西安市地铁3号线运营前集中空调通风系统卫生状况

目的了解西安市地铁3号线运营前集中空调通风系统卫生状况,为卫生管理提供参考依据。方法检测19个车站集中空调通风系统卫生状况。检测指标包括风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数,送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌,冷却水、冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌。结果风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为100.00%、100.00%、99.44%;送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为98.89%、92.78%、100.00%;站厅、站台风管内表面及送风中卫生指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。冷却水、冷凝水中未检出嗜肺军团菌。结论西安市地铁3号线运营前集中空调通风系统卫生状况良好,但仍存在一定程度污染,应加强卫生管理并定期清洗。     

拱墅区公共场所集中空调通风系统污染状况调查

目的 掌握杭州市拱墅区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,为卫生管理提供依据。方法 采用随机抽样方法抽取拱墅区5家公共场所,检测集中空调通风系统风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数;送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）;冷却水和冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌;室内温度、相对湿度、风速、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、细菌总数和甲醛等卫生指标。结果 25个采样点中风管内表面积尘量合格率为92.00％,表面细菌总数和表面真菌总数合格率均为100.00％;送风中细菌总数合格率为44.00％,真菌总数合格率均为76.00％,β-溶血性链球菌合格率均为100.00％,可吸入颗粒物（PM10）合格率均为76.00％;冷却水和冷凝水中均未检出嗜肺军团菌;除了1家酒店的风速和1家酒店的一氧化碳超过国家标准限值外,其他室内微小气候检测结果均符合国家标准。结论 杭州市拱墅区部分公共场所集中空调通风系统尚存在卫生隐患,应加强对公共场所集中空调系统的监测与卫生学评价,针对性做好日常清洁和消毒工作以确保各项指标符合卫生标准要求。     

苏州市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

为了解苏州市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,预防空气传播性疾病在公共场所中传播、保障公众健康,于2007年8—10月用简单随机抽样方法抽取苏州市区商场8家,检测集中空调通风系统送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌,风管表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数。宾馆、医院等公共场所21家,检测集中空调通风系统冷凝水和冷却水和中嗜肺军团菌。8家商场送风中PM10、真菌总数的合格率分别为74.52%和93.75%,细菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌均合格。风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为为75%,93.75%,93.75%。21家公共场所冷凝水和冷却水嗜肺军团菌检出率分别为42.9%和58.8%。苏州市集中空调通风系统存在一定程度的污染,需进一步加强监督管理。     

汕头市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况及评价

目的分析汕头市2012年-2014年公共场所集中空调通风系统微生物污染现状。方法用随机抽样方法抽取汕头市14家公共场所的集中空调通风系统,抽取空调送风中、空调风管内表面、冷却水样本,检测细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、PM 10、积尘量、嗜肺军团菌。结果 14家集中空调通风系统的186份样本空调送风中的PM10、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为100.00%、88.71%、81.72%、100.00%;165份样本风管内表面的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌合格率分别为98.79%、94.55%、85.45%、100.00%、99.40%;35份冷却水中未检出嗜肺军团菌。结论汕头市公共场所集中空调通风系统存在不同程度的污染,应定期对公共场所集中空调系统进行清洗消毒,加强监督监测。     

中山市公共场所集中空调通风系统微生物污染状况

目的为了解中山市公共场所集中空调通风系统微生物污染状况。方法用随机抽样方法抽取中山市18家公共场所的集中空调通风系统18套,每套系统抽取空调送风、空调风管内表面、冷却水,检测细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、积尘量、嗜肺军团菌。结果 18套集中空调通风系统的183份样本空调送风的细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌合格率分别为86.34%、76.50%、100.0%、99.45%;183份样本风管内表面的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌合格率分别为95.63%、94.54%、87.98%、100.0%、100.0%;35份冷却水检出嗜肺军团菌2份,检出率为5.71%。结论中山市集中空调通风系统整体上较好,但仍存在一些问题,应引起注意,必须加强清洗消毒和卫生管理。     

粤西两城市辖区公共场所集中空调通风系统的卫生现状

目的了解茂名市和阳江市辖区内公共场所集中空调通风系统的卫生现状。方法对2016年9—10月期间茂名市茂南区和阳江市江城区辖区内的公共场所集中空调通风系统的现状进行调查。检测空调送风中的可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌;空调风管内表面的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数;冷却水和冷凝水的嗜肺军团菌。按照WS 394-2012《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》进行评价。结果集中空调通风系统的送风中可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为98.75%(158/160)、65%(104/160)、81.25%(130/160)、100.00%(160/160);空调风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为90.63%(145/160),63.13%(101/160),52.50%(84/160);冷却水和冷凝水均未检测出嗜肺军团菌。结论两城市市辖区的集中空调通风系统的均以细菌和真菌污染为主,应加强集中空调通风系统的清洗和消毒,从而保障人群健康。     

公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生现况调查

目的了解杭州市江干区公共场所使用5年以上的集中空调通风系统卫生状况,提出改进建议。方法于2011—2013年开展定点调查和监测,分别依据卫生部《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》进行检测评价。项目为送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌和可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数和积尘量,冷凝水、冷却水中嗜肺军团菌。结果送风中细菌总数合格率为52．17％,真菌总数合格率为40．00％,β-溶血性链球菌合格率为99．13％;风管内表面细菌总数合格率为97．39％,真菌总数合格率为87．83％,积尘量合格率为97．39％;PM10合格率为52．17％;冷凝水、冷却水合格率分别为95．24％和30．43％。结论江干区公共场所使用超过5年的集中空调通风系统存在卫生隐患,应加强清洗、监测评价和监督管理。     

江苏省旅店业集中空调通风系统卫生调查

目的了解江苏省旅店业集中空调通风系统卫生状况。方法抽查集中空调通风系统未经清洗并正常运转的宾馆6家，依据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》进行检测。检测指标：风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数、冷却水、冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌；送风中PM。结果风管内表面积尘1家超标，最大超标率4．1倍；细菌总数3家超标，最大超标101倍，最小超标0．2倍；真菌总数4家超标，最大超标率12倍，最小超标0．3倍。送风中PM10合格率为86％。嗜肺军团菌：冷却水中嗜肺军团菌3家不合格，冷凝水中嗜肺军团菌2家不合格。结论宾馆、饭店集中空调通风系统污染较为严重，必须加强对公共场所集中空调通风系统的清洗和消毒工作，同时必须强化监督管理。     

温州市部分酒店集中空调通风系统卫生监测与分析

目的:调查分析温州市部分酒店集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,为卫生管理提供依据,预防和控制由空调细菌污染所带来的呼吸道传染病的传播和流行。方法:选取20家有集中空调通风系统的单位,分别对风管表面的积尘量、真菌总数、细菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌,送风中PM10、细菌和真菌总数,以及冷凝水和冷却水中的嗜肺军团菌进行检测和评价。结果:送风空气PM10合格率为40%(8/20),细菌总数的合格率为100%(20/20),真菌总数合格率为95%(19/20),β-溶血性链球菌等致病菌均未检出;风管表面积尘量合格率为30%(6/20),细菌总数合格率为95%(19/20),真菌总数合格率为50%(10/20),空调冷凝水嗜肺军团菌污染率为5%(1/20),空调冷却水嗜肺军团菌的污染率高达45%(9/20)。结论:温州部分酒店集中空调通风系统存在一定的污染,冷却水中嗜肺军团菌污染情况较为严重,应加强集中空调系统的清洗消毒和卫生监督管理。     

天津市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况及影响因素

目的 了解2011年天津市公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,并探讨其可能的影响因素.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法在天津市17个区县抽取128家公共场所,对集中空调通风系统的新风机组类型、新风口位置、清洗状况、公共场所类型及采样点位置等基本情况进行调查.并对风管内表面积尘量、风管内表面细菌总数、风管内表面真菌总数和冷却水嗜肺军团菌进行检测.结果 集中空调通风系统风管内表面积尘量合格率为28.1％(36/128),风管内表面细菌总数合格率为95.3％(122/128),风管内表面真菌总数合格率为94.5％(121/128),冷却水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为64.3％(74/115),其中LP1型嗜肺军团菌为主要血清型.清洗后风管内表面积尘量合格率高于未清洗(P＜0.05),清洗与未清洗的全新风式机组风管内表面积尘量合格率高于回风式机组(P＜0.05),未清洗的且新风口在室外的机组风管内表面积尘量合格率高于新风口在室内的机组(P＜0.05).结论 本次调查的集中空调通风系统风管内表面积尘量合格率较低,并可能受到清洗、空调机组类型和新风口位置等因素影响.     

Investigation and Control of Anthrax Outbreak at the Human–Animal Interface,Bhutan, 2010

In 2010, we investigated anthrax outbreak in Bhutan. A total of 43 domestic animals died, and cutaneous anthrax developed in 9 persons, and 1 died. All affected persons had contact with the carcasses of infected animals. Comprehensive preparedness and response guidelines are needed to increase public awareness of anthrax in Bhutan.     

Risk for Travel-associated Legionnaires’ Disease,Europe, 2009

Legionnaires’ disease is underreported in Europe; notification rates differ substantially among countries. Approximately 20% of reported cases are travel-associated. To assess the risk for travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease (TALD) associated with travel patterns in European countries, we retrieved TALD surveillance data for 2009 from the European Surveillance System, and tourism denominator data from the Statistical Office of the European Union. Risk (number cases reported/number nights spent) was calculated by travel country. In 2009, the network reported 607 cases among European travelers, possibly associated with 825 accommodation sites in European Union countries. The overall risk associated with travel abroad was 0.3 cases/million nights. We observed an increasing trend in risk from northwestern to southeastern Europe; Greece had the highest risk (1.7). Our findings underscore the need for countries with high TALD risks to improve prevention and control of legionellosis; and for countries with high TALD risks, but low notification rates of Legionnaires’ disease to improve diagnostics and reporting.     

Travel-associated Diseases,Indian Ocean Islands, 1997–2010

Data collected by the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network for 1,415 ill travelers returning from Indian Ocean islands during 1997–2010 were analyzed. Malaria (from Comoros and Madagascar), acute nonparasitic diarrhea, and parasitoses were the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases. An increase in arboviral diseases reflected the 2005 outbreak of chikungunya fever.     

Haemophilus ducreyi Associated with Skin Ulcers among Children,Solomon Islands

During a survey of yaws prevalence in the Solomon Islands, we collected samples from skin ulcers of 41 children. Using PCR, we identified Haemophilus ducreyi infection in 13 (32%) children. PCR-positive and PCR-negative ulcers were phenotypically indistinguishable. Emergence of H. ducreyi as a cause of nongenital ulcers may affect the World Health Organization’s yaws eradication program.     

Long-Term Survival Among Histological Subtypes in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Population-Based Study Using the Surveillance,Epidemiology, and End Results Database

BackgroundActual long-term survival rates for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are rarely reported.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the role of histological subtypes in predicting the prognosis among long-term survivors (≥5 years) of advanced EOC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of data among patients with stage III-IV EOC diagnosed from 2000 to 2014 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer data of the United States. We used the chi-square test, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for the analyses.ResultsWe included 8050 patients in this study, including 6929 (86.1%), 743 (9.2%), 237 (2.9%), and 141 (1.8%) patients with serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous tumors, respectively. With a median follow-up of 91 months, the most common cause of death was primary ovarian cancer (80.3%), followed by other cancers (8.1%), other causes of death (7.3%), cardiac-related death (3.2%), and nonmalignant pulmonary disease (3.2%). Patients with the serous subtype were more likely to die from primary ovarian cancer, and patients with the mucinous subtype were more likely to die from other cancers and cardiac-related disease. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that patients with endometrioid (hazard ratio [HR] 0.534, P<.001), mucinous (HR 0.454, P<.001), and clear cell (HR 0.563, P<.001) subtypes showed better ovarian cancer-specific survival than those with the serous subtype. Similar results were found regarding overall survival. However, ovarian cancer–specific survival and overall survival were comparable among those with endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous tumors.ConclusionsOvarian cancer remains the primary cause of death in long-term ovarian cancer survivors. Moreover, the probability of death was significantly different among those with different histological subtypes. It is important for clinicians to individualize the surveillance program for long-term ovarian cancer survivors.     

Dengue Virus Transmission by Blood Stem Cell Donor after Travel to Sri Lanka; Germany, 2013

Three days after donation of peripheral blood stem cells to a recipient with acute myeloblastic leukemia, dengue virus was detected in the donor, who had recently traveled to Sri Lanka. Transmission to the recipient, who died 9 days after transplant, was confirmed.     

大龄单身女性寻求生育力保存的伦理问题探析

近年来,在肿瘤和卵巢相关疾病发生率逐年增加、不少大龄单身女性渴望为自己购买一份“生殖保险”等社会及个人因素催化下,人类对于生育力保存的需求急剧增加,满足这一需求正在或将成为重大挑战。对于寻求进行生育力保存的大龄单身女性来说,在合适的年龄应用玻璃化冷冻技术将其卵母细胞冻存是目前可采用的最佳生育力保存手段。而单身女性卵子冷冻将面临来自伦理道德、社会乃至法律的巨大挑战。本文概述国内外大龄单身女性卵子冷冻的现状,并对其可能涉及的相关伦理问题及解决途径进行综述,以促进理性正视单身女性卵子冷冻问题。     

Outbreak of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin–Associated Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Rugby Team,France, 2010–2011

Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin are known to cause community infections. We describe an outbreak of skin abscesses caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin–producing methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (clonal complex 121) in a professional rugby team in France during July 2010–February 2011. Eight team members were carriers; 7 had skin abscesses.     

Reemergence and Autochthonous Transmission of Dengue Virus,Eastern China, 2014

In 2014, 20 dengue cases were reported in the cities of Wenzhou (5 cases) and Wuhan (15 cases), China, where dengue has rarely been reported. Dengue virus 1 was detected in 4 patients. Although most of these cases were likely imported, epidemiologic analysis provided evidence for autochthonous transmission.