. The mortality among CD patients who comply poorly with a gluten-free diet is greater than in compliant patients. The pattern of presentation of CD has altered over the past three decades. Many cases are now detected in adulthood during investigation of problems as diverse as anemia, osteoporosis, autoimmune disorders, unexplained neurological syndromes, infertility and chronic hypertransaminasemia of uncertain cause. Among autoimmune disorders, increased prevalence of CD has been found in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune liver diseases and inflammatory bowel disease. Prevalence of CD was noted to be 1% to 19% in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 2% to 5% in autoimmune thyroid disorders and 3% to 7% in primary biliary cirrhosis in prospective studies. Conversely, there is also an increased prevalence of immune based disorders among patients with CD. The pathogenesis of co-existent autoimmune thyroid disease and CD is not known, but these conditions share similar HLA haplotypes and are associated with the gene encoding cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4. Screening high risk patients for CD, such as those with autoimmune diseases, is a reasonable strategy given the increased prevalence. Treatment of CD with a gluten-free diet should reduce the recognized complications of this disease and provide benefits in both general health and perhaps life expectancy. It also improves glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and enhances the absorption of medications for associated hypothyroidism and osteoporosis. It probably does not change the natural history of associated autoimmune disorders.     

Chronic obstructive lung disease and coronary heart disease

It has been established that coronary heart disease, as well as arterial hypertension, is one of the most frequent illnesses that accompany chronic obstructive lung diseases (COLD). Certain data suggest that COLD increase the risk of the development of cardiovascular pathology 2 to 3 times. The purpose of the study was to establish coronary heart disease (CHD) rate among patients with COLD, and to determine the peculiarities of CHD in this category of patients. The subjects were 116 patients with COLD (mean age 53.5 +/- 1.13 years). The authors also analyzed lethality in the Pulmonary division of the clinic, where 41 patients had died in 1998-2003. CHD was diagnosed in 31 (26.7%) patients. The results show that CHD rate in COLD patients older than 60 is 1.5 times higher than that in those younger than 60, and 2.3 times higher than that in those younger than 50. The patients with and without CHD demonstrate significant difference in the severity of COLD and obstructive syndrome. The leading cause of death in COLD patients was respiratory and circulatory failure; also noticed was high myocardial infarction rate among those patients. Autopsies revealed signs of coronary artery atherosclerosis in 7 out of 9 patients. The obtained data suggest that CHD development is a regular phenomenon in COLD patients, especially in those exposed to other CHD risk factors. The risk group consists of patients with severe COLD; their examination requires special attention paid to possible CHD symptoms and painless myocardial ischemia, for early diagnostics and beginning of antianginal therapy.     

运动神经元病及运动神经元病综合征

目的探讨运动神经元病综合征(MNDS)的病因、发病机制、诊断。方法回顾性分析90例运动神经元病(MND)及MNDS的临床特点和诊疗过程。结果MND38例(42.4%),对症及支持治疗,总有效率21.4%;MNDS52例(57.8%),病因为主治疗,总有效率61.5%。两者疗效差异显著(P<0.01)。结论明确MNDS的病因,对治疗及预后极为重要。