多巴反应性肌张力障碍36例临床分析

目的探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍的病因、临床特点和治疗。方法回顾性分析36例多巴反应肌张力障碍患者的临床资料。结果 36例中男8例,女28例,其中包含2个家系。发病年龄平均9.5岁。均为缓慢起病,首发症状为始自下肢的肌张力障碍者32例,4例以帕金森病样表现起病。症状均呈晨轻暮重。头颅CT、MRI、神经电生理等检查均正常。小剂量多巴制剂治疗有明显疗效。结论本病临床特征显著,只要认识到位,诊断不难,小剂量多巴制剂治疗效果好。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍10例分析

目的认识多巴反应性肌张力障碍的临床特征,以期早期诊治,并加深对该病的认识。方法对10例DRD患者进行临床分析。结果10例患者,男3例,女7例,发病年龄4~28岁,平均12岁,首发症状均为肌张力障碍,下肢起病者8例,上肢起病2例,全部病人均有晨轻暮重的现象,给予美多巴62.5~125mg/d治疗有显著疗效。结论DRD是一种较为罕见的遗传性运动障碍疾病,小剂量多巴制剂有显著、持续疗效,早期治疗效果好,需与其他肌张力障碍相鉴别。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍(附28例临床分析)

目的 :加强对多巴反应性肌张力障碍 (DRD)的认识和重视。方法 :对 2 8例 DRD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :本组男 7例 ,女 2 1例 ,男女之比为 1∶ 3,3个月～ 16岁发病 2 2例 ,2 3～ 33岁发病 6例 ,平均病程13.5年。有家族史者 14例。均为慢性起病 ,首发症状多从下肢肌张力障碍开始 ,起病数年或十数年内缓慢发展 ,伴或不伴帕金森症表现和锥体束征 ,症状有明显的昼间波动性 ,晨轻暮重 ,长期小剂量多巴制剂有持久恒定的疗效。结论 :本病是一种较为罕见的遗传性运动障碍性疾病 ,临床上有独特的临床表现及特效的治疗方法 ,早期诊治 ,预后良好     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍15例临床分析

目的 探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍(DRD)的病因、临床特点及治疗，加强对该病的认识。方法对15例DRD患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果平均发病年龄11．5岁，平均病程8．9年，均为慢性起病，首发症状多从下肢肌张力障碍开始，症状有明显的昼间波动，有晨轻暮重现象。小剂量多巴制剂有显著而持久的疗效。结论本病是一种较为罕见的遗传性运动障碍性疾病，小剂量多巴制剂疗效显著；对儿童期起病的肌张力障碍性患者，应考虑DRD的可能性，早期诊治，预后良好。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍12例分析

目的:分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍(dopa-responsive dystonia,DRD)的临床特点。方法:对12例DRD患者进行临床分析。结果:12例患者,男4例,女8例,发病年龄6～30岁,平均发病年龄13岁,首发症状均为肌张力障碍,下肢起病者10例,上肢起病2例,全部病人均有晨轻暮重的现象,服用小剂量美多巴疗效显著。结论:多巴反应性肌张力障碍具有独特的临床表现和有效的治疗。     

多巴反应性肌张力失常

目的提高对多巴反应性肌张力失常的认识与重视。方法描述近3年诊治的7例多巴反应性肌张力失常患者的临床表现、辅助检查与治疗结果并进行文献复习。结果7例患者均无家族史,发病年龄为6～29岁,平均(13.43±7.93)岁;其中4例患者诊断前的平均病程为1.5年,余3例患者病程较长,分别为47、25和16年。7例患者均为缓慢起病,表现为四肢发僵,活动困难或伴有肢体震颤、足趾屈曲及足内翻,临床症状晨轻暮重。体格检查发现,四肢肌张力呈强直性或齿轮样增高,双下肢腱反射活跃甚至亢进,4例病理征阳性。血清学、脑脊液、头部CT、MR以及神经电生理等各项辅助检查均于正常范围之内。小剂量多巴制剂对所有患者均有明显疗效,平均服用剂量为105.17mg/d,应用最长者达14年,且无须增加剂量。结论多巴反应性肌张力失常为罕见的遗传性运动障碍疾病,临床表现典型者诊断不难。小剂量多巴制剂有显著且持久的疗效;早期应用安坦、金刚烷胺等药物治疗也有效。应注意与帕金森病鉴别。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍

目的：探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析10例多巴反应性肌张力障碍患的临床表现、诊断方法和治疗效果。结果：多巴反应性肌张力障碍发病年龄较早,多见于女孩,表现为肌张力障碍或合并帕金森综合征,呈昼间波动,应用左旋多巴治疗有明显疗效。结论：对幼年起病的肌张力障碍或帕金森综合征患,应首先使用左旋多巴治疗,以筛选出多巴反应性肌张力障碍,使患能够保持正常生活质量。     

多巴反应性肌张力失常

目的 提高对多巴反应性肌张力失常的认识与重视。方法 描述近3年诊治的7例多巴反应性肌张力失常患的临床表现、辅助检查与治疗结果并进行献复习。结果 7例患均无家族史，发病年龄为6—29岁，平均(13．4317．93)岁；其中4例患诊断前的平均病程为1．5年，余3例患病程较长，分别为47、25和16年。7例患均为缓慢起病，表现为四肢发僵，活动困难或伴有肢体震颤、足趾屈曲及足内翻，临床症状晨轻暮重。体格检查发现，四肢肌张力呈强直性或齿轮样增高，双下肢瞻反射活跃甚至亢进，4例病理征阳性。血清学、脑脊液、头部CT、MR以及神经电生理等各项辅助检查均于正常范围之内。小剂量多巴制剂对所有患均有明显疗效，平均服用剂量为105．17mg／d，应用最长达14年，且无须增加剂量。结论 多巴反应性肌张力失常为罕见的遗传性运动障碍疾病，临床表现典型诊断不难。小剂量多巴制剂有显且持久的疗效；早期应用安坦、金刚烷胺等药物治疗也有效。应注意与帕金森病鉴别。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍32例临床分析

目的 探讨多巴反应性肌张力障碍(dopa-responsive dystonia, DRD)的临床特点.方法 对32例DRD患者从发病年龄,临床症状与体征及其治疗等方面进行回顾性分析.结果 32例患者,男10例,女22例,发病年龄为2-37岁.未成年发病多以肌张力障碍为首发症状,成年期发病多以帕金森综合征起病.未成年发病患者表现日间症状波动性大且腱反射亢进的发生率较高,而成年期发病患者姿势性震颤发生率较高.未成年发病患者中有家族史者占50%,而在成年期起病患者有家族史者占75%.以性别分组后,男性多以肌张力障碍起病,女性这一表现并不明显.对32例患者进行小剂量左旋多巴治疗,有持续明显的疗效.结论 DRD患者具有临床表现多样化的特点,临床表现与年龄密切相关.小剂量左旋多巴对DRD患者具有显著而持久的疗效.     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍七例报告

目的加强对多巴反应性肌张力障碍的认识和重视。方法描述我院收治的来自５个家庭７例患者的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗情况。结果男１例,女６例,其中４例为２对姐妹。发病年龄３个月至８岁,平均３１岁,治疗前平均病程１２３年,均表现为缓慢起病的四肢僵硬、活动困难,部分患者伴有肢体震颤、构音不清、吞咽困难,症状均呈晨轻暮重。体检：均有四肢肌张力铅管样或齿轮样增高,多以左侧明显,双下肢腱反射活跃至亢进,部分患者病理征阳性,病程长者可有脊柱和足部畸形。辅助检查除部分患者血清酶增高外,头颅ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、单光子发射断层扫描、神经电生理检查均正常。小剂量多巴制剂对７例患者均有明显疗效,左旋多巴平均剂量为８４８ｍｇ／ｄ（美多巴或帕金宁控释片）,使用最长者已达１５年,无需增大剂量。结论本病是一种较为罕见的遗传性运动障碍疾病,临床诊断不难,小剂量多巴制剂有显著、持续疗效,早期治疗效果好。     

Broadening the phenotype of childhood-onset dopa-responsive dystonia

BACKGROUND: Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) may cause early-onset dystonia, with extrapyramidal or pyramidal tract dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To broaden the phenotype of DRD. SETTING: Tertiary referral university hospital. PATIENTS: We describe 4 female siblings with genetically confirmed DRD, 3 of whom presented with "unsteadiness" and 1 with scoliosis. All had dystonia and pyramidal tract signs, 3 had additional extrapyramidal features (resting tremor, bradykinesia, or rigidity), and at least 2 had definite signs of cerebellar dysfunction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The subjective response to treatment with 62.5 mg of a combination product of levodopa and carbidopa 3 times daily was assessed at both 6- and 12-month follow-up visits with the 7-item Patient's Global Impression of Change Scale as very much improved, much improved, a little improved, no different, a little worse, much worse, or very much worse. RESULTS: All patients showed a good response to levodopa therapy 41 to 49 years after symptom onset. CONCLUSION: Cerebellar signs may be observed in patients with DRD and may improve in response to levodopa.     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍临床分析

目的回顾性分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者的临床特点和治疗原则。方法选择2005年3月-2010年7月门诊或住院治疗且诊断明确的多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者,面对面采集临床资料并门诊或电话随访,对其性别、年龄、发病年龄、家族史、首发症状、就诊症状、诊断延误时间及治疗过程进行分析。结果共21例患者入组,男4例、女17例,平均发病年龄(7.19±3.40)岁,平均诊断延误时间(13.76±11.38)年。均以肢体肌张力障碍为首发症状,20例(95.24%)呈现晨轻暮重现象,6例(28.57%)伴帕金森样症状,2例(9.52%)伴痉挛性截瘫;经小剂量左旋多巴/多巴丝肼治疗后症状显著缓解。随访l 8例患者,仅1例治疗后仍遗留肢体残疾;3例失访。随访期间左旋多巴/多巴丝肼平均维持剂量(175.35±113.51)mg/d,3例患者辅助应用盐酸苯海索(4～6 mg/d)治疗。结论多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者多于儿童期以肢体肌张力障碍发病,小剂量左旋多巴/多巴丝肼治疗效果显著。因此,对于儿童肌张力障碍或青年帕金森样症状患者应行小剂量左旋多巴/多巴丝肼诊断性治疗,以降低多巴反应性肌张力障碍的误诊率。     

多巴反应性肌张力障碍临床分析

目的回顾性分析多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者的临床特点和治疗原则。方法选择2005年3月-2010年7月门诊或住院治疗且诊断明确的多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者,面对面采集临床资料并门诊或电话随访,对其性别、年龄、发病年龄、家族史、首发症状、就诊症状、诊断延误时间及治疗过程进行分析。结果共21例患者人组,男4例、女17例,平均发病年龄（7．19±3．40）岁,平均诊断延误时间（13．76±11.38）年。均以肢体肌张力障碍为首发症状,20例（95．24％）呈现晨轻暮重现象,6例（28．57％）伴帕金森样症状,2例（9．52％）伴痉挛性截瘫;经小剂量左旋多巴,多巴丝肼治疗后症状显著缓解。随访18例患者,仅1例治疗后仍遗留肢体残疾;3例失访。随访期间左旋多巴／多巴丝肼平均维持剂量（175．35±113．51）mg／d,3例患者辅助应用盐酸苯海索（4.6mg／d）治疗。结论多巴反应性肌张力障碍患者多于儿童期以肢体肌张力障碍发病,小剂量左旋多巴／多巴丝肼治疗效果显著。因此,对于儿童肌张力障碍或青年帕金森样症状患者应行小剂量左旋多巴,多巴丝肼诊断性治疗,以降低多巴反应性肌张力障碍的误诊率。     

Response to levodopa treatment in dopa-responsive dystonia

BACKGROUND: Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is similar to Parkinson disease in that both disorders have impaired dopamine synthesis and respond to levodopa treatment. Dopa-responsive dystonia differs in that dopamine storage is intact in contrast to Parkinson disease in which it is markedly reduced. OBJECTIVE: To examine the short- and long-duration responses to levodopa dosing in subjects with DRD. METHODS: The response to brief infusions of levodopa was examined in 4 subjects with DRD and the effects of withdrawal of levodopa for 3 to 7 days studied in the 3 subjects receiving long-term levodopa therapy. Motor function was measured with tapping speed, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score, and global dystonia score. RESULTS: The short-duration response to levodopa dosing seems to develop more slowly and persists longer in subjects with DRD than in subjects with Parkinson disease. Withdrawal of levodopa leads to a gradual decline in tapping speed and reemergence of dystonia over several days, similar to the rate of decay of motor function in Parkinson disease. The short- and long-duration responses were not clearly differentiated in DRD. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that retained dopamine storage in DRD may prolong the short-duration response and blur the distinction of the short- and long-duration responses. The decline in motor function in DRD on withdrawal of long-term levodopa therapy resembles that in Parkinson disease, suggesting that a long-duration response, if it exists in DRD, is unrelated to dopamine storage.     

Variability of clinical expression and evolution of spinal deformity in a family with late detection of dopa-responsive dystonia

This case report documents an unusual presentation of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) in three siblings (two females, one male) which simulated cerebral palsy (CP) and describes the evolution of their spinal deformity in relation to growth and responsiveness to levodopa therapy. The siblings were normal at birth with a negative history of neurological disease or spinal imbalance. They showed marked phenotypic variation but all developed progressive scoliosis and neurological impairment with mixed spastic dystonic features, leading to the misdiagnosis of spastic dystonic CP. Age at establishment of the diagnosis of DRD and levodopa trial for the three patients was 12 years, 9 years 6 months, and 3 years 6 months respectively. In patients 1 and 3, spinal deformity responded dramatically to levodopa treatment and neurological symptoms were ameliorated. Patient 2 developed a rigid scoliotic curve and, despite neurological improvement with levodopa, the spinal curvature remained unresponsive necessitating surgical correction. Spinal decompensation is a common manifestation of DRD, which with early diagnosis and initiation of levodopa treatment has an excellent prognosis. This report highlights the variability of clinical expression in DRD and the importance of an adequate trial of levodopa when unexplained dystonic features are documented.     

Long-term treatment response and fluorodopa positron emission tomographic scanning of parkinsonism in a family with dopa-responsive dystonia.

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) is one form of childhood-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia. Adult-onset parkinsonism has appeared in several previously unaffected members in families with DRD suggesting that this may be an additional phenotypical expression of the disease. We report a family with DRD in which 2 women and 1 man, unaffected by dystonia, developed tremor-onset parkinsonism after age 50 years. The women continue on a low dosage of levodopa after 9 and 13 years of treatment, with a stable, nearly complete, symptomatic response. This contrasts to the typical long-term treatment complications observed in patients with Parkinson's disease. We assessed nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in the proband, with typical DRD, and the 2 women with parkinsonism using 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa positron emission tomography. All 3 had normal striatal 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa uptake. These observations provide compelling evidence that "benign" adult-onset parkinsonism may be an expression of the disease in some members of families with DRD and does not support consideration of the DRD gene as a risk factor for development of Parkinson's disease. There may be considerable clinical heterogeneity in DRD depending on the age at onset.     

Dopa-responsive dystonia and Tourette syndrome in a large Danish family

BACKGROUND: Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Autosomal dominantly inherited defects in the GTPCH gene (GCH1) cause a form of dystonia that is responsive to treatment with levodopa (dopa-responsive dystonia [DRD]). OBJECTIVE: To investigate molecular and clinical aspects of DRD in a large Danish family. METHODS: For analysis of the GCH1 gene, a mutation-scanning method based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used. A novel mutation, X251R, was identified in the GCH1 gene of 2 distantly related Danish patients with DRD, one of whom also had Tourette syndrome (TS). Thirty-five additional family members were investigated for this mutation, and 16 of them underwent clinical neurological examination. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were heterozygous for the X251R allele, 16 of whom had neurological complaints spanning from very mild parkinsonism to severe invalidism due to dystonia. Of 13 symptomatic heterozygotes who had been neurologically examined, 10 had signs of dystonia or parkinsonism. Sixteen of the heterozygotes were treated with levodopa, and 13 reported a treatment benefit. Three of the symptomatic heterozygotes had signs of TS. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the large variability in DRD symptoms and emphasizes the usefulness of molecular analysis for diagnosis and treatment of DRD. The presence of TS is suggested to be coincidental, though the development of TS-like symptoms due to mutations in GCH1 cannot be excluded.     

Clinical and [99mTc]TRODAT-1/[123I]IBZM SPECT imaging findings in dopa-responsive dystonia

We report the clinical and dopamine transporter/D2 receptor single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging findings in a 39-year-old woman with a 24-year history of dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD). The SPECT imaging of the dopamine transporter with [(99m)Tc]TRODAT-1 is helpful in differentiating DRD from early-onset idiopathic parkinsonism. In the later clinical course, the [(123)I]IBZM SPECT is also helpful in differentiating these two conditions. The patient showed a dramatic and sustained response to levodopa, and needed a smaller dose of levodopa for symptom control in the later course.