下咽鳞状细胞癌中HPV感染、p16表达及其与患者预后的关系

目的探讨下咽鳞状细胞癌中HPV感染、p16表达及其与患者预后的关系。方法收集46例下咽鳞状细胞癌手术标本,应用免疫组化SP法检测p16的表达;采用PCR-DNA反向点杂交技术检测HPV感染情况,收集临床病理资料并进行随访。结果下咽鳞状细胞癌组织中HPV感染率为26.1%(12/46),HPV感染与患者年龄、性别、发病部位、分化程度、TNM分期无关(P0.05)。下咽鳞状细胞癌患者p16蛋白阳性率为39.1%(18/46),p16蛋白阳性率与患者年龄、性别、发病部位、分化程度、TNM分期无关(P0.05)。HPV感染与p16蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.437,P=0.002)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示:HPV阳性者比HPV阴性者中位生存期高(P=0.001);HPV阳性者中位无进展生存期亦高于HPV阴性者(P=0.002)。p16蛋白阳性者比p16阴性者中位生存期高(P=0.001);p16蛋白阳性者中位无进展生存期亦高于p16阴性者(P=0.003)。多因素Cox回归模型分析显示:临床分期、HPV感染及p16表达,是影响患者预后的独立因素(RR值分别为1.969、4.324、0.294,P值分别为0.018、0.015、0.013)。结论下咽鳞状细胞癌中HPV感染与p16蛋白表达相关,临床分期早、HPV感染及p16阳性的患者预后较好。     

唇鳞状细胞癌患者人乳头瘤病毒感染的检测分析

目的 了解唇鳞状细胞癌患者人乳头瘤病毒感染的情况.方法 对收集到的9例临床诊断唇癌病例的石蜡组织标本应用Luminex及PCR的方法对HPV感染进行基因检测,应用免疫组织化学的方法对HPV16/18E6蛋白进行检测.结果 在9例临床诊断的唇癌病例中,通过Luminex 及PCR的方法发现1例病例具有HPV16的感染;通过免疫组织化学的方法发现7例病例具有HPV16/18的感染,总阳性率达到8/9.结论 此研究中在唇癌患者中较高的HPV感染率间接说明皮肤的直接接触对HPV感染的重要性,为阐明唇癌的发病机制提供依据.     

阴茎癌中p53表达与HPV16、18 DNA的检测

目的：研究阴茎癌中p53表达与HPV DNA感染的关系。方法：应用免疫组化技术LSAB法检测33例阴茎癌p53表达及PCR技术检测HPV16、18DNA。结果：33例阴茎癌中，p53阳性表达率51.5%(17/33)；HPV16 DNA阳性率30.3%(10/33)；HPV18 DNA阳性率3.03%(1/33)。结论：阴茎癌中p53表达表明p53突变在阴茎癌发生中有一定意义。阴茎癌发生与HPV16和18型感染有关。     

乳腺癌组织中HPV病毒超微结构及DNA检测的研究

目的:探讨广西妇女乳腺癌与HPV感染的关系,并从超微结构水平上观察HPV以及HPV感染后乳腺细胞的形态学改变.方法:使用透射电镜和DNA分子原位杂交两种方法对手术切除的新鲜的40例乳腺癌组织、30例乳腺良性病变组织以及30例乳腺纤维腺瘤旁正常乳腺组织进行HPV16/18检测.结果:电镜下三组HPV的阳性率分别为50%、13.3%、6.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),细胞核中观察剑的HPV样病毒颗粒,直径约为40nm,有的片状分布,呈假结晶排列,有的聚集成团,无明显结构形成.含有上述HPV样颗粒的细胞,细胞核异形明显.乳腺癌中有淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组的阳性率分别为75%、12.5%,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05).分子原位杂交技术检测三组的阳性率分别为70%、33.3%、20%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).乳腺癌中有淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组的阳性率分别为91.7%、37.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).电镜下69.2%HPV样病毒颗粒阳性病例中可检测到HPV16/18 DNA存在.结论:广西地区大多数乳腺癌妇女确实存在着HPV16/18感染.检测乳腺癌中HPV16/18 DNA可以作为临床上判断有无淋巴结转移的一个参考指标.该研究对乳腺癌的病因、诊断和预后,降低发病率和死亡率有重要的意义.     

应用量子点荧光原位杂交技术检测人宫颈鳞癌中人乳头状瘤病毒16/18的感染

目的 探讨荧光标志物量子点在荧光原位杂交技术检测人宫颈癌组织中人乳头状瘤病毒16/18(HPV16/18)感染中的应用.方法 以量子点荧光原位杂交(QD-FISH)和显色原位杂交方法(CISH)分别检测80例宫颈鳞癌活检组织中HPV16/18的感染情况,对其结果进行统计学分析.结果 QD-FISH检测宫颈鳞癌活检组织中HPV16/18阳性率为88.8%(71/80),高于CISH检出的阳性率(80%,64/80),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.127),并且HPV16/18感染的阳性率随着宫颈癌级别的上升而上升.结论 QD-FISH检测HPV感染的灵敏性和特异性均高于CISH,可作为筛查宫颈癌的一种方法.     

不同HPV检测法及p16表达在喉鳞状细胞癌病理诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)的不同检测方法及p16表达,在喉鳞状细胞癌(laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma,LSCC)病理诊断中的作用和应用价值。方法收集有完整临床病理资料的21例LSCC,按WHO(2017)头颈部肿瘤分类诊断标准,分别采用PCR-DNA反向点杂交法检测肿瘤组织中HPV-DNA,RNAscope法检测HPV 16型及18型E6、E7的mRNA,同时应用免疫组化SP法进行p16染色并分析其表达特点。结果 LSCC患者发病年龄37～62岁,中位年龄46岁;男性13例,女性8例,其中HPV 16-DNA检测5例为阳性(5/21,23. 8%),16例为阴性(16/21,76. 2%)。HPV阳性患者中1例p16强阳性(1/5,20. 0%); HPV 16 mRNA检测8例为阳性(8/21,38. 1%),其中5例同时为HPV 16-DNA阳性,3例p16阳性(3/8,37. 5%); 13例HPV 16 mRNA检测为阴性(13/21,61. 9%)。HPV阳性LSCC组织学多表现为非角化型鳞状细胞癌,肿瘤细胞呈卵圆形或梭形,细胞核深染,核仁不明显,细胞边界不清。结论 LSCC组织主要为HPV 16型,以非角化型鳞状细胞癌为主。应用RNAscope法检测HPV 16 mRNA比PCR-DNA反向点杂交法具有更高的灵敏性和特异性,p16不能作为检测LSCC组织中HPV感染状态的替代标志。     

宫颈鳞状细胞癌和癌前病变中Skp2表达及其与HPV16/18感染的关系

目的 探讨skp2在宫颈鳞状细胞癌和癌前病变中的表达规律及其与人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染之间的关系.方法 采用免疫组织化学(ABC法)和原位杂交检测Skp2蛋白和HPV16/18 DNA在30例正常宫颈鳞状上皮、29例宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变、31例高级别上皮内瘤变和31例宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达.结果 Skp2在正常宫颈鳞状上皮中呈阴性,与宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变(阳性表达率为13.8%,4/29)之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).随着上皮病变级别升高,表达也逐渐增强,在宫颈鳞状细胞癌中表达更强;HPV16/18 DNA在四组中的阳性表达率,除高级别上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌两组间差异无统计学意义外(均为96.8%),其余各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);在宫颈低级别上皮内瘤变中skp2蛋白表达和HPV感染相关无统计学意义,但在高级别上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌两组中均呈正相关(γ高级别=0.373,γ癌 =0.416,P<0.05).结论 Skp2过表达主要在宫颈鳞状细胞癌形成的中晚期起作用,可作为一个早期诊断恶性的指标,且可能与HPV16/18感染有协同作用.E7-skp2-Rb可能是HPV感染诱导宫颈鳞状细胞癌形成的一条新致癌途径.     

P16,Ki67与HPV16/18在宫颈病变中的表达及其临床意义

目的:研究多肿瘤抑制基因P16、细胞核增殖抗原Ki67及高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(high riskhuman papilloma virus,HPV16/18)在宫颈病变中的表达和临床意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学Elivision两步法检测P16和Ki67在宫颈非特异性炎症、宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelialneoplasia,CIN)I级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级及宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达,用原位杂交法检测HPV16/18的表达。结果:P16蛋白表达在非特异性炎症、CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级及宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为20.0%,55.6%,93.6%和100.0%;Ki67蛋白表达在非特异性炎症、CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为17.6%,61.1%,89.4%和100.0%,不同组别间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而且P16和Ki67的阳性表达率及染色强度呈递增趋势,表达存在分层现象。HPV16/18在非特异性炎症、CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为30.0%,61.1%,82.9%和100.0%,宫颈病变中HPV16/18的阳性率显著高于非特异性炎症组。结论:P16和Ki67蛋白检测作为宫颈病变的有效的生物学标记,可联合HPV16/18 DNA检测应用于宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查和诊断中。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌中HPV18、HPV16感染的研究

目的 :了解乳腺浸润性导管癌中HPV18、HPV16的感染情况 ,分析其是否是乳腺癌发生的危险因素及与临床病理的相关性。方法 :根据HPV16、HPV18的DNA序列 ,合成相应特异的寡核苷酸片段 ,用加尾标记法制备地高辛标记探针 ,用原位杂交法检测 5 1例乳腺浸润性导管癌、10例相应正常乳腺上皮及 15例良性乳腺病变中HPV18、HPV16的感染 ,并分析其与患者发病年龄、肿块大小及淋巴结转移的相关性。结果 :浸润性导管癌中HPV18或 16的总阳性率达 70 6 % ,其中HPV18与HPV16的阳性率分别为 5 8 8%、4 5 1% ,均明显高于正常乳腺上皮的感染率 (30 0 %、10 0 % ;P <0 0 5 ) ;乳腺良性病变的HPV18、16阳性率分别是 6 0 0 %、6 0 % ,其中HPV18的阳性率亦显著高于正常乳腺上皮 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :(1)HPV16和18可能是乳腺浸润性导管癌发生的致病因子 ,HPV18尚可能与乳腺良性病变的发生有关。 (2 )HPV的感染与患者年龄、肿块大小及淋巴结转移无相关性。     

子宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变与HR-HPV的关系

目的探讨高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(high risk human papillomavirus,HR-HPV)在子宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变(low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,LSIL)中的分布特点及感染方式,并分析其在LSIL中的作用。方法应用实时荧光定量PCR和HPV原位杂交技术对328例诊断结果为168例LSIL、160例高级别鳞状上皮内病变(high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions,HSIL)的子宫颈组织蜡块进行HPV分型检测。结果 HE染色结果显示,LSIL的病变细胞集中在子宫颈鳞状上皮表层,HSIL的病变细胞主要集中在上皮下层。168例LSIL患者中HR-HPV阳性率95.2%;LSIL、HSIL中HPV 16、18阳性率分别为26.2%、57.5%,其他型HR-HPV(不包括HPV 16、18)的阳性率分别为80.9%、55.0%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。在原位杂交检测组中,HR-HPV的阳性率为70.2%,HR-HPV阳性LSIL中,棕黄色阳性细胞位于子宫颈鳞状上皮表层、中层,基底层未见阳性细胞。结论 HR-HPV感染与LSIL的发生、发展密切相关,尤其是其他型HR-HPV(不包括HPV 16、18);LSIL患者中HR-HPV的感染开始于子宫颈鳞状上皮表层。     

人乳头状瘤病毒不同型别与宫颈病变的相关性研究

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）不同型别与宫颈病变性质的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ技术和原位杂交方法对６１例宫颈上皮内瘤（ＣｅｒｖｉｃａｌｉｎｔｒａｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌＮｅｏｐｌａｓｉａＣＩＮ）和１２例宫颈鳞癌（ＳＣＣ）进行ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１、１６、１８ＤＮＡ检测。结果ＰＣＲ检测结果显示ＨＰＶ６、１１主要分布于低度鳞状上皮内病变（６１９％）和一部分ＣＩＮⅡ中（２０％），而在ＣＩＮⅢ和ＳＣＣ中检测不到；ＨＰＶ１６、１８的检出率随ＣＩＮ级别增高而增加，在ＳＣＣ中高达８３３％。原位杂交结果显示在低度鳞状上皮内病变中，地高辛（Ｄｉｇ）标记的ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１、１６、１８ＤＮＡ杂交物质在核中均呈细颗粒状，为“游离型”。上述杂交阳性信号形态亦出现于ＣＩＮⅡ的所有ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１及部分ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染中，而ＣＩＮⅢ和宫颈鳞癌及部分ＣＩＮⅡ中，其杂交阳性信号均为非颗粒状的“整合型”。结论低度鳞状上皮内病变是以ＨＰＶ６、１１低危型为主的多型别病毒的繁殖性感染，ＣＩＮⅢ和宫颈鳞癌为ＨＰＶ１６、１８高危型病毒的整合型感染，而在ＣＩＮⅡ中存在着ＨＰＶ６，１１和ＨＰＶ１６，１８的繁殖性感染及ＨＰＶ１６，１８的整合型感染     

Human papillomavirus infection and anal carcinoma. Retrospective analysis by in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction.

To examine the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection with anal squamous cell carcinoma, the authors applied the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques to detect HPV DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 18 patients. The presence of HPV types 16/18 in 3 (16.7%) of 18 patients with anal carcinoma was found, using a colorimetric ISH technique for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 35, and 51. Results from one of these three patients were also positive for HPV 31, 35, 51 by ISH techniques. When the same series was analyzed using the PCR and consensus primers to the L1 open reading frame of the HPV genomes, the frequency of positive patients rose to 14 (77.8%) of 18. PCR analysis of the 14 lesions containing HPV DNA, using type-specific primers and probes for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 33, showed that 1 contained HPV 6, 1 contained HPV 11, 4 contained HPV 16, 1 contained HPV 18, 1 contained HPV 33, 5 contained HPV of unclassified type(s), and 1 contained a mixture of three HPV types. There was concordance between typing of cases that were positive by ISH and PCR methods. These data agree with the concept that HPV, in particular type 16, is implicated in the pathogenesis of anal cancer.     

A new nonisotopic detection of human papillomavirus DNA using polymerase chain reaction.

A novel technique using a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers detecting human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA of types 6/11, 16, and 18 and a final nonisotopic colorimetric detection has been developed. Sixty formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections were treated with this methodology and the results compared with those obtained with in situ hybridization (ISH). Twenty cases displaying HPV DNA with ISH were positive with PCR. Seven (35%) of 20 cases negative for ISH but evocative of HPV infection with classic histology displayed HPV DNA with the two-step PCR. Only one case (5%) of 20 normal tissues and/or inflammatory lesions not evocative of HPV infection and negative upon ISH showed HPV DNA. This original technique allows rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of HPV DNA and is suitable for most laboratories.     

Detection of HPV16 and 18 by in situ hybridization in precancerous and cancerous lesions of cervix

Fifty cervical biopsies from women with preinvasive and invasive malignancies of uterine cervix and ten normal cervical biopsies were examined for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) 16 and 18 DNA sequences by in situ hybridization (ISH) method with biotinylated DNA probes. The overall positivity of HPV DNA was 48% (24/50). The positivity of HPV 16 DNA for low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were 33.33%, 45.45%, 42.30% respectively. The positivity for HPV 18 DNA for LSIL, HSIL and SCC were 0%, 18.18%, 30.76% respectively. Two cases of cervical adenocarcinomas showed positivity for HPV 18 DNA only.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus in sinonasal papillomas: a study using polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization.

Inverted and fungiform papillomas of the sinonasal cavity share a common origin from the Schneiderian membrane, but they differ widely in their rates of recurrence and progression to carcinoma. To determine the role of human papillomavirus in the etiology of these lesions, 15 inverted papillomas, five fungiform papillomas, and two squamous cell carcinomas associated with inverted papilloma were examined for the presence of HPV by in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ISH was carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material using HPV types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 DNA probes. Tissue DNA was amplified by PCR with HPV L1 consensus primers, and the product was detected by gel electrophoresis, Southern blotting, and hybridization with type specific probes (HPV types 6/11, 16, 18). Three of 15 inverted papillomas and two of five fungiform papillomas were positive for HPV 6/11 by ISH, whereas PCR detected HPV 6/11 sequences in two of 15 inverted and three of five fungiform papillomas. Biopsies from two patients who had serial resections contained HPV 6/11 in the original lesions and all recurrences. No HPV was detected in the carcinomas by ISH, whereas PCR detected HPV 16 in one carcinoma. These findings confirm the presence of HPV DNA sequences in both inverted and fungiform sinonasal papillomas as well as in an associated squamous carcinoma. This would suggest a role for HPV in the pathogenesis of Schneiderian membrane lesions. Furthermore, our data indicate that ISH and PCR are equally sensitive in detecting HPV in sinonasal papillomas.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on routine Papanicolaou's smears by in situ hybridization with the use of biotinylated probes.

Specific human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been implicated as playing a major role in the development of cervical neoplasias. HPV DNA types usually have been identified by nucleic acid hybridization assays with the use of radiolabeled probes. These techniques are sensitive and specific but are not suitable for large-scale clinical use. To detect specific HPV DNAs simply and rapidly, in situ hybridization (ISH) with the use of biotinylated HPV DNA 6/11 and 16/18 probes was done on destained Papanicolaou's (Pap) smears from 545 patients. All smears showed koilocytotic changes. HPV DNAs were demonstrated not only in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and atypia, but also in squamous cells with minimal nuclear changes (karyomegaly) and perinuclear halos. HPV DNA 16/18 was detected in 52% of the smears with CIN I, 44% of those with CIN II and III, 19% of those with atypia, and 4% of the minimal changes. HPV DNA 6/11 was detected in 27% of the smears with CIN I, 27% of those with atypia, and 6% of the minimal changes. HPV DNAs were also detected in smears without koilocytotic changes. Thus, ISH with the use of biotinylated probes can serve as an adjunct to Pap smears in detecting HPV infection.     

Detection and localization of human papillomavirus in penile condylomas and squamous cell carcinomas using in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA viral probes

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been previously demonstrated in male genital neoplasms using Southern blot hybridization (SBH) and in situ hybridization with radiolabeled probes (ISH-R). In this study we used in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA viral probes (ISH-B), a technique that can be applied to routinely collected and processed tissue. Thirty cases of exophytic penile condyloma acuminatum and nine cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were examined for the presence of HPV using ISH-B for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. HPV DNA was found in 25 of 30 (83%) penile condylomas; HPV type 6 in 13 (43%); and HPV type 11 in 12 (40%). Slight cross-reactivity between HPV types 6 and 11 was noted. None of the condyloma cases was positive for HPV types 16, 18, 31, or 33. One of the nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis was positive for HPV 16. In situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA viral probes is a highly sensitive method for detecting and localizing HPV in penile condylomas. This method, however, may not be as sensitive as SBH for detecting HPV in invasive penile squamous cell carcinomas.     

Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in primary squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

Studies have demonstrated an etiologic role of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection for epithelial malignancies, including most cervical carcinomas, anogenital cancers, and carcinomas of the head and neck; however, a causative role of HPV infection for bladder cancer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HR-HPV in primary bladder carcinoma to determine the association between HPV infection and the squamous cell component of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Furthermore, we evaluated the utility of p16 overexpression as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in these cancers and the correlation of this with tumor stage. Our study included 33 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder. Tumors deemed primary from the bladder were selected and either showed predominant (>50 %) or pure squamous differentiation. Immunohistochemical study for p16 and HR-HPV by RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed in all cases. p16 expression was detected in 7 cases (28 %, 7/25) of urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation and not detected in any of the 8 cases (0%, 0/8) of pure SCC. Detection of HR-HPV by ISH was negative in all 33 cases (0%, 0/33). There was no association between p16 overexpression and the presence of HPV infection in squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder. p16 should not be used as a surrogate marker for evidence of HPV infection. Our study suggests that HPV infection does not play an etiologic role in the development of bladder cancer and should not be used as a diagnostic adjunct for these cases.     

Human papilloma virus testing in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: how far can we go with cytology specimens?

Human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common HPV-associated head and neck carcinoma. It is biologically unique and has a better prognosis than HPV-independent squamous cell carcinoma. The most common histomorphology of HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is nonkeratinizing basaloid form of squamous cell carcinoma. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas clinically often present as a neck mass and cytological sample obtained by fine needle aspiration is a crucial part of diagnostic work-up and it can be the only diagnostic material available. Several cytological samples including direct smears, cytospins, cell blocks and liquid-based material can be used for p16 immunohistochemistry, high-risk (hr) HPV DNA in situ hybridization (ISH), E6/E7 hrHPV RNA ISH, and hrHPV polymerase chain reaction. Quality control issues must be considered in all detection methodologies applied in cytological material. The selection of method depends on material type, turnaround time, standardization, sensitivity, and specificity. p16 immunohistochemistry should be applied and interpreted in conjunction with squamous cell morphology and caution should arise in cases with unusual morphology. p16 positivity alone is not recommended as a diagnostic indicator.