骨创伤患者下肢深静脉血栓的预防管理

目的 提高骨创伤患者下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)预防效果.方法 采用Autar修订量表对20例骨创伤患者进行DVT风险评估;对低风险患者采用健康教育和踝泵运动预防;中风险患者在低风险措施基础上采用足底泵或间歇充气挤压泵预防;高风险患者在中风险措施基础上采用低分子肝素类药物预防.结果 患者住院期间均未发生DVT,有1例发生肌间隙血栓;干预前后患者D--聚体、股静脉血流速度、股静脉血流量比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),但股静脉血流峰速度在干预前后差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对骨创伤患者实施DVT风险评估,并实施针对性预防干预,可较好地预防患者发生DVT.     

Combined upper and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

In order to elucidate the natural history of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT), we compared the morbidity and mortality of patients with UEDVT and that of patients with both UEDVT and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT). Between 1993 and 1996, 21 patients presented to our institution with both LEDVT and UEDVT (Group 1). During the same time period, 144 patients were diagnosed with UEDVT alone (Group 2). The diagnosis was confirmed by duplex scanning in all patients. In Group 1, there were 14 females (67%) and 7 males (23%) with ages ranging from 25 to 97 yr old [mean 73 yr old +/-17 yr (SD)]. In Group 2, there were 84 females (58%) and 60 males (42%) with ages ranging from 9 to 101 yr old [mean 67 yr old +/-17 yr (SD)]. Differences in age and sex between the two groups were not statistically significant.In Group 1, systemic anticoagulation was implemented in 17 patients (81%). Two patients (9.5%) required placement of a SVC and IVC filters due to contraindication to anticoagulation. One patient did not receive anticoagulation, and one patient was only started on aspirin. In Group 2, treatment consisted of systemic anticoagulation in 94 patients (65%). The remainder of the patients were treated with aspirin in three patients (2%) or no anticoagulation in 31 patients (19%). Sixteen patients (11%) underwent placement of a SVC filter either due to failure of anticoagulation to prevent pulmonary embolism (two patients) or contraindication to anticoagulation (14 patients).Pulmonary emboli were documented by ventilation/perfusion lung scan in two patients (9.5%) in Group 1 and in 16 patients (11%) in Group 2. In the first group, 8 of the 21 patients (38%) were dead within 1 month of the diagnosis of UEDVT, and 11 of 21 patients (52%) were dead within 2 months of the diagnosis of UEDVT. In the second group, 20 of 144 patients (14%) were dead within 1 month of the diagnosis of UEDVT and 38 of 144 patients (26%) were dead within 2 months of diagnosis (P<0.02).Our data suggest that patients with both UEDVT and LEDVT have a higher mortality than patients with UEDVT alone. As the risk for pulmonary embolism is similar in both groups, we speculate that the severity of medical illness in patients with both UEDVT and LEDVT may contribute to the higher mortality. This is the first study to examine the mortality of this group of patients.     

以特发型下肢深静脉血栓为模式疾病研究下肢深静脉血栓形成的价值

目的：探讨以特发型下肢深静脉血栓（IDVT）为模式疾病,研究下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的发病机制及遗传因素的可行性。 方法：随机选择IDVT患者（病例组）与健康体检者（对照组）各120例,比较两组人口学资料、血流动力学、血常规、血生化及凝血功能等指标。 结果：两组年龄与性别组成差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,与对照组比较,病例组的股、腘静脉流速降低,股、腘静脉内径增大（均P<0.05）;红细胞计数及血红蛋白含量降低,白细胞及血小板计数升高（均P<0.05）;白蛋白含量降低,谷草转氨酶与肌酐含量升高（均P<0.05）;红细胞沉降率、凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白原含量及活化部分凝血活酶时间升高,而凝血酶时间减少,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。 结论：下肢IDVT混杂因素少,均衡性好,是进行下肢DVT临床及遗传学研究较好的模式疾病。     

血管腔内治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的 探讨下肢深静脉血栓的介入联合手术的血管腔内治疗方法.方法 76例下肢深静脉血栓形成的患者,在数字减影血管造影术(digtal subtraction angiography,DSA)监视下行下腔静脉滤器置入,采用手术取栓,辅以临时性股动静脉瘘,取栓后即刻造影观察有无血栓残留及髂静脉病变情况.残留血栓在DSA监视下用双腔取栓管取栓或大的鞘管吸栓.对髂静脉狭窄大于60%的患者予以血管成形术,其中62例置入髂静脉支架.结果 支架置入技术成功率100%,1例死于腰升静脉破裂出血.71例患者得到随访,其中髂静脉支架患者60例,随访3～30个月,平均随访21个月.65例下肢肿胀明显缓解,发现血栓复发6例(8.45%,6/71)其中支架内血栓形成4例(6.66%,4/60),支架移位6例(10.0%,6/60),支架断裂1例(1.66%,1/60).结论 在DSA监视下,取栓联合髂静脉支架置入可提高取栓后静脉通畅率,是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的重要方法.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的血管腔内治疗

目的探讨腔内治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成（LEDVT）的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年12月收治的1068例LEDVT患者临床资料,其中中央型311例,混合型549例,周围型208例。足背静脉、股静脉穿刺造影,下腔静脉滤器植入,进行机械性血栓抽吸,取栓后造影髂静脉存在严重狭窄（〉50％）或闭塞时则球囊扩张和支架植入,残留血栓术后辅助溶栓治疗。随访评估患者腔内治疗的近期、中期疗效。结果近期疗效I级65．45％,Ⅱ级25．75％,Ⅲ级8．05％,1V级0．75％;总有效率99．25％,不同分型的疗效差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后2年随访,优76．06％,良16．41％,中6．28％,差1．25％;支架通畅率88．62％。结论LEDVT腔内治疗,能尽早清除深静脉主干血栓,迅速恢复血流,缩短病程,近、中期疗效显著。     

下肢深静脉血栓的预防及护理进展

18 5 6年 ,Virchow提出静脉血栓形成的三大因素是 :血流滞缓 ,血管内膜损伤 ,高凝状态。直到现在仍被各国学者所公认〔1〕。下肢深静脉血栓 (Lowerextremitydeepvenousthrombosis,DVT)形成的原因较复杂 ,国外文献认为DVT是骨科病人常见的并发症〔2〕。而下肢深静脉血栓又是导致     

下肢深静脉血栓的介入治疗

目的:探讨下肢深静脉血栓介入治疗的效果.方法:110例下肢深静脉血栓患者,70例接受介入治疗,40例行单纯局部溶栓治疗.结果:介入治疗有效率100％,局部溶栓治疗有效率70％,两组患者均未发生肺栓塞.结论:经皮介入治疗下肢深静脉血栓是一种新的可行方法.     

Current treatment of acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

The long-term complications of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) include recurrence, increased mortality, and the development of the postthrombotic syndrome. Rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) are elevated in patients with cancer and thrombophilia. Heparin, administered either as unfractionated or low-molecular weight, is indicated for at least five days for acute DVT. Long-term treatment is currently a vitamin K antagonist with a variable duration depending on the etiology of the DVT and risk of bleeding. Novel anticoagulant agents that target factor Xa and directly inhibit thrombin are being studied in clinical trials and may one day replace vitamin K antagonists for the long-term treatment of VTE. Interventional approaches such as percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy have the potential to reduce clot burden in acute DVT with lower bleeding risks and help prevent development of the postthrombotic syndrome, a common and potentially debilitating complication of DVT.     

超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的临床应用价值。方法收集55例下肢DVT患者,分为置管溶栓组(n=35)和对照组(n=20)。治疗前对所有患者均行超声检查以了解DVT情况。置管溶栓组:下腔静脉滤器置入术后,在超声引导下行患肢静脉置管,用微量泵持续向导管内给予尿激酶和肝素;对照组经静脉注射溶栓尿激酶和肝素进行全身治疗。治疗后所有患者均复查超声,观察疗效并进行比较。结果置管溶栓组所有患者置管成功,其中26例治愈,6例有效,3例无效,总有效率为91.43%(32/35)。对照组5例治愈,8例有效,7例无效,总有效率为65.00%(13/20)。两组疗效差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.99,P0.05)。结论超声引导置管溶栓治疗下肢DVT特异性高、见效快、疗程短,是治疗下肢DVT的有效方法。     

The anatomy of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis, treatment, and long-term sequelae of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) depend on the anatomic location and extent of the process, yet a lack of such fundamental knowledge has limited the development of effective protocols for managing patients with DVT. METHODS: Venograms with evidence of acute DVT were evaluated, and the extent of the thrombotic process was recorded and correlated with the clinical presentation. Thrombi were classified according to the venous segments involved and to the thrombus' isolation to one segment or multiple segments. The left-to-right ratio of the DVT was assessed for various etiologic subgroups. RESULTS: Among 2762 venograms performed in 2541 patients over a 10-year period, there were 885 cases (34.8%) of DVT documented. Of these cases, 344 cases (39%) were idiopathic, 307 cases (35%) were postoperative, 84 cases (10%) occurred in the setting of malignancy, and 70 cases (8%) occurred as the result of trauma. Distal thrombi were more common than proximal thrombi, with calf involvement in 734 patients (83%), femoropopliteal involvement in 470 patients (53%), and iliac involvement in 75 patients (9%). The most common site of thrombus was the peroneal vein, which was involved in 595 patients (67%). The ratio of left-to-right-sided DVT was 1.32:1 overall but was greater for proximal thrombi, with a ratio of 2.4:1 for iliac DVT versus 1.3:1 for infrainguinal DVT. The preponderance of left-sided DVT appeared to be related to the high-frequency, left common iliac vein involvement; the left-to-right ratio was much closer to equality (1.09:1) for isolated infrainguinal DVT. The anatomic configuration of the DVT was correlated with the etiologic subgroup; postoperative DVTs were more often distal, whereas DVT developing in the setting of malignancy was more frequently proximal and often right sided. Proximal, left-sided DVTs were common in the idiopathic subgroup, presumably as a result of undiagnosed left iliac vein webs. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of distal vein involvement greatly exceeds that of proximal involvement in patients with DVTs. Proximal DVTs are more frequently left sided, whereas distal DVTs occur with a more equal left-to-right distribution. The anatomic extent of DVTs appears to depend on the etiology of the process. These observations may shed light on the pathophysiology of venous thrombosis. The findings are of value in planning therapeutic interventions directed at venous recanalization.     

亚急性期下肢深静脉血栓的溶栓治疗

目的 探讨溶栓治疗亚急性下肢深静脉血栓（sDVT）的疗效及总结单中心经验。方法 自2014年至2019年期间,所有在我院诊断为sDVT,并接受溶栓治疗患者纳入研究,收集并分析临床和随访资料。结果 本研究共纳入23名患者,其中男性11名,女性12名,平均年龄35.2±11.7岁。溶栓入路采用足背静脉者8例,采用腘静脉7例,采用对侧股静脉和股动脉者各1例,联合或者序贯采用足背静脉和腘静脉者有6例。辅助采用球囊扩张、支架者或者血栓清除者有6例。溶栓过程中,发生消化道出血1例,经过保守治疗后好转。溶栓后,分别有6例实现完全溶解,8例实现部分溶解,9例无明显缓解。其中,采用辅助策略的例患者均实现了完全溶解或者部分溶解。术后大腿和小腿的腿围分别减小2.8（2.4）cm（P=0.003）和3.8（2.9）cm（P=0.001）。结论 对于sDVT患者,溶栓治疗仍然有良好的效果并具有较高的安全性。溶栓入路根据病变范围和溶栓效果灵活采用。辅助策略包括球囊、支架、AnjioJet血栓清除装置等,可能提高溶栓的效果。     

Functional communication screening in individuals with traumatic brain injury

The feasibility of a novel instrument, the Functional Communication Scale (FCS), was determined for individuals with moderate-to-mild cognitive-communication deficits secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). A group design including 30 adults with confirmed diagnosis and communication problems was utilized. Conversational samples with each participant were videotaped and rated for 13 FCS items. Three raters with diverse clinical experiences rated the elicited samples. Results identified significant and positive relationships between the cognitive-communication severities and the total FCS scores. Significant inter- and intra-rater reliability scores were found for the three raters. The FCS also determined significant differences between individuals with and without concurrent aphasia or dysarthria. No obvious differences were found between males and females nor between individuals with the primary diagnosis of TBI vs other neurological aetiologies. These findings have implications for assessing the adequacy of functional communication of individuals who are candidates for community re-entry.     

下肢深静脉血栓腔内治疗进展

总结近年来国内外有关下肢深静脉血栓腔内治疗的进展,介绍各种腔内治疗下肢深静脉血栓的术式,阐述各类术式的原理及优缺点。目前,腔内治疗方法较多,个体治疗差异大,临床尚无统一的治疗规范,选择何种术式,需根据患者的病情和意愿,以及术者的专业技能及习惯综合使用不同治疗方式。     

瑞替普酶治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓临床研究

目的：评价瑞替普酶（rPA）给药方法在治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓中的临床有效性及安全性。方法将187例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（ADVT）患者随机分为2组,其中静脉快速滴注 rPA 溶栓组85例,24 h 静脉泵入维持 rPA 溶栓组102例。通过对其治疗效果进行分析,比较两组患者治疗前后健患肢大、小腿消肿效果,溶栓效果,溶栓效率及溶栓期间并发症。结果两组患者治疗前后健患肢大、小腿消肿及溶栓效果比较差异均无统计学意义（P 均＞0．05）;24 h 静脉泵入组患者溶栓时间[（4．76±1．56）d]少于静脉快速滴注组溶栓时间[（6．56±0．83）d],即24 h静脉泵入组溶栓效率高于静脉快速滴注组患者（P ＜0．05）;24 h 静脉泵入组患者溶栓期间并发症发生率（3．9％）明显少于静脉快速滴注组（17．6％）（P ＜0．05）。结论rPA 为治疗 ADVT 疗效好、起效迅速的溶栓药物,经静脉溶栓效果好,但24 h 静脉泵入较静脉快速滴注起效更为迅速,且更为安全。     

腹股沟疝术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的治疗体会

目的: 探讨腹股沟疝术后下肢深静脉血栓形成（lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, LEDVT）的治疗经验。方法: 2012年1 月至 2017年 12月我院收治的2 835 例腹股沟疝病人,其中7例（0.25%）病人术后发生LEDVT。结果: 7例腹股沟疝病人术后发生LEDVT,其中1例双下肢,4例左下肢,2 例右下肢。经抗凝和对症支持治疗,均顺利出院。未发生肺栓塞和死亡。结论: 腹股沟疝围术期,要高度重视 LEDVT 的发生。积极预防、迅速诊断和治疗是防治LEDVT 的关键。     

炎症反应在下肢深静脉血栓形成中的作用

目的观察下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者中性粒细胞黏附分子,炎症因子及抗炎因子水平变化,探讨炎症反应在下肢DVT中的作用。方法抽取40例下肢DVT患者及30例健康对照者外周血,分别以流式细胞仪技术检测中性粒细胞CD11b/CD18及CD62L表达,放射免疫法检测血清白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平,酶免法检测IL-10水平。结果下肢:DVT患者中性粒细胞CD11b/CD18平均阳性表达率(53.01±1.81)%高于对照组(20.03±0.54)%(P<0.05),CD62L平均阳性表达率(59.80±8.97)%低于对照组(73.32±1.28)%(P< 0.05),IL-6水平(141.20±56.73)ng/L与对照组(108.85±41.48)ng/L差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),IL-8、TNF—α及IL-10水平分别为(0.57±0.14)、(2.34±1.04)、(50.42±10.62)μg/L,均高于对照组(0.32±O.06)、(1.14±0.40)、(15.50±8.26)μg/L(P<0.05)。结论炎症反应与下肢DVT关系密切,其作用机制的研究有助于预防和治疗DVT。     

多种介入技术联合治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的:探讨多种介入技术联合治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(LEDVT)的临床效果和应用价值。方法:回顾性分析911例急性LEDVT患者的临床资料,中央型423例单纯取栓,混合型275例取栓加动脉腔内留置导管溶栓,周围型166例单纯导管溶栓;其中中央型和混合型患者在取栓或取栓加腔内溶栓后,213例行经皮腔内血管成形术加支架置入。结果:介入治疗总有效率99.34%(905/911),平均住院7.5d。患肢肿胀、疼痛均于介入治疗后1～2 d内开始消退或减轻。37例并发肺动脉栓塞35例救治成功,2例抢救失败死亡。介入取栓及溶栓效果:Ⅰ级49.18%(448/911);Ⅱ级27.44%(250/911);Ⅲ级22.94%(209/911);IV级0.44%(4/911)。出院时健、患肢膝上、下15 cm处周径差为(1.34±1.07)cm和(0.93±0.52)cm,与入院时比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。疗效随访:术后12个月,优78.55%(714/909),良14.96%(136/909),中6.05%(55/909),差0.44%(4/909);术后36个月,优75.25%(681/905),良14.14%(128/905),中10.61%(96/905),差0。结论:多种介入技术联合治疗LEDVT,能尽早清除静脉腔内血栓,迅速恢复通畅的血流,缩短病程,更大程度上保存静脉瓣功能;创伤小,并发症少,近、中期疗效显著。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征的腔内治疗

目的:探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的血管腔内微创治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析7年间收治的262例(275条肢体)下肢深静脉PTS患者的临床资料.患者均行局部麻醉下的血管腔内微创介入治疗.其中经皮血管腔内成形74条肢体,血管成形联合支架置入201条肢体.结果:手术成功268条肢体(97.5％),闭塞血管完全开通,恢复正常的血液回流;7条肢体未能完全开通(左髂总静脉段未能开通)经腰升静脉回流或侧支代偿.240例(91.6％) 253条肢体获随访8～96个月,平均(48.3±20.2)个月,其中完全缓解94条肢体(37.2％);明显缓解152条肢体(60.0％);轻度缓解7条肢体(2.8％).结论:下肢深静脉PTS的微创介入治疗创伤小、恢复快、疗效可靠.