血清 8-羟基脱氧鸟苷、星形胶质源性蛋白 B表达与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后血管痉挛的相关性分析

目的分析颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后病人血清 8-羟基脱氧鸟苷( 8OHdG)、星形胶质源性蛋白 B(S100B)表达情况，并分析二者与术后血管痉挛( CVS)的关系。方法回顾性分析 2017年 5月至 2019年 5月承德医学院附属医院收治的颅内动脉瘤病人 190例为研究对象，根据 CVS评定方法将病人分为无 CVS组、轻度 CVS组、中度 CVS组、重度 CVS组。收集比较病人一般资料，采用酶联免疫吸附法( ELISA)法测定并比较受试者血清 8OHdG、S100B水平，采用二元 logistic回归分析影响颅内动脉瘤病人夹闭术后 CVS的危险因素，绘制受试者工作特征曲线( ROC)曲线评价血清 8OHdG、S100B水平对颅内动脉瘤病人夹闭术后 CVS的诊断价值。结果术后不同程度 CVS计 147例。 CVS组病人血清 8OHdG、S100B水平均明显低于术前( P<0.05)无 CVS组、轻度 CVS组、中度 CVS组、重度 CVS组颅内动脉瘤夹闭术病人术后血清 8OHdG、S100B水平均依次升高［(223.78±33.6，6)ng/ L比( 328.37±67.75)ng/L比( 436.53±119.21)ng/L比( 499.39±152.67)ng/L、(0.76±0.21)μg/L比( 1.01±0.39)μg/L比( 1.30±0.45)μg/ L比( 1.55±0.52)μg/L，P<0.05］。不同程度 CVS组病人 Hunt-Hess分级 Ⅲ~Ⅳ级病人比例差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。二元 lo. gistic回归分析显示， Hunt-Hess分级 Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、血清 8OHdG、S100B水平高表达是颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后病人发生 CVS的危险因素(P<0.05)。血清 8OHdG、S100B水平诊断颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后病人发生 CVS的 ROC曲线下面积 AUC分别为 0.87、0.86，二者联合检测诊断 AUC为 0.95。结论血清 8OHdG、S100B水平异常高表达可能与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后 CVS发生发展有关，且二者联合检测对是否发生 CVS有较高诊断价值，可为临床寻求可靠生物学指标早期诊断颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后病人是否发生 CVS提供一定参考。     

瑞芬太尼控制性降压用于颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的观察

目的研究瑞芬太尼在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中进行控制性降压的可行性。方法选择颅内动脉瘤夹闭术12例,随机分两组:瑞芬太尼组(A组)6例,术中以瑞芬太尼为控制性降压药物;硝酸甘油组(B组)6例,术中以硝酸甘油为控制性降压药物。分别记录开始降压前(T1)、降压后10min(T2)、降压后40min(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)。结果两组平均动脉压均降到60～65mmHg,瑞芬太尼组心率较基础值明显降低(P<0.01),硝酸甘油组心率较基础值明显升高(P<0.01),瑞芬太尼组心率明显低于硝酸甘油组(P<0.01)。结论瑞芬太尼在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中能够达到控制性降压的目的,无反射性心率增快,较适合循环功能欠佳的患者。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中的效果观察

目的:观察舒芬太尼在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术麻醉中的可行性和安全性。方法:选择40例hunt-hess分级0～II级的颅内动脉瘤患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和芬太尼组(F组)每组各20例,分别采用舒芬太尼(S组)和芬太尼(F组)诱导维持,观察麻醉前(T0)、气管插管时(T1)、切皮时(T2)、开颅时(T3)、动脉瘤夹闭时(T4)各时点的MAP、HR、CO、CI。结果:两组病人均预后良好。术中血流动力学S组较F组波动小(P<0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼、芬太尼麻醉在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中均安全、有效,但舒芬太尼麻醉更适合应用到该类手术之中。     

早期开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效观察

目的探讨早期开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年10月本院收治的73例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的临床资料,根据Hunt-Hess分级,分为低分级动脉瘤(Hunt-HessⅠ～Ⅲ)组52例和高分级动脉瘤(Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ)组21例。所有病例均在发病后72h内行开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗,采用格拉斯哥评分(GOS)评价患者的预后。结果所有病例均顺利完成手术,随访6个月,发现复发病例2例,行二期栓塞治疗术1例。术后低分级动脉瘤组的预后优良率(90.38%)明显高于高分级动脉瘤组(42.86%),P<0.05。结论早期开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤,可有效缓解患者的颅内高压,疗效确切。Hunt-Hess高分级动脉瘤患者预后往往不佳。     

艾司洛尔复合硝普钠在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中的控制性降压效果

目的:观察艾司洛尔复合硝普钠控制性降压用于颅内动脉瘤夹闭术的效果.方法:将50例开颅颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者,随机分为硝普钠降压组(A组)和艾司洛尔复合硝普钠降压组(B组),比较两组降压前后及降压期间脉搏、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率和平均动脉压(MAP)的变化,以及硝普钠用量.结果:SpO2两组差异无显著性(P＞0.05),心率A组高于B组(P＜0.05).降压达预计值的时间B组明显短于A组(P＜0.05),停降压药后血压回升时间A组短于B组(P＜0.05).硝普钠的用量分别是A组(15.42±2.86) mg和B组(9.57±4.25 )mg(P＜0.05).结论:艾司洛尔复合硝普钠控制性降压用于颅内动脉瘤夹闭术,可缩短降压时间,降压中心率无明显增快,可预防硝普钠停药后反跳性高血压,并可减少硝普钠的用量,是一种安全有效的控制性降压方法.     

万古霉素与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术联合治疗感染性颅内动脉瘤患者的疗效

目的:评价万古霉素与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术联合治疗感染性颅内动脉瘤患者的疗效。方法:选取2009年1月—2013年4月间诊治的感染性颅内动脉瘤患者82例,依据随机分配原则将其分为联合组(n=41)和对照组(n=41);对照组患者给予常规颅内动脉瘤夹闭术治疗,联合组患者给予万古霉素与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术联合治疗,对比分析两组患者临床疗效和并发症的发生情况。结果:联合组患者临床治疗的总有效率90.24%明显高于对照组80.48%(P<0.05),治疗后并发症的发生率12.20%明显低于对照组21.95%(P<0.05)。结论:万古霉素与颅内动脉瘤夹闭术联合治疗可有效提高感染性颅内动脉瘤患者的疗效,颅内并发症的发生率显著下降。     

罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞对超高龄髋关节患者术后认知功能的影响

目的 评价等容积不同浓度罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞对超高龄髋关节患者术后认知功能的影响.方法 选择解放军第180医院骨科2015年1月至2017年2月ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄≥80岁的髋关节手术患者100例.采用随机数字表法将其分为2组:0.5%罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞组(A组,n=50)和0.33%罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞组(B组,n=50),分别给予0.5%和0.33%盐酸罗哌卡因注射液2 mL,给药速度均为10~15 s/mL.记录患者术中和术后相关情况,并记录术前、术后24 h、术后48 h、术后72 h时VAS评分、认知功能评分和血浆S100β淀粉样蛋白浓度.结果 A组低血压发生率明显高于B组(P<0.05);B组MMSE评分和S100β淀粉样蛋白浓度在术后24 h、术后48 h均明显高于A组(P<0.05),但术前、术后72 h组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组在术后24 h、术后48 h MMSE评分和S100β淀粉样蛋白浓度均明显低于术前(P<0.05),而术后72 h与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组在术后24 h MMSE评分和S100β淀粉样蛋白浓度均明显低于术前(P<0.05),而术后48 h、术后72 h与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 在超高龄髋部手术患者中,应用0.5%罗哌卡因2 mL较0.33%罗哌卡因2 mL进行蛛网膜下腔阻滞术后认知功能障碍发生率高.     

颅内动脉瘤施行早期动脉瘤夹闭术的效果观察

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤施行早期动脉瘤夹闭术的效果。方法选取2012年9月~2013年12月本院就诊颅内动脉瘤患者85例,所有患者随机分为夹闭组40例(39个动脉瘤)及栓塞组45例(47个动脉瘤)。观察两者患者的效果评价、住院时间、医疗费用、完全闭塞率及并发症发生情况。结果两组患者的GOS、m RS评分中良好率与死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。夹闭组患者的住院时间、医疗费用均少于栓塞组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。夹闭组完全闭塞率高于对照组(P0.05);但术中脑血管瘤破裂率高于栓塞组(P0.05)。夹闭组患者的出血破入脑室、术后短暂性脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血的发生率皆明显低于栓塞组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论临床上显微手术夹闭可作为治疗颅内动脉瘤的首选方法,其疗效显著,值得在基层医院推广应用。     

血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗对颅内动脉瘤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶和S100B蛋白的影响

目的探讨血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗对颅内动脉瘤患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和S100B蛋白的影响。方法86例颅内动脉患者按数字表法随机分为观察组43例和对照组43例。观察组采用血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗,对照组采用显微夹闭治疗。对两组患者的近远期疗效进行分析,且测定两组患者治疗前后的血清NSE和S100B蛋白并比较。结果两组近期好转率均为100．0％,差异无统计学意义（X^2=0．00,P〉0．05）。观察组远期优良率为100．0％,高于对照组的90．7％（X^2=4．06,P〈0．05）。对照组治疗后血清NSE和S100B蛋白均有明显升高（t=2．725、2．076,均P〈0．05）,观察组治疗后血清NSE和S100B蛋白均低于对照组（t=2．925、2．246,均P〈0．05）。结论血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗对颅内动脉瘤患者血清NSE和S100B蛋白影响较小。     

丙泊酚静脉麻醉对前列腺电切术后患者血清BDNF、S100B蛋白及认知功能的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对前列腺电切术后老年患者血清脑源性神经营养因子(Brainderived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、S100B蛋白及认知功能的影响。方法选择择期行前列腺电切术的老年患者60例,年龄65~86岁,随机分为丙泊酚组(试验组)和异氟醚组(对照组),每组30例。分别于术前及术后6、24、72 h检测血清BDNF、S100B蛋白,并采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评价认知功能。结果术前两组患者血清BDNF、S100B蛋白水平及Mo CA评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后6、24 h两组血清BDNF水平较麻醉前明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且丙泊酚组下降幅度低于异氟醚组(P<0.05);两组术后6、24 h血清S100B蛋白较麻醉前明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),且试验组上升幅度低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后72 h血清BDNF、S100B蛋白均恢复到麻醉前水平(P>0.05)。两组术后6、24 h Mo CA评分均较麻醉前明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),且试验组下降幅度低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后72 h Mo CA评分均恢复到麻醉前水平(P>0.05)。试验组麻醉术后认知障碍的发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,术后Mo CA评分与血清BDNF水平呈正相关(r=0.371,P<0.01),而与S100B蛋白水平呈负相关(r=-0.472,P<0.01)。结论两组麻醉方式对老年患者术后早期的认知功能均有影响,认知功能下降可能与BDNF下降、S100B蛋白升高有关,但丙泊酚对老年患者影响更小,其作用与降低患者血清S100B蛋白水平密切相关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.