N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍胃癌前病变大鼠造模联合因素的探讨

N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍（MNNG）是目前使用最广泛的胃癌癌前病变（PLGC）大鼠模型的造模用药,但造模时间过长。多种因素联合造模可缩短造模时间,促进造模效果。国内外文献中,除MNNG外,还有其他多种理化造模因素可供选用,是否适合与MNNG联合造模,笔者探讨如下。     

电刺激单双侧迷走神经对肝郁证大鼠血液流变学的影响

目的观察肝郁证大鼠的迷走神经刺激(VNS)疗法。方法用束缚大鼠四肢,使之行走困难,活动受限作为肝郁证实验动物模型。分别以正常组、造模电刺激左侧组、造模电刺激右侧组、造模电刺激双侧组、造模组观察各组大鼠血液流变学(全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞压积)指标。结果造模组的血液流变学指标高于正常组,除血浆黏度外其余指标与各组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。经造模电刺激双侧、左侧、右侧后其血液流变学指标有所下降。造模电刺激双侧组与造模电刺激右侧组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。造模电刺激左侧组中的全血黏度(中切、高切)、红细胞压积与造模电刺激右侧组比较亦有显著性差异(P<0.01),且造模电刺激双侧组与造模电刺激左侧组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 VNS疗法可改善肝郁证大鼠的血液流变学指标。     

胃癌鼠模型研究

胃癌是全球最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,是对人民健康、经济造成严重负担的疾病。鼠模型可模拟胃癌在人体的发生、发展,是研究胃癌的重要工具,对于研究胃癌生物学行为和发病机制具有重要意义。根据造模方法的不同,主要分为长期诱导造模、快速移植造模、基因工程造模等。本文就目前几种常用的造模方式及其适用范围作一概述,并讨论各自的优缺点,提出造模过程中需要关注的问题和可能的研究方向。     

家兔动脉粥样硬化球囊损伤模型的制备过程与分析

目的：寻求制备动脉粥样硬化球囊损伤动物模型的理想方法。方法根据实际工作中积累的经验，对常规造模方法进行优化设计，观察其造模效果，并加以分析。结果对20只家兔实施造模，成功15只，效果良好，能够满足研究需要。结论笔者所使用的造模方法依据充分、切实可行、值得推广，可供其他研究人员借鉴。     

原发性肝癌大鼠造模的文献研究现状与评价

目的 探讨原发性肝癌大鼠造模的文献研究现状,并进行总结与评价。方法 以“原发性肝癌”“大鼠模型”为关键词检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库文献,检索时限为1996年1月至2021年12月,最终纳入115篇有效文献。对文献的造模方法、造模药物种类及剂量、造模周期以及造模结果评价等进行总结和分析。结果 最常用的原发性肝癌造模大鼠种类为Wistar大鼠,主要造模诱导剂有二乙基亚硝胺(DEN)配制的水溶液、DEN+灭菌食用水、DEN+四氯化碳(CCL₄)、DEN+生理盐水、DEN+标准饲料、二乙酰氨基芴(2-AAF)、黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)等7种,其中以DEN配制的水溶液最为常用,占63.5%。造模方法有自由饮用法、腹腔注射法、腹腔注射+自由饮用法、灌胃法、皮下注射+自由饮用法、腹腔注射+灌胃法等6种,其中以自由饮用法最常用,占35.7%。主要通过客观评价法对造模结果进行判定,占47.8%。结论 原发性肝癌大鼠造模方法多样,目前尚无统一的标准方法。研究者宜根据自身实验需求选择合适的造模方式。     

慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病动物模型的建立

目的 探索建立慢性乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病动物模型的方法.方法 筛选16只先天感染鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)的雏麻鸭饲养至3周龄,随机分为对照组和模型组,每组8只,分别予普通饲料及填饲高糖高脂饲料3周,并在造模前、造模2周、造模3周分别观察鸭体质量,血糖、血脂、转氨酶等生化指标,DHBV DNA载量的变化,同时造模结束后观察肝脏病理形态学变化和肝指数.结果 模型组鸭血糖(Glu)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、ALT、AST均高于对照组(P＜0.01),且造模后各项指标明显高于造模前(P＜0.01),模型组肝组织病理可见大量肝细胞脂肪变性;造模后2周、3周模型组DHBV载量比造模前有所下降,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 通过高糖高脂饲料填饲法成功建立乙型肝炎合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病动物模型.     

MNNG诱导胃癌前病变模型的探讨

<正>近年胃癌发病率升高使人们对胃癌前病变研究更为关注。目前胃癌前病变模型的建立主要包括[1]生物造模、化学诱变剂造模、免疫损伤造模及反复胃黏膜理化刺激造模法,但以化学诱变剂N-甲基-N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(MNNG)为主的造模方法更为常用。现结合其实际操作中可能出现的部分问题,进行探讨。1实验动物选取目前以Wistar及SD这两种品系的雄性大鼠     

犬肝硬化形成过程中生长抑素和前列腺素E2含量的动态变化

目的观察犬在形成肝纤维化过程中血浆生长抑素（ＳＳ）和前列腺素 Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）含量的变化。方法杂种犬１０只,４０％以四氯化碳造模,用放免法检测造模前和造模后３０天、６０天、９０天、１２０天血浆ＳＳ和ＰＧＥ２含量。结果造模３０天后ＳＳ和ＰＧＥ２含量的下降,造模前与造模后各时间段血浆ＳＳ和ＰＧＥ２含量下降水平比较,均有显著差异性（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。结论犬在形成肝硬化过程中血浆ＳＳ和ＰＧＥ２含量均降低。推测这可能是参与肝硬化并发门脉高压性胃肠病和消化性溃疡的重要因素。     

不同方法建立卡氏肺孢子虫大、小鼠动物模型的比较

目的筛选简便、有效并稳定的肺孢子虫造模方法。方法 SD大鼠和昆明小鼠分别采用皮下注射、灌胃和饮水中加地塞米松三种方法造模,观察感染动物体质状态,计算肺孢子虫包囊感染率和死亡率等。结果 SD大鼠皮下注射和灌胃法造模肺孢子虫感染率分别为75.0%和66.7%;在SD大鼠饮水中加入地塞米松及对昆明小鼠实施造模,感染率低。结论 SD大鼠灌胃和皮下注射地塞米松方法可以建立相对稳定的肺孢子虫动物模型。     

D-半乳糖胺/脂多糖所致小鼠急性肝衰竭模型正交试验优化研究

目的 通过正交试验优化D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)和脂多糖(LPS)致急性肝衰竭模型,确定合理造模剂量,以期使造模更加符合研究需要.方法 选取3个可能影响造模成功率的指标为实验因素:D-GalN剂量、LPS剂量、稀释倍数,每个实验因素选取4个水平,利用L16 (45)正交表安排试验,以小鼠24 h病死率为考察指标.观察小鼠血清ALT、肝组织学改变,肝脏细胞凋亡情况以验证造模效果.结果 优化后理想造模给药方案为D-GalN 350 mg/kg联合LPS 30 μg/kg,混合后稀释3倍,腹腔注射.造模后6h可出现典型肝衰竭表现.结论 优化了D-GalN/LPS致小鼠ALF模型,使其更符合科研需要.     

偏头痛临床特点回顾性分析

目的 分析门诊偏头痛的临床特征,为偏头痛的正确诊治提供帮助.方法 回顾性分析309例偏头痛的临床特点,比较不同性别、类型之间的异同,以及总结偏头痛发生药物过量性头痛(MOH)的危险因素.结果 女性与男性之比约为3:1,76.1%的患者有诱因,最常见的头痛特点是中到重度疼痛(97.7%)、日常体力活动加剧头痛(75.1%)及伴有恶心(90.9%)或呕吐(70.6%);不同性别、类型之间临床特点不全相同;偏头痛发生MOH的危险因素是发病年龄大、发作频率高和频繁使用止痛药缓解头痛.结论 详细询问患者头痛特点、诱因、治疗史是正确诊治偏头痛的基础.     

偏头痛与卒中

偏头痛与卒中的关系是目前神经科领域引人关注的课题。许多研究表明,偏头痛与卒中存在复杂的相互关系,包括偏头痛是卒中的病因、偏头痛作为脑梗死的危险因素或后果以及偏头痛与脑梗死是共同病因所致。文章对偏头痛与卒中的关系做了综述。     

偏头痛与卒中的相关性

多项研究表明,偏头痛,特别是有先兆型偏头痛与卒中存在一定的联系,但两者相关的潜在机制至今尚不明确。偏头痛可能是卒中的病因和(或)危险因素,卒中也可引起偏头痛的发生,亦可能是同一种疾病的两种表现。     

The medical care utilization and costs associated with migraine headache

OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical care use and costs associated with migraine. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control design in which migraine case status was ascertained via validated telephone interview and linked with comprehensive claims data. Unadjusted and adjusted use and cost differences by migraine status were evaluated using exponential score tests and generalized estimating equations. SETTING AND PATIENTS: We interviewed 8,579 individuals to identify migraine cases (N = 1,265) and a random sample of nonmigraine controls (N = 1,178) among eligible health plan enrollees aged 18 to 55. MEASURES: Survey responses were used to categorize individuals meeting the International Headache Society's diagnostic criteria for migraine with or without aura as migraine cases and to collect information on comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Claims data were used to compile annual medical and pharmaceutical use and costs, presence of migraine diagnosis, and other diagnosed comorbidities. RESULTS: Interview-ascertained migraine cases used more outpatient visits (9.1 vs 6.8; P < .01), were more likely to be seen in the emergency department (20.7% vs 17.6%; P < .05), and were admitted to the hospital more (4.5% vs 2.8%; P < .05) compared to nonmigraine controls. Cases incurred significantly higher medical care costs ($2,761 vs $2,064; P < .01). Multivariable model results indicate that much of this increase in costs is due to the presence of major depressive symptoms as well as other diagnosed comorbidities that are more common among those with migraine. CONCLUSIONS: By combining validated telephone survey information to identify migraine cases and controls with comprehensive claims data, we found migraine cases incur higher medical care costs compared to controls. These increased costs are associated with the presence of psychiatric symptoms and other comorbidities.     

Ketoprofen and ergotamine in acute migraine.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the efficacy and tolerability of ketoprofen and ergotamine in the treatment of acute migraine attacks without aura. The study design was a single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over comparison of a single dose of ketoprofen (100 mg) and ergotamine (2 mg) suppositories in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Fifty patients were included in the statistical evaluation. Ketoprofen was found to be more efficient than ergotamine and placebo in reducing the severity of pain. Ketoprofen was found to be more satisfactory than ergotamine and placebo with regard to influence on working ability, and better than placebo in global assessment. We conclude that ketoprofen (100 mg suppository) is superior to ergotamine (2 mg suppository) and placebo in the symptomatic treatment of acute migraine attacks, and has better tolerability.     

Parenteral chlorpromazine treatment of migraine

A prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial was conducted to test the safety and efficacy of intramuscular chlorpromazine (1 mg/kg) in the acute, outpatient treatment of migraine. One hundred adult patients were included in the study. There was complete relief of both pain and nausea/emesis symptoms in 96 patients within 55 minutes of the injection. Eighteen patients experienced orthostatic hypotension following injection. All but one responded to noninvasive therapy. The results suggest that chlorpromazine is a safe, effective alternative medication in the outpatient treatment of acute migraine.     

皮质扩散抑制与偏头痛

偏头痛是临床常见的特发性头痛。近年来的研究发现,皮质扩散抑制(CSD)可能是偏头痛发病的重要机制之一。文章就CSD与偏头痛神经生物学机制关第进行了综述,重点阐述了家族性偏瘫型偏头痛的基因突变以及CSD在偏头痛病理生理学机制和预防性治疗等方面的意义。     

Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for migraine headaches refractory to medical treatment

Background : Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been linked to migraine, and several retrospective studies reported an improvement in migraine prevalence or frequency after PFO closure for other reasons, mostly for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism or following diving accidents. We investigated the outcome of patients undergoing PFO closure solely for migraine headaches refractory to medical treatment. Methods : Seventeen patients (age 44 ± 12 years; 76% female; one atrial septal aneurysm) underwent percutaneous PFO closure using the Amplatzer PFO Occluder (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN). An 18‐mm device was used in two patients, a 25‐mm device in 13, and a 35‐mm device in two. The interventions were solely guided by fluoroscopy, without intraprocedural echocardiography. Results : All implantation procedures were successful. There were no peri‐procedural complications. Contrast transesophageal echocardiography after Valsalva maneuver at 6 months showed complete PFO closure in 16 patients (94%), whereas a minimal residual shunt persisted in one (6%). During 2.7 ± 1.5 years of follow‐up, no deaths and no embolic events occurred. After PFO closure, migraine headaches disappeared in four patients (24%), and improved in eight additional patients (47%). Three patients (18%) reported a decrease of their headaches by 75%, three patients (18%) a decrease of 50%, and two patients (12%) a decrease of 25%, while headaches remained unchanged in five patients (29%). No patient experienced worsening headaches. Moreover, the prevalence of migraine with aura decreased from 82 to 24% (P = 0.002). Conclusions : These results suggest that percutaneous PFO closure durably alters the spontaneous course of shunt associated migraine. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Reentrant spiral waves of spreading depression cause macular degeneration in hypoglycemic chicken retina

Spreading depression (SD), a slow diffusion-mediated self-sustained wave of depolarization that severely disrupts neuronal function, has been implicated as a cause of cellular injury in a number of central nervous system pathologies, including blind spots in the retina. Here we show that in the hypoglycemic chicken retina, spontaneous episodes of SD can occur, resulting in irreversible punctate lesions in the macula, the region of highest visual acuity in the central region of the retina. These lesions in turn can act as sites of origin for secondary self-sustained reentrant spiral waves of SD that progressively enlarge the lesions. Furthermore, we show that the degeneration of the macula under hypoglycemic conditions can be prevented by blocking reentrant spiral SDs or by blocking caspases. The observation that spontaneous formation of reentrant spiral SD waves leads to the development of progressive retinal lesions under conditions of hypoglycemia establishes a potential role of SD in initiation and progression of macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of visual disability worldwide.