医学生在校3年体质量和体脂及体型的变化

目的 了解医学生在校期间体质量、体脂和体型的变化,为管理体质量促进健康提供科学依据。方法 跟踪100名医学生(男生44名,女生56名),分别于大学二年级和五年级下学期初,测量体质量、身高、腰围、体脂肪量、去脂量和体脂率。结果 3年间男生体质量、体质指数、腰围、体脂量、去脂量、体脂率分别增加4.46 kg、1.35 kg/m2、4.33 cm、2.48 kg、1.98 kg,2.57%, 而女生腰围增加0.78 cm,去脂量减少0.8 kg。男生79.5%体质量增加,平均增加5.9 kg;女生仅46.4%体质量增加,平均增加3.25 kg,女生41.1%体质量降低,平均降低2.73 kg。3年间男生体型构成比发生明显变化(P<0.05),中心型肥胖前期率和中心型肥胖率分别增加18.2%和4.5% 。腰围变化与体质量变化、体脂率变化呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论 医学生在校后期,男生体质量和中心型肥胖明显增加,是体质量管理的重点对象。     

Somatotypic characteristic of schizophrenic patients

AIM: Introduction of quantitative metric methods of somatotype assessment in schizophrenic patients to make clinical diagnosis more objective, the diagnosis being otherwise based exclusively on the clinical interview and assessment of the mental status of patients and thus involving certain subjectivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 67 schizophrenic inpatients (38 men, 29 women) consecutively admitted to the Clinic of Psychiatry in Plovdiv. Their mean age was 31.47 years (SD = 9.43, range 16-56), mean duration of illness 6.86 (SD = 6.09, range 1-27), mean number of hospitalizations 4.22 (SD = 4.08, range 1-19). The patients satisfied DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The control group comprised 69 subjects (36 men, 33 women) with a mean age 39.24 years (SD = 10.18, range 22-68) and socioeconomic background matching that of the patients. RESULTS: The data showed statistically significant differences in the three somatotype component and in almost all somatotypological variables between male schizophrenic patients and control subjects. The somatotype categories were more extensively presented in the schizophrenic patients. There was a tendency to higher frequency of the ectomorphic categories (ectomorphic mesomorph, mesomorphic ectomorph and endomorph-ectomorph). No statistically significant differences were found in the somatotype components and somatotypological variables between the female schizophrenic patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: The data of the examination of the somatotype of schizophrenic patients and control subjects evince a definite sexually related body constitution characteristic that differentiates the groups. Schizophrenic patients and control subjects are clearly determined somatotypically only in the group of males.     

安徽农村青少年体型的Heath-Carter人体测量法研究

目的 :　了解安徽农村青少年的体型发育状况。方法 :　采用 Heath- Carter人体测量法对繁昌县农村 1 678名 (男 91 4 ,女 764) 7～ 1 8岁汉族青少年进行体型分析。结果 :　女性内因子大于男性 ,中因子和外因子小于男性。随着年龄的增长 ,男女体型都在发生变化。男性逐渐由中胚型过渡到外胚型 ;女性由三胚中间型经偏内胚型的外胚型演变为内胚型。经检验 ,同龄男女间差异显著。通过与蒙古族和国外其他群体相比较 ,表明在不同民族和人种间的体型有一定差异。结论 :　 Heath- Carter体型法在人类营养学和体质人类学领域有广阔的应用前景。青春期是形成体型的关键时期。     

Comparison of somatotype between Chinese and Japanese children and youth by using Heath-Carter method

This study was designed to compare the different somatotype growth of Chinese and Japanese boys aged 7 through 17. 2,074 subjects participated in it. Their somatotypes were analysed by using Heath-Carter method and their morphological varieties compared. Significant differences were found not only in their limb length and bone width, but also in their muscle circumferences and skinfolds. These differences showed the superiority of Chinese boys in ectomorph factor and the Japanese boys in endomorph and mesomorph factors respectively. The somatotype distributions of these two nations were also quite different at different ages, although they showed similar changing trend of somatotype around adolescent growth spurt.     

体育课不同持续性运动时间和强度对初中生体成分的影响

探究体育课不同运动强度和持续性运动时间对初中生体成分的影响,为初中生体育课有效运动负荷的安排提供参考依据.方法 上海市某中学共6个班级226名学生参与实验干预.在3×40 min/周、共8周的体育课中,各班级分别嵌入15,10或5 min的大强度或中等强度持续性运动.结果 学生体质量指数(BMI)和腰臀比(WHR)呈现不同的变化幅度,前后测和班级间差异均无统计学意义.在体脂肪量(SFV)上,实验6班学生前后测差异有统计学意义(P=0.01);在去脂体重(FFM)上,实验2班、3班、4班、5班和6班学生前后测差异均有统计学意义;在体脂肪率(PBF)和去脂体重百分比(PFFM)上,各班级学生间差异无统计学意义,但呈现出不同的变化幅度;在肌肉量(LMM)上,实验2班、4班、5班和6班学生前后测差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);在肌肉量百分比(PLMM)上,实验1班、4班和6班学生前后测差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 体育课10 min以上持续性大强度运动和15 min持续性中等强度运动可以提高学生PFFM,降低学生PBF;体育课5 min以上持续性大强度运动和15 min持续性中等强度运动可以提高学生PLMM.     

Sub-regional tissue morphometry in male athletes and controls using dual X-Ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Athletes have traditionally been evaluated for body composition by percent fat, percent muscle, and somatotype. Since the late 1980s, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has offered total and regional body composition of bone mineral content (BMC), lean tissue and fat, but studies involving athletes are rare (11) and have not included regional tissue distribution. In the present study, DXA was used to compare a total of 121 male subjects belonging to 9 different athletic groups and controls. ANOVA showed total tissue percent BMC, lean tissue, and fat were significantly different between the various athletic groups (p <.001). Regional differences in tissue distribution between different athletic groups affect BMC and lean tissue (p <.001), but not fat (p >.05). However, athletes of the leanest groups had different fat distribution to that of nonexercising controls (p <.01). It appears that fat distribution is nonspecific in its response to exercise, while lean and BMC distributions show highly specific adaptations to specific sports.     

Diet and insulinlike growth factor I in relation to body composition in women with exercise-induced hypothalamic amenorrhea.

To assess the potential influence of diet and endogenous peptide anabolic hormone secretion on exercise-related differences in body composition, we compared levels of macronutrient intake, insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), and fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in matched groups of exercising women with and without secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea. Women were tightly matched according to somatotype and grouped into those with exercise amenorrhea (EXam, n = 6), exercise eumennorhea (EXeu, n = 5), and sedentary eumennorheic controls (SED, n = 5). Although no between-group difference was observed in FFM, the EXeu subjects had a significantly lower fat fraction and a significantly elevated FFM/FM ratio. Kilocaloric and protein intakes did not differ between groups, but dietary fat intake was lowest and carbohydrate intake highest in the EXam subjects. Dietary macronutrients were not correlated with the FFM/FM ratio. However, levels of insulinlike growth factor I were significantly correlated to the FFM/FM ratio and there was a clear trend for the hormone to be highest in the EXeu subjects. We conclude that differences in body composition between exercising women with and without exercise-induced hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction were related to an alteration in IGF-I secretion, although differences in macronutrient intake might also be a factor. Further studies are warranted to elaborate upon the dietary and hormonal factors regulating the body composition response to exercise.     

Diet and insulinlike growth factor I in relation to body composition in women with exercise-induced hypothalamic amenorrhea

To assess the potential influence of diet and endogenous peptide anabolic hormone secretion on exercise-related differences in body composition, we compared levels of macronutrient intake, insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), and fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in matched groups of exercising women with and without secondary hypothalamic amenorrhea. Women were tightly matched according to somatotype and grouped into those with exercise amenorrhea (EXam, n = 6), exercise eumennorhea (EXeu, n = 5), and sedentary eumennorheic controls (SED, n = 5). Although no between-group difference was observed in FFM, the EXeu subjects had a significantly lower fat fraction and a significantly elevated FFM/FM ratio. Kilocaloric and protein intakes did not differ between groups, but dietary fat intake was lowest and carbohydrate intake highest in the EXam subjects. Dietary macronutrients were not correlated with the FFM/FM ratio. However, levels of insulinlike growth factor I were significantly correlated to the FFM/FM ratio and there was a clear trend for the hormone to be highest in the EXeu subjects. We conclude that differences in body composition between exercising women with and without exercise-induced hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction were related to an alteration in IGF-I secretion, although differences in macronutrient intake might also be a factor. Further studies are warranted to elaborate upon the dietary and hormonal factors regulating the body composition response to exercise.     

Nutrient Intakes of Third Graders: Results from the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) Baseline Survey

The purpose of this article is to report on baseline intakes of 1874 third-grade children representing a subsample of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) cohort. Intakes were assessed using a single, food record-assisted, 24-hour recall. The sample is unique in that it is drawn from four states and includes students from various ethnic backgrounds. Nutrients of interest include total energy, sodium, dietary cholesterol, and percent of energy from total fat and saturated fat. At baseline, third-grade students were consuming above nationally recommended levels of energy from fat, saturated fat, and sodium. The CATCH findings show a mean energy intake of 2031 kcal with significant differences by sex. Significant differences by site were seen for percent of energy from total fat, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol. Children from Minnesota consumed the lowest proportion of energy from total fat and saturated fat while children from Texas had the highest proportion of energy from total fat and saturated fat. Intake of dietary cholesterol was lowest in Minnesota and highest in Louisiana. Nutrient differences by ethnic group were seen only for energy, with African Americans having the highest energy intake and Hispanics having the lowest energy intake. The number of meals consumed from school food service significantly influenced children's nutrient, intake; children consuming two meals from school food service had significantly greater intakes of energy, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol compared to students consuming one or no meals from school food-service. The results are compared to other national nutritional surveys of children.     

The relationship between nutritional knowledge, attitudes and dietary fat consumption in male students

Background This pilot study aimed to explore the nutritional knowledge, attitudes and dietary fat consumption in male students attending Leeds Metropolitan University.
Methods A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to determine the fat intakes of subjects. This was incorporated into a questionnaire designed to measure nutritional knowledge and attitudes. Questions were also asked about the subject characteristics, such as weight, height and alcohol consumption.
Results Eighty subjects were approached, from whom 56 questionnaires were returned completed. The results revealed few significant differences between subject characteristics according to fat intakes, with the exception of alcohol consumption, which was greater in the high fat consumers. The main findings of the study were that subjects with a high fat intake had significantly more negative attitudes towards reducing fat consumption compared with those who had a lower fat intake. However, there was no statistically significant difference between nutritional knowledge and fat consumption and no relationship was found between level of nutritional knowledge and attitudes.
Conclusion It was concluded that negative attitudes towards reducing fat consumption might be more important barriers to dietary change than level of nutritional knowledge in male students. This constitutes an important target for health promoters in encouraging dietary change in men.     

辽西汉族青少年体型的研究

[目的]为探讨我国辽西地区汉族青少年体型发育的特点与规律,为体质人类学补充必要的资料.[方法]采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对辽西地区城乡青少年的体型进行了调研.[结果]城女在内因子,城男在中、外因子及乡男在外因子方面各占优势;男生的平均体型属三胚中间型,女生的平均体型属偏外胚层的内胚层体型;与国内外群体比较,男生体型与日本人较接近,女生体型与芬兰人较接近.[结论]辽西地区汉族青少年脂肪发育和身体线性度居中等水平,骨骼肌肉发育居中下等.     

Constitutional factors of resistance to the effects of local vibration

The study directed at the improvement of vibration disease prevention shows that not only functional, but also constitutional and somatotypologic body characteristics should be taken into account in predicting resistance to the impact of local occupational vibration. Such approach is specified by the fact that the relation of the main body components affects the amount of the zone of tissues and organs involved into vibration process. The study of 300 assemblerriveters and metal workers engaged in mechanical assembly shows that workers with elevated content of fat tissue and relatively small amount of osteal and muscular tissue, i.e., representatives of the abdominal somatype, are most resistant to local vibration. When the content of osteal and muscular components increases and that of the fat one decreases (thoracic somatotype), resistance to local vibration experiences a significant decline. The dimensions of skin and fat folds of upper extremities are greatly correlated to local vibration resistance.     

华中地区省会城市青春期青少年体脂率状况及其与血压的关联

目的 了解华中地区青春期青少年体脂率状况以及与血压之间存在的关联关系,为该地区青少年心血管疾病的早期预防提供参考和借鉴。方法 2 019年4—6月在河南、湖南、湖北三省省会城市的15所中学对4 846名初中学生进行生物电阻抗（BIA）的身体脂肪测试和问卷调查及血压测试,通过t检验、χ2检验和logistic回归分析等方法分析体脂肪率与血压偏高之间存在的关联关系。结果 华中地区省会城市青春期青少年血压偏高检出率为10.96%。男生血压偏高检出率为8.96%,女生为13.12%,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 21.48,P＜0.01）。不同城乡、年龄、BMI和是否遗精/月经青少年血压偏高检出率存在显著差异（χ2 = 7.28、86.98、178.68、45.76,P＜0.01）。青春期青少年体脂率平均为（23.14±9.26）,其中男生为（21.02±10.86）,女生为（25.25±8.13）,差异存在统计学意义（t值 = - 15.248,P＜0.01）。Logistic回归分析显示,与男生体脂率＜P 25者相比较,P25～＜P50、P50～＜P75、P75～＜P90、≥P90者患血压偏高的比例是其3.14（OR值95%CI = 1.76～5.52）、4.05（OR值95%CI = 2.31～7.01）、6.33（OR值95%CI = 3.55～11.17）、12.44（OR值95%CI = 6.97～22.13）倍（P＜0.01）;与女生体脂率＜P 25者相比较,P50～＜P75、P75～＜P90、≥P90者患血压偏高的比例是其2.25（OR值95%CI = 1.45～3.45）、3.29（OR值95%CI = 2.09～5.12）、6.14（OR值95%CI = 3.88～9.64）倍（P＜0.01）。结论 华中地区省会城市青春期青少年体脂率与血压偏高之间存在显著正相关关系,男生关联关系大于女生,今后应保持合理的体脂率,以预防血压偏高的发生。     

汾阳市初中生营养状况调查与评价

[目的]了解汾阳市初中学生营养状况,为经济相对落后地区的学校保健和营养促进工作提供科学的依据。[方法]对12～16岁2880名学生进行身高、体重等现况调查;采用身高标准体重评价学生的营养状况和体型;并对相应的指标与2000年中国学生体质与健康调研结果进行比较。[结果]汾阳市初中男、女学生轻度营养不良发生率均比全国水平低;男生13～15岁,女生14、15岁年龄组较低体重发生率均比全国水平低;女生15岁年龄组超重发生率比全国水平高;男生14岁肥胖发生率13.0%,女生14、15岁肥胖发生率分别是8.4%、15岁6.8%,均高于全国水平。[结论]汾阳市初中学生营养状况与全国相比有一定的差异。积极采取营养干预,预防肥胖是学校卫生保健工作的重点。     

卫校女学生不同早餐、零食食用情况与营养状况的调查研究

[目的]提高学生早餐就餐行为,减少学生食用零食行为。[方法]调查卫校女学生早餐就餐、零食食用情况,同时测量她们的营养状况,分析不同早餐、零食食用情况与营养状况的关系。[结果]不同早餐食用情况营养不良、正常、超重及肥胖检出率差异有显著性,不经常或不规律进食早餐与营养不良或肥胖关系密切。不同食用零食情况营养不良、正常、超重及肥胖检出率差异有显著性,经常食用零食与营养不良或肥胖关系密切。[结论]卫校女学生极少或不吃早餐、经常食用零食检出率较高。对学生进行营养知识和正确膳食行为的教育;提高餐厅的饭菜质量,增加花色品种,有助于学生形成良好的膳食行为。     

广西在校男大学生引体向上能力与上肢体成分的相关性

探究广西某高校男大学生引体向上能力与上肢体成分的相关性,为指导大学生科学参加锻炼提供科学指导.方法 分层随机整群抽取广西某高校685名男大学生作为研究对象,参照国家体质健康测试标准统一测试目标人群引体向上的成绩,并采用奥美体成分测量仪(TANITA MC-180)测量双上肢肌肉量、脂肪量、脂肪率等值.采用SPSS23.0进行数据录入和分析.结果 男大学生引体向上的成绩及格率为21.7%;不同引体向上能力男大学生的左上肢脂肪量、右上肢脂肪率/右上肢脂肪量、右上肢脂肪率组间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为11.30,14.18,12.91,15.22,P值均<0.01);在控制年龄、身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)后,偏相关分析显示,男大学生的引体向上能力与左上肢脂肪量、右上肢脂肪率、右上肢脂肪量、右上肢脂肪率呈负相关(r值分别为-0.22,-0.33,-0.31,-0.38,P值均<0.01).结论 广西男大学生引体向上能力有待提高.引体向上锻炼可以减少上肢脂肪量、脂肪率,改善体成分.     

Somatotype, nutrition, and obesity

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the somatotype characteristics of the studied group and search for a relation between somatotype, obesity, and particular features of nutrition. METHODS: Somatotype after Health & Carter (1990), nutritional status according to Body mass index (BMI), and nutrition determined by food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS: Over 94% of the subjects in this study were distributed into five somatotype categories: 51.6% endomorphic mesomorphs, 17.1% mesomorph-endomorphs, 16.7% mesomorphic endomorphs, 6.1% balanced mesomorphs, and 3.0% ectomorphic mesomorphs, with a pronounced sexual dimorphism. Males were distributed into five categories: over 65% were endomorphic mesomorphs, and above 40 years of age the mesomorphy increased. Females were distributed into three somatotype categories: up to and above 40 years of age over 44% were mesomorphic endomorphs. In the most common somatotype categories, 1 of 5 subjects (from 21.4% to 19.9%) had normal body mass (< 25 kg/m2), 4 of 5 subjects (from 34.2% to 52.6%) were overweight (> 25 kg/m2) or obese (> 30 kg/m2) kg/m2 (from 44.4% to 27.5%). In the remaining eight categories, all subjects had normal body mass. Hyperenergetic, sodium- and fat-excess nutrition had an especially unfavorable influence.     

Serum leptin level among non-obese students: relationship to body fat, blood pressure, serum lipids, physical activity, and eating habits]

Leptin, a product of the ob gene, is thought to play a key role in the regulation of adiposity. However, it is unclear in humans as to whether or not leptin influences the blood pressure, serum lipids, physical activity level, or eating behavior in relation to obesity. Recent reports have indicated both gender-based differences in the leptin levels and a correlation of the percentage of body fat with leptin levels has been observed among obese subjects. As far as we know, these relationships among non-obese young adults have yet to be studied. Therefore, the serum leptin concentrations among 107 non-obese students (72 males and 35 females) were measured by a radioimmunoassay(RIA). Fasting leptin levels ranging between 1.2 and 23.4 ng/mL were observed in all subjects, and the levels among females were 2.6 times higher than in males (7.64 vs 2.95 ng/mL; p < 0.001). A close correlation was observed regarding the log-transformed leptin levels with the percentage of body fat as determined by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method(r = 0.734, p < 0.001 in males and r = 0.579, p < 0.001 in females). In conclusion, these data thus suggest the serum leptin levels among non-obese students show significant gender-based differences while, in addition, the leptin levels also correlate positively with the percentage of body fat. However, it remains unclear as to whether or not the leptin levels are independently related to the blood pressure, serum lipids, physical activity level (sports activity and leisure-time activity), and eating behavior (eating breakfast, mid-day snacking and nighttime snacking).     

Somatotyping of schizophrenic and affective disorder patients

INTRODUCTION: Constitutional traits have been found to show a distinct relevance to major psychiatric disorders. Syndromal modified expressivity is also closely related to somatotypic constitution. In this view somatotyping appears valuable in diagnosis and prognosis of mental disorders. AIM: The present study was conducted in an attempt to outline somatotypic characteristics of schizophrenia and affective disorders with the aim of providing a logical basis for diagnosis of these major psychiatric disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The somatotype of 54 schizophrenic and 68 affective disorder inpatients who fulfil the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia (subjects with schizophreniform, schizoaffective, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders were excluded from the sample) and affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar) was assessed using the Health-Carter anthropometric method. RESULTS: The overall assessment of the somatotypes determined both groups as endomorphs mesomorphs with somatotype components 4.50-4.44-1.90 for schizophrenic patients and 5.87-5.40-0.36 for affective disorder patients. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant for any of the somatotype components. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the constitutional and somatotypic characterization appears reasonable element in the multifactorial analysis of diagnostic decisions in these major psychiatric disorders.