双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应

目的 评价双氯芬酸钠栓对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿的镇痛效应.方法 择期行扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体摘除手术患儿40例,年龄2～10岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组(C组)和双氯芬酸钠栓组(D组).吸入l%～3%七氟醚和静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.05～0.1 μg·kg-1·min-1维持麻醉,静脉输注罗库溴铵5～10μg·kg-1·min-1维持肌松.气管插管后,D组将双氯芬酸钠栓1 mg/kg塞至距患儿肛门2 cm处,C组不做任何处理.拔除气管导管即刻采用Ramsay镇静评分评价镇静程度,采用躁动评分评价躁动程度.结果 与C组比较,D组镇静效果好,躁动程度轻(P<0.01).结论 气管插管后经直肠给予双氯芬酸钠栓l mg/kg对七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期患儿产生显著的镇痛效应,有助于避免躁动的发生.     

丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼行腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除术的临床观察

目的观察丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼行腹腔镜卵巢囊肿切除术麻醉诱导和拔管期的临床效果。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术患者60例,随机均分为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(PR组)和丙泊酚复合芬太尼组(PF组)。麻醉诱导:PR组丙泊酚2～3mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,然后泵注0.5μg·kg-1·min-1;PF组丙泊酚2～3mg/kg、芬太尼2～3μg/kg。麻醉维持:PR组丙泊酚75μg·kg-1·min-1、瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1,根据血流动力学调整瑞芬太尼给药速度和丙泊酚靶浓度;PF组丙泊酚75μg·kg-1·min-1,于手术开始前加芬太尼4～5μg/kg,两组患者均在手术结束时同时停麻醉药。观察并记录患者麻醉前、气管插管后、气腹后5min、手术结束时的HR、MAP。记录诱导时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间。结果与麻醉前比较,PF组气管插管后和气腹后5min的HR增快、MAP升高(P<0.05);与PF组比较,PR组气管插管后和气腹后5min的HR减慢、MAP降低(P<0.05),且诱导时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间均缩短(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿切除术患者丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉较之复合等效剂量芬太尼,术中血流动力学更稳定,术后清醒快、恢复迅速。     

瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚静脉麻醉在脊柱手术中的临床观察

目的:通过随机分组的对比观察,评价瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚静脉全麻的临床效果及安全性。方法:50例择期手术患者分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组各25例,诱导采用咪唑安定0.04～0.05mg/kg,R组:瑞芬太尼1～2μg/kg,维库溴铵0.1～0.2mg/kg,异丙酚1～2mg/kg。F组:芬太尼2～2.5μg/kg,维库溴铵0.1～0.2mg/kg,异丙酚1～2mg/kg。维持分别为瑞芬太尼10μg/(kg.h),异丙酚1～3mg/(kg.h)泵输维持;芬太尼1μg/(kg.h),异丙酚1～3mg/(kg.h)泵输。同时吸入66%氧化亚氮和1%异氟醚,MAC保持在0.8～1.5。观察的指标有诱导前、插管前、插管期间、切皮前、切皮后5mi n以及术中每10mi n的血压、心率变化情况。停药后自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间和唤之睁眼时间;自主呼吸的潮气量、频率和ETCO2;拔管后即刻、15mi n、30mi n的意识状态(OAAS)和疼痛程度(VAS);苏醒期间出现寒战、肌颤、恶心、呕吐及躁动等不良反应的情况。结果:与芬太尼相比,瑞芬太尼起效快、清除快、呼吸和意识的恢复优于芬太尼,镇痛效果不弱于芬太尼,安全性与芬太尼相似。结论:瑞芬太尼是一种适合用于持续输注的新型阿片类镇痛药,可用于与异丙酚复合的静脉全麻中。     

芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学

目的 探讨芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的药效学.方法 择期拟行鼻内镜下增殖体刮除术的息儿26例,年龄5～8岁,体重15～30 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.麻醉诱导:吸入8%七氟醚(氧流量6 L/min),静脉注射瑞芬太尼1 μg/kg(经30 s注射完),气管插管后行机械通气,随后静脉注射芬太尼抑制麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动,采用改良的序贯法确定静脉注射芬太尼的剂量.第1例患儿静脉注射芬太尼的剂量为4μg/kg,相邻剂量差值为0.5μg/kg,以患儿苏醒后易激惹且难以安慰作为判断躁动发生的标准.麻醉维持:吸人2%七氟醚(氧流量1 L/min),静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·min-1.术毕停用七氟醚和瑞芬太尼,带气管导管回麻醉恢复室,待患儿苏醒.记录术后4h内患儿躁动、恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等的发生情况及苏醒时间.计算芬太尼抑制50%、95%患儿七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间躁动的剂量(ED50、ED95)及其95%可信区间.结果 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50及其95%可信区间为3.01(2.52～3.40)μg/kg,En95及其95%可信区间为3.81(3.41～6.22)μg/kg.术后4h内未发生明显恶心、呕吐及呼吸抑制.苏醒时间(11.3±2.6)min.结论 芬太尼抑制七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉恢复期间患儿躁动的ED50为3.01μg/kg,ED95为3.81μg/kg.     

舒芬太尼在非体外循环冠脉搭桥术应用中的临床研究

目的 观察舒芬太尼在非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥手术应用中的安全性和有效性.方法 择期行OPCABG病人54例,被随机分成两组,舒芬太尼组和芬太尼组,每组27例,麻醉诱导应用丙泊酚1 mg/ks～2 ms/ks,同时分别静注舒芬太尼0.5 μg/ks～1μg/kg,或芬太尼4 μg/ks-8 μg/ks,同时吸入安氟醚维持麻醉,持续输注舒芬太尼0.08 μg·ks-1min-1,或芬太尼0.6 μg·ks-1·min-1.记录各组气管插管、切片、麻醉维持和拨除气管导管各时间的收缩压和舒张压.结果 在气管插管过程中,浅麻醉反应的病人数舒芬太尼组明显低于芬太尼组,在气管插管切皮,麻醉维持和拔管期间,芬太尼组收缩压、舒张压明显高于舒芬太尼组,术后清醒和拔管时间两组病人无统计学差异.结论 舒芬太尼的麻醉效果优于芬太尼,舒芬太尼能提供术中更稳定的血液动力学.     

瑞芬太尼用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术麻醉的观察

目的:观察瑞芬太尼用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术麻醉时的血流动力学变化、苏醒时间和苏醒质量.方法:选择先天性唇腭裂修复术小儿30例,随机分成瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=15)和芬太尼组(F组,n=15).麻醉诱导R组用瑞芬太尼1～2μg/kg,F组用芬太尼2～3μg/Kg,插管后行机械通气,R组持续输注瑞芬太尼0.2～0.25μg.Kg-1.min-1,F组每隔15～20min缓慢静注芬太尼1μg/Kg.两组均持续吸入1%异氟烷.监测指标包括患者诱导前、诱导后2min、气管插管后2min、手术开始后1Omin的血流动力学变化,连续记录有创动脉压力(IBP)、心率(HR).血氧饱和度(SPO2).术毕停药后患者自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时问、拔管时问及躁动情况. 结果:两组诱导后血压、心率均降低,无显著性差异(P>O.05).R组插管后血流动力学平稳,而F组插管后2min血压升高、心率加快(P<0.05).手术开始后1Omin,R组血压.心率低于F组(P<0.05).两组患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间R组少于F组(P<0.05).躁动R组多于F组,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05). 结论:瑞芬太尼复合异氟烷麻醉用于小儿先天性唇腭裂修复术可使血流动力学稳定、苏醒迅速、并发症少,是一种安全、有效的麻醉方法.     

瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚在新生儿全身麻醉中的应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚在新生儿全身麻醉中应用的安全性及有效性。方法40例择期行腹部手术的足月新生儿,年龄3~28 d,随机均分为瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚维持麻醉组(A组)和单纯七氟醚维持麻醉组(B组)。两组均给予七氟醚诱导,气管插管后,A组静脉泵入瑞芬太尼0.33μg·kg-1·min-1,两组均根据患儿临床表现(HR、BP、体动、呼吸对抗)调节七氟醚浓度。A组在术毕前约15 min停止泵入瑞芬太尼,两组均于手术结束时停止吸入七氟醚。记录入室时(T1)、手术开始前即刻(T2)、手术开始后10 min(T3)、60 min(T4)、拔除气管导管时(T5)患儿的HR、MAP、呼气末七氟醚浓度(C ET Sev),并记录患儿的拔管时间及不良反应。结果 T3~T5时A组HR明显慢于B组(P0.05);T3时A组MAP明显低于B组(P0.05);T2~T4时A组C ET Sev明显低于B组(P0.05)。两组拔管时间差异无统计学意义。无低血压、严重心动过缓等不良反应。结论瑞芬太尼复合七氟醚用于新生儿可以提供满意的麻醉效果,减少吸入麻醉药用量,不良反应少。     

门诊病人在瑞芬太尼和异丙酚麻醉下气管内插管

门诊病人麻醉是否使用肌松药意见不一。作者选择了120例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)门诊病人在注瑞芬太尼0.5μg·kg-1·min-1,和异丙酚2mg·kg-1诱导后,随机分为4组。①罗库溴铵0.6mg·kg-1(2×ED95)组;②0.45mg·kg-1组;③0.3mg·kg-1组和④不用肌松剂只用生理盐水组。所有病人均由同一麻醉医师,按双盲法评估插气管导管的条件:包括下颌松弛情况、喉罩放入时的阻力感、声带位置、声带残存活     

瑞芬太尼用于脊柱手术静吸复合全麻的观察

目的：观察和评价不同剂量瑞芬太尼用於静吸复合全麻中的临床效果及其安全性。方法：选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级75名择期脊柱手术患者，分为芬太尼组（F组，对照组）和瑞芬太尼R1组及R2组．全麻诱导采用咪达唑仑0．04mg／kg、依托咪酯0.3mg／ks、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg和芬太尼2μg／kg，气管内快速插管．麻醉维持均吸入66％N2O—33％O2及0．6％-L2％异氟烷（0．5—1．2MAC），同时在丙泊酚2mg／（kg·h）泵注中，F组加用芬太尼1μg／（kg·h），R1组加用瑞芬太尼5μg／（kg·h），R2组加用瑞芬太尼10μg／（kg·h）．分别观察诱导前、切皮前、切皮后、内固定、减压、停静脉药泵注6个时点的血压、心率、MAC、自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间和呼唤睁眼时间，自主呼吸潮气量、频率和呼气末CO2分压；拔管后即刻、15min、30min的意识状态（OAAS）和疼痛VAS评分；苏醒期间寒战、肌颤、恶心、呕吐及躁动等不良反应。结果：与芬太尼组比较，瑞芬太尼的起效、清除、呼吸和意识恢复的情况优於芬太尼组，镇痛效果不弱于芬太尼，安全性与芬太尼相似．不同剂量的瑞芬太尼的作用效果也不同。结论：瑞芬太尼是一种适合用于持续输注的新型阿片类镇痛药，可用于脊柱手术的静吸复合全麻中。     

不同剂量右美托咪啶复合异丙酚和瑞芬太尼用于腹部手术病人麻醉的效果

目的 评价不同剂量右美托咪啶复合异丙酚和瑞芬太尼用于腹部手术病人麻醉的效果.方法 择期拟在全麻下行腹部手术病人90例,性别不限,年龄18-64岁,体重45～80 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=30).对照组(C组)静脉输注生理盐水10ml/h;右美托咪啶0.25 μg·kg-1·h-1组(D1组)和右美托咪啶0.50μg·kg-1·h-1组(D2组)于15 min内静脉输注右美托咪啶负荷剂量0.5μg/kg,然后分别以0.25 μg·kg-1 ·h-1或的0.50 μg·kg -1·h-1速率静脉输注至拔除气管导管.麻醉诱导:TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度1.0μg/ml,静脉注射顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,TCI瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度3 ng/ml,气管插管后行机械通气.麻醉维持:TCI瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度5ng/ml,静脉输注顺阿曲库铵0.1 mg·kg-1·h-1,TCI异丙酚,调节其血浆靶浓度,维持Narcotrend指数37 ～ 46.记录术中瑞芬太尼、顺阿曲库铵和异丙酚的用量、气管导管拔除时间和苏醒时间、术中和麻醉恢复期不良反应的发生情况.结果 3间瑞芬太尼、顺阿曲库铵的用量和气管导管拔除时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与C组比较,D1组和D2组苏醒时间延长,术中高血压、心动过速和麻醉恢复期烦躁、呕吐、高血压、心动过速的发生率降低,D2组异丙酚用量减少(P＜0.05);与D1组比较,D2组苏醒时间延长,术中高血压和麻醉恢复期烦躁、心动过速和高血压的发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 复合异丙酚和瑞芬太尼时,静脉输注右美托咪啶0.50 μg·kg-1·h-1用于腹部手术病人麻醉的效果较好.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.