肝移植术后高胆红素血症的病因分析

目的：探讨肝脏移植术后发生高胆红素血症的病因。方法：回顾性分析1999年7月－2002年7月我院实施的33例肝脏移植的临床资料，分析总结肝脏移植术后发生高胆红素血症的原因，并提出相应的防治措施。结果：本组发生高胆红素血症的病因包括：胆道并发症36％（n=12)，术后早期肝内胆汁淤积30％（n=10),急性排斥反应54％（n=18)，血管并发症30％（n=10),感染并发症57％（n=19)，药物毒性反应24％（n=8)以及原发病复发24％（n=8)。结论：临床上出现黄疸应首先进行病因鉴别。其中供肝缺血－再灌注损伤和胆道并发症是术后发生高胆红素血症的主要因素，血管并发症所致的黄疸必须重视，尤其是肝脏流出道梗阻是一种容易忽视的原因。此外感染与胆汁淤积有明显相关性，其中巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染必须早期防治。     

肝移植术后早期黄疸的原因分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后早期黄疸的原因。方法 回顾性分析87例肝移植患者术后早期黄疸发生的原因及临床特征。结果 87例患者中，术后46例（52．87％）发生黄疸，共发生21种并发症，有17种（80．95％）并发症伴发黄疸，导致黄疸发生的常见原因依次为缺血．再灌注损伤（n=25，28．73％）、胆道并发症（n=23，26．44％）、急性排斥反应（n=19，21．84％）、药物性肝损害（n=4，4．60％）、移植肝病毒感染（n=4，4．60％）、腹腔内或全身严重感染等（n=3，3．45％），有2例（2．30％）原因不明；46例中，部分病例同时存在多个原因。不同原因所致的黄疸，在发生时间、胆红素水平的变化等方面均呈现相应的特征。结论 黄疸是肝移植术后早期较常见的临床表现，导致黄疽的原因复杂，甄别其主要原因，对指导治疗至关重要。     

肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症的临床研究

目的探讨原位肝移植术后1月内导致高胆红素血症的原因,并提出其防治措施。方法通过对41例原位肝移植患者1月内的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学及移植肝病理学检查等资料回顾性分析,确定肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症的原因,并提出相应的防治措施。结果本组术后早期发生高胆红素血症的主要原因包括：保存（含再灌注损伤）（35例,85．4％）,胆道并发症（18例,43．9％）,急性排斥反应（13例,31．7％）,血管并发症（5例,12．2％）,感染并发症（20例,48．8％）,术前高胆红素血症（12例,29．2％）,药物毒性反应（4例,9．8％）。通过对其原因及时处理,于术后满1月时28例高胆红素血症基本消失,临床治愈率为68．3％（28／41）,6例效果不明显,7例死亡。结论肝移植术后早期高胆红素血症通常是多种原因同时或相继作用所致,其中保存及再灌注损伤、胆道并发症、急性排斥反应以及感染并发症是最常见的原因,早期病因诊断、根据不同的病因作相应的处理是提高其治愈率的关键。     

肝移植术后早期非肝动脉栓塞性胆道缺血性损伤并发症的预防

目的：探讨肝移植术后早期非肝动脉栓塞性胆道缺血性损伤并发症的预防。方法：对60例同种原位背驮式肝移植病人术中、术后采用改善供肝血液循环的策略。结果：术后6个月内出现胆道并发症3例，发生率为5％（5／60），1例因拔T管时发生胆漏；1例经T管胆道造影导致胆道感染，胆泥形成；1例胆道吻合口渗漏。结论：肝移植术中、术后扩张血管、改善胆管微循环是预防术后早期非肝动脉栓塞性胆道缺血性损伤并发症的重要措施。     

肝癌肝切除术后感染并发症相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝癌肝切除术后感染并发症相关危险因素.方法 对本院近6年来行肝切除术的217例肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对可能引起感染并发症的因素进行统计学分析.结果 217例肝癌肝切除病例根据术后是否发生感染并发症分为感染组（n=33）与非感染组（n=184）.33例中,手术部位感染15例（占45.45％）、肝脏周围感染4例（占12.12％）、远处部位感染14例（占42.42％）;术后死亡3例（占1.38％）.多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示年龄（P=0.006,0R=2.564）、糖尿病史（P=0.02,OR=1.996）、手术时间（F=0.005,0R=2.237）及胆漏发生率（P＜0.001,0R=7.325）是肝切除术后感染并发症的独立危险因素.结论 年龄、糖尿病史、手术时间及胆漏发生率是影响肝癌患者肝切除术后感染并发症发生的独立危险因素.     

原位肝脏移植术后肝动脉并发症的诊治

目的：探讨肝脏移植术后肝动脉并发症的诊断和处理。方法：回顾性总结107例肝脏移植患者的临床资料,分析肝脏移植手术中可能影响术后肝动脉并发症发生的危险因素,以及肝动脉并发症的预防、诊断和处理措施。结果：肝脏移植术后肝动脉并发症的发生与外科手术方式相关。供肝动脉的质量和供体-受体动脉的重建方式是两个重要因素。术后共发生动脉相关的并发症7例,发生率6．54％;其中死亡6例,死亡率85．7％;主要是肝动脉血栓形成和肝动脉狭窄。结论：供肝动脉的质量和动脉的重建方式是影响术后肝动脉并发症发生的主要因素。早期诊断、早期治疗是处理肝动脉相关并发症,挽救植入器官和患者生命的关键。     

肝脏和胆道术后膈下感染原因和防治

肝脏和胆道术后膈下感染原因和防治温州医学院附属第二医院普外科（３２５００３）叶兵肝切除和胆道探查术后常并发膈下感染，其早期诊断不易，处理也较困难。我院１９８８年８月至１９９５年８月间继肝胆手术后发生隔下感染３６例，现作回顾性分析如下：临床资料１一般资...     

肝切除术中肝断面的技术处理

肝脏外科迅速发展,肝切除术明显增加,其中术后出血、胆漏难以避免.术后出血可能发生在肝断面出血、胆道出血、门脉高压症引起的上消化道大出血.分析术后出血等的原因主要包括：（1）术中肝断面的处理存在疏漏,血管结扎不可靠,导致肝断面渗血所致;（2）术中肝断面处理时,仅缝合表面而留有死腔,腔内血液压力增高后由肝断面或者胆道流出;（3）肝断面缝合时张力较高,术后肝脏组织坏死、感染,形成感染坏死灶导致周围血管与胆管瘘,从而胆道出血[1];分析术后胆漏的原因,可能包括以下几个方面：（1）术中肝断面细小胆管漏未处理;（2）肝断面的肝组织坏死,末梢胆管漏胆汁;（3）术中未对大的胆管断端结扎;（4）肝断面的创面感染;（5）术后胆道梗阻致胆管压力升高[2].再分析其它的各种并发症,如术后肝功能衰竭、膈下感染、腹水等,都直接或者间接与术中肝断面的处理相关.由此可见,术中对肝断面的尤为重要.分析本院2008年以后肝切除术392例,讨论肝断面的技术处理方法,以减少术后出血及胆漏的发生率.     

肝移植患者术后早期精神症状的观察

目的探讨肝脏移植术后早期精神系统并发症发生的原因和防治经验。方法回顾性分析 12 5例原位肝脏移植患者的临床资料 ,以术后 2周作为观察时点 ,分析肝脏移植术后早期精神系统并发症发生的原因 ,总结防治经验。结果有症状组和无症状组在性别、年龄、肝功能以及血环孢素A浓度方面无明显差异 ;但有症状组的无肝期时间 (93 74± 2 8 98)min和手术时间 (4 14 6 5±6 1 92 )min却长于无症状组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;另外 ,术前有无肝性脑病、术后感染以及静脉使用免疫抑制剂和术后精神症状的发生明显相关。结论肝脏移植术后早期精神系统并发症发生的原因是多方面的 ,通过积极的对症支持治疗 ,预后良好。     

原位肝移植术后肝脓肿的原因和处理

目的：探讨原位肝移植术(OLT)后肝脓肿的病因及治疗选择。 方法：分析4年间行OLT 558 例术后1~18 个月发生肝脓肿10 例(1.8％)的原因。结果：7 例为术后胆道并发症,2 例为肝癌复发灶射频消融术（RFA）后,1 例为不明原因感染。主要临床表现有发热、肝功能损害、低蛋白血症和贫血等。诊断主要根据临床表现及超声或CT 检查。治疗方法主要包括脓肿抽吸引流、PTCD胆道内外引流、抗感染和支持治疗及再次肝移植。 10 例中6 例通过肝脏穿刺引流治愈,2 例通过再次肝移植治愈,2 例死于脓毒血症;治愈率为80.0％。结论：OLT 后发生肝脓肿地原因复杂,可能与胆管吻合口狭窄或梗阻、胆道缺血坏死、肝癌复发灶介入治疗、肝动脉血栓或狭窄和激素冲击治疗等有关。OLT 后肝脓肿的预后较差,早期诊断和治疗是关键。     

活体肝移植的胆道重建技术及并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植的胆道重建方法及并发症防治措施.方法 回顾性分析77例活体肝移植临床资料,其中74例行右半肝移植(带肝中静脉29例,不带肝中静脉45例),左半肝带肝中静脉1例,左外叶切取2例.胆道重建采用胆肠吻合或供肝肝管与受体肝管端端吻合.结果 供肝断面1个胆管开口为54例,多个胆管开口为23例;胆肠吻合2例,胆管端端吻合75例,63例留置T管;术后总体胆道并发症发生率为36.4%(28/77),其中胆漏为10.4%(8/77),胆道狭窄为26.0%(20/77).供肝单支胆道以及单个吻合口术后胆道狭窄的发生率明显低于多支胆道及多个吻合口(P<0.05).8例胆漏病人经过B超指引穿刺引流全部治愈,20例吻合口狭窄病人经T管窦道放置支撑管或通过ERCP进行扩张,肝功能全部或部分好转.结论 活体肝移植供肝切取术中注意对断面胆管血供的保护以及尽可能获得单一的肝管开口可有效减少术后胆道并发症的发生;内镜和放射介入技术是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段.     

大鼠肝移植供肝热缺血时间与胆道损伤的关系

目的 探讨大鼠心源性死亡(DCD)供肝不同的热缺血时间与胆道缺血再灌注损伤的关系.方法 采用无肝素化的大鼠DCD供体肝移植模型,按供肝的热缺血时间分为0 min(WI0),10 min(WI10)、15 min(WI15)3组,每组36对大鼠.术后动态观察大鼠胆道病理改变及其并发症、肝功能指标,最后统计总体生存率.结果 供肝热缺血小于10 min时,术后胆道病理改变较轻且为可逆性改变,肝功能恢复较快;供肝热缺血时间为15 min时,术后胆道病理改变较重且为不可逆性改变,肝功能恢复延迟;3组胆道并发症的发生率差异有统计学意义(5.56%比8.33%比16.67%,P＜0.05).WI0组和WI10组的大鼠术后4周生存率差异无统计学意义(83.33%比77.78%,P＞0.05),而与WI15组比较4周生存率的差异有统计学意义(83.33%比58.33%,77.78%比58.33%,P＜0.05).结论 无肝素化的大鼠DCD供肝热缺血时间超过15 min时,移植术后胆道损伤明显,可导致不可逆改变.     

Endoscopic management of biliary fistulas complicating liver transplantation and other hepatobiliary operations.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic management of biliary fistulas complicating liver transplantation and other hepatobiliary operations. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Surgical therapy has been the traditional approach to large or unresolving biliary fistulas complicating liver transplantation. Although endoscopic management is rapidly becoming an acceptable alternative to surgery for the treatment of biliary fistulas complicating non-liver transplant hepatobiliary operations, it has received limited attention in the liver transplant setting. METHODS: During a 15-month period, 146 adults underwent liver transplantation with biliary reconstruction by end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy over a T-tube. Inadvertent T-tube migration or intentional T-tube removal resulted in bile peritonitis in 18 patients. The patients were treated with a nasobiliary tube (n = 13), internal stent plus endoscopic sphincterotomy (n = 3), or internal stent alone (n = 2). Thirteen patients had a biliary fistula after other hepatobiliary operations and underwent endoscopic therapy during a similar period. All 13 had an endoscopic sphincterotomy with removal of obstructing stones when present (n = 6). Twelve patients also had stents placed. All patients were prospectively followed after hospital discharge and assessed for recurrent symptoms suggestive of biliary tract disease and procedure-related complications. RESULTS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) identified a biliary fistula at the T-tube insertion site into the bile duct in all 18 liver transplant patients. Seventeen patients had resolution of their symptoms within 12 hours of therapy. The fistula sealed in 94.4%. In the other hepatobiliary operation group, ERCP demonstrated contrast extravasation from the biliary tree in 12 of 13. The biliary fistula closure rate was 92.3%. The endoscopic complication rate for the two groups was 3.2%. During a mean follow-up of 9 months, recurrent biliary tract complications occurred in 11.1% of the liver transplant group and 0% in the other hepatobiliary operation group (p > 0.05). The 30-day mortality rate was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the application of endoscopic management of biliary fistulas complicating orthotopic liver transplantation and other hepatobiliary operations. This approach was relatively safe and obviated the need for surgical intervention.     

Randomized trial of choledochocholedochostomy with or without a T tube in orthotopic liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of biliary complications after liver transplantation in patients undergoing choledochocholedochostomy reconstruction with or without T tube in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Several reports have suggested that biliary anastomosis without a T tube is a safe method of biliary reconstruction that could avoid complications related to the use of T tubes. No large prospective randomized trial has so far been published to compare the two techniques. METHODS: One hundred eighty recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation were randomly assigned to choledochocholedochostomy with (n = 90) or without (n = 90) a T tube in six French liver transplantation centers. All types of biliary complications were taken into account. RESULTS: The overall biliary complication rate was increased in the T-tube group, even though these complications did not lead to an increase in surgical or radiologic therapeutic procedures. The major significant complication was cholangitis in the T-tube group; this did not occur in the other group. The incidence of biliary fistula was 10% in the T-tube group and 2.2% in the group without a T tube. Other biliary complications were similar. The complication rate of cholangiography performed with the T tube was greater than with other types of biliary exploration. The graft and patient survival rates were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study is the first large prospective, randomized trial of biliary complications with or without a T tube. The authors found an increase in the biliary complication rate in the T-tube group, which was linked to minor complications. The T tube did not provide a safer access to the biliary tree compared with the others types of biliary explorations. The authors recommend the performance of choledochocholedochostomy without a T tube in liver transplantation.     

Biliary complications in pediatric liver transplantation. A comparison of reduced-size and whole grafts.

One of the major changes in liver transplantation has been the application of reduced-size liver transplants(RLT). RLT has the great advantage of expanding the donor pool up to ten times the weight of the recipient, thereby decreasing pretransplant mortality in the pediatric age group. It has been suggested that RLT is a risk factor for biliary complications. To analyze the role of RLT and biliary complications, the results of 213 consecutive liver transplants in 164 pediatric patients over a 6-year period will were reviewed. These included 113 whole-liver transplants and 100 reduced-size liver transplants (49 reduced cadaveric liver transplants (RCLT), 38 split-liver transplants (SLT) and 13 living-related liver transplants (LRLT). The average weight and age were significantly higher in recipients receiving whole-size grafts (average weight 18.4 mg, average age 4.9 years) than in those receiving reduced size grafts (average age 2.3 years, average weight 11.1 kg). Biliary reconstruction consisted of Roux-en-Y, cholangiojejunostomy (n = 203) or choledochocholedochostomy (n = 10). There were 29 total biliary complications, (13.6%) with no significant difference in the complication rate between the whole (n = 13, 11.5%) or reduced livers (n = 16, 16%). Biliary leakage was the most common complication (n = 20), and it occurred at the biliary enteric anastomoses (n = 10), the roux limb (n = 7), or at the cut edge (n = 3). Of the leaks occurring at the biliary enteric anastomoses, 50% were caused by hepatic artery thrombosis. Biliary obstruction accounted for their remaining complications (n = 9) or 4.2%. Actuarial survival from 6 years to a minimum of two months of follow-up was 73% in the whole-size and 70% in reduced-size liver transplants. This series demonstrates that the incidence of biliary complications is similar in reduced-size and full-size grafts. No grafts were lost to biliary complications in the absence of hepatic artery thrombosis.     

Living related donor liver transplantation in children

Objective

The objective of this study was to report our experience with pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with living related donors.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart analysis of 121 living related donor liver transplantations (LRDLT) from June 1998 to June 2010.

Results

Indications were biliary atresia (BA; n = 81), primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 5), α-1 antitrypsin deficiency (n = 4); cholestasis (n = 9), fulminant hepatic failure (n = 8), autoimmune hepatitis (n = 2), Alagille syndrome (n = 4), hepatoblastoma (n = 3), tyrosinemia (n = 2), and congenital hepatic fibrosis (n = 3). The age of the recipients ranged from 7-174 months (median, 22) and the weights ranged from 6-58 kg (median, 10). Forty-nine children (40.5%) weighed ≤10 kg. The grafts included the left lateral segment (n = 108), the left lobe (n = 12), and the right lobe (n = 1). The donors included 71 mothers, 45 fathers, 2 uncles, 1 grandmother, 1 grandfather, and 1 sister with a median age of 29 years (range, 16-53 ys) and a median weight of 68 kg (range, 47-106). Sixteen patients (12.9%) required retransplantation, most commonly due to hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT; n = 13; 10.7%). The other complications were biliary stenosis (n = 25; 20.6%), portal vein thrombosis (PVT; n = 11; 9.1%), portal vein stenosis (n = 5; 4.1%), hepatic vein stenosis (n = 6; 4.9%), and lymphoproliferative disorders (n = 8; 6.6%). The ultimate survival rate of recipients was 90.3% after 1 year and 75.8% after 3 years. Causes of early death within 1 month were HAT (n = 6), PVT (n = 2), severe graft dysfunction (n = 1), sepsis (n = 1), and intraoperative death in children with acute liver failure (n = 2). Causes of late deaths included lymphoproliferative disease (n = 3), chronic rejection (n = 2), biliary complications (n = 3), and recurrent disease (n = 3; hepatoblastoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis).

Conclusions

Despite the heightened possibility of complications (mainly vascular), LRDLT represented a good alternative to transplantation from cadaveric donors in pediatric populations. It was associated with a high survival ratio.     

不同冷保存时间的热缺血供肝在肝移植中的疗效

目的 探讨不同冷保存时间的热缺血供肝在肝移植中的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2007年12月中山大学附属第一医院收治的154例肝移植受者采用热缺血时间≤10 min的无心跳供者肝脏进行肝移植的疗效.根据冷保存时间将患者分为3组:<8 h为Ⅰ组,58例;8～12 h为Ⅱ组,62例;>12 h为Ⅲ组,34例.采用方差分析、t检验和X~2检验分析3组肝移植术后ALT峰值、并发症、移植肝存活和受者生存情况的差异.结果 3组受者术后均未发生原发性移植肝无功能.随访时间8～32个月,Ⅰ组受者的ALT峰值、感染发生率、胆道并发症发生率、移植肝存活率和生存率分别为(482±357)U/L、12%(7/58)、12%(7/58)、86%(50/58)和88%(51/58),Ⅲ组受者分别为(1274±608)U/L、29%(10/34)、26%(9/34)、68%(23/34)和71%(24/34),两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=5.X~2=4.28,6.77,4.51,4.28,P<0.05);而Ⅱ组受者仅ALT峰值达到(953±424)U/L,与Ⅰ组比较差异有统计学意义(t=4.76,P<0.05).结论 热缺血时间≤10 min的供肝能够耐受12 h的冷保存损伤,超过此时限,移植术后胆道并发症和感染的发生率显著升高,移植肝存活率和受者生存率显著降低.     

Endoscopic treatment of bile duct complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

AIM: To assess the indications and results of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in patients who have undergone ortotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: We reviewed data from 42 consecutive patients who underwent ERCP for biliary complications after OLT over an 8-year period, in particular recording indications and success of the treatment after a mean of 17 months follow-up. RESULTS: Cholangiograms performed in 33/42 patients (79%) displayed anastomotic strictures in 17 patients (52%), bile duct stones in 8 (24%), both bile duct stones and an anastomotic stricture in 2 (6%), papillary stenosis in 1 (3%), and anastomotic biliary leakage in 1 (3%). In contrast, the contrastogram was normal in four patients (12%). Stone extraction was completed in 9/10 patients (90%) with a mean of 1.2 sessions, while stricture dilation was achieved in 12/19 patients (63%) after a mean of 1.7 sessions, by stent positioning (n = 7), balloon dilation (n = 4), or Soehendra dilator (n = 1). Both biliary leakage and papillary stenosis were cured by ERCP. Only one procedure-related complication -- severe pancreatitis (2.4%) -- was observed and no mortality. CONCLUSION: ERCP is a safe and effective mode of management of bile duct complications after OLT. It should be attempted before a surgical approach. Better results are obtained for treatment of biliary stones than of anastomotic strictures.