Antipersonnel mine injuries in Southern Croatia

OBJECTIVES: In this retrospective study, antipersonnel mine casualties in Southern Croatia from 1991 to 1995 are analyzed and treatment options are discussed. METHODS: Mechanism, degree of injury according to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS), as well as surgical treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Of a 2,693 war trauma population, 422 (15.67%) patients sustained antipersonnel mine injuries, 241 (57.11%) from pressure mines and 181 (42.89%) from fragmentation mines. Military personnel were injured in 329 cases, civilians in 60 cases, and children in 33 cases. AIS was 3.01 +/- 0.56 and ISS was 17.92 +/- 6.59. Of 39 fatalities (9.24%) with a mean age of 27.98 +/- 1.70 years, 34 were soldiers, 4 were civilians, and 1 was a child. AIS was 5.35 +/- 0.39 and ISS was 54.94 +/- 2.36. CONCLUSION: Fatalities and morbidity arising from antipersonnel mines can be reduced by the provision of appropriate surgical and evacuation facilities at the actual battlefield.     

颌面部交通伤分析与处理

目的：提高颌面交通伤救治水平．方法：总结近３年我院收治颌面部交通伤１７８例的救治经验，采用ＩＣＤ－９编码、ＩＳＳ评分和ＡＩＳ分级进行病种、伤情和伤因分析．结果：交通事故所致颌面伤仍占首位，发生率有明显增高趋势；ＩＳＳ评分大多不超过１６分，ＡＩＳ分级多小于４级；救治成功率为１００％．结论：笔者总结的颌面部交通伤伤情判断、急救和早期处理、相关并发症和后遗症的处理原则与经验，对正确救治颌面部交通伤有借鉴意义．     

改良面部损伤严重度评分法评价颌面部创伤1134例

目的 用损伤严重度评分（ISS）法改良后得到的改良面部ISS（revised facial injury severity score,RFISS)法评价1134例颌面部创伤。方法 将急诊入院的1134例颌面部创伤病例依损伤部位分为颌面部单一伤（A组）、颌面部多处伤（B组）两组,用ISS法和RFISS法分析。结果 ISS法和RFISS法都能判别A组与B组伤情严重度,两组比较,差异有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）。但RFISS更能将伤情严重程度显示出来。另外,在反映损伤处数方面,RFISS法也优于ISS法（P＜0．01）。结论 在颌面部损伤严重度研究中,RFISS法有效,且优于ISS法。     

Comparison of the injury severity and medical history of disease-related versus trauma-related bicyclist fatalities

The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between injury severity and mechanism of death in bicycle fatalities resulting from trauma compared with those resulting from disease, to propose effective measures to prevent fatal bicyclist accidents.Autopsy and accident records were reviewed for bicyclist fatalities who had undergone forensic autopsy at the Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine between September 1999 and March 2014. Victims’ health histories, blood alcohol levels, causes of death, mechanisms of injury, Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) scores and Injury Severity Scores (ISSs) were determined.Fifty-five bicyclists (43 male and 12 female) with a mean age of 62.5 ± 17.3 years were included in this study. Sixteen victims had driven under the influence of alcohol (mean blood concentration of 1.8 ± 0.7 mg/ml). Mean ISS was 32.4 and the chest had the highest mean AIS score (2.6), followed by the head (2.1) and the neck (1.8). Thirty-nine victims (70.9%) had died of trauma and 16 had died of disease. The disease-death victims had significantly higher prevalence of having diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, heart disease or cerebrovascular diseases (50.0% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.03) and a lower rate of drunk driving (6.3% vs. 41.0%, p = 0.01) than the trauma-death group. All victims who were affected by disease, and 33.3% of trauma-death victims, had fallen on the road without a vehicle collision (p < 0.001). The mean ISS of the trauma-death group was significantly higher than that of the disease-death group (44.0 vs. 4.2, p < 0.001). Except for facial injuries, the AIS scores were significantly higher in trauma-death victims than in the disease-death group (p < 0.005).To effectively reduce bicyclist fatalities, the authors strongly advocate efforts that will increase compliance with drunk driving prohibitions. For victims of fatal bicycle accidents with a medical history of diseases, a forensic autopsy should be performed to establish a disease-related death while bicycle riding. We must also put into effect preventative safety measures, which take into consideration the physical condition of bicyclists, to reduce the incidence of these types of accidents.     

Evaluation of skiing injuries by Injury Severity Score

The goal of this study was to evaluate the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in an alpine area. Hafjell Alpine Centre was the 1994 Winter Olympic Alpine arena in Lillehammer. A total of 2,044,484 lift transportations and 183 injuries were registered in the two winter seasons 1991 and 1992. The injury rate was 1.8 injuries per 1000 skier days. The mean ISS was 3.6 per injury for this particular alpine area. Thirty-six per cent of the injured were women and 35.5% were between 15 and 19 years of age. There was no difference in mean ISS between male and female skiers, but mean ISS was higher in adolescents than in the other age groups. Injuries to the knee represented the single most frequently injured body region, but injuries to the abdomen had the highest mean ISS. Alpine skiers suffered more severe injuries than telemark and snowboard skiers. Severe injuries (ISS > 16) were recorded when unexpected objects, such as a grooming machine, a net, a root, etc., appeared on the slope. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and ISS give us additional information about the condition of the slopes, and their use as a tool in preventing skiing injuries is recommended.     

Injuries from Antitank mines in Southern Croatia

OBJECTIVE: Antitank mines inflict devastating injuries that are usually fatal. The objective of this retrospective study was to analyze antitank mine casualties in South Croatia during the period from 1991 to 1995. METHODS: Mechanism, degree of injury according to Abbreviated Injury Scale and Injury Severity Score, as well as surgical treatment were analyzed. FINDINGS: Of 464 mine victims, 42 (9.0%) patients sustained antitank mine injuries, and 12 of these were fatal (29%). Abbreviated Injury Scale of the antitank mine injuries was 5.3 +/- 10.6. Military personnel were injured in 29 cases, and civilians were injured in 13 cases. CONCLUSION: Although injuries from antitank mines were ravaging, and frequently fatal, a significant number of patients survived.     

341例交通事故胸外伤评分与评价

目的：研究胸伤为主的交通事故多发伤的临床特点和救治现状．方法：选择交通事故伤患者３４１例（５．７％），按来源、胸部伤情和结局分组评分，并预测生存概率Ｐｓ．结果：３４１例中，男２７３例，女６８例，０～８１（４１．８±１５．３）岁，胸闭合伤３４０例，伴多发伤２３４例，三个以上部位的９５例．各种并发症９２例次．存活组３０４例，死亡组３７例，两组年龄相同，死亡组院前时间较短，生理评分ＲＴＳ和ＧＣＳ较低，ＩＳＳ值和胸部ＡＩＳ值高于生存组；两组Ｐｓ有高度显著性差异．结论：胸伤和头伤受损伤程度对车祸患者死亡率的影响较大，可用以分型：胸伤为主型者，若呼吸加快则提示伴胸壁和胸膜腔损伤，或若有ＡＲＤＳ则提示大的肺挫伤或创伤性湿肺；胸伤为次型者，ＡＲＤＳ提示脑伤后神经源性肺水肿；脑伤为主且意识下降者，死亡较高．大型医院的胸部车祸患者伤势较重而死亡率较高，非预期死亡率较低．     

新损伤严重度评分相关文献统计与评价

目的统计分析自1997年新损伤严重度评分（NISS）被提出以来,在研究及应用领域对其与损伤严重度评分（ISS）等创伤评分系统的比较及NISS的应用。方法以NISS为关键词经PubMed数据库检索1997年12月1日-2008年8月31日与NISS有关的研究文献,对各研究结果进行统计分析。结果共有57项检索结果,其中26项无ISS与NISS相关性比较,其余31项中有24项经比较后显示NISS在预后判断方面不低于ISS,其中样本量介于1000～10000的研究提示NISS优于ISS,样本量〉10000或〈10000的研究中,结果提示NISS优于或等效于ISS。仅有1项研究提示在〈65岁患者,在生存概率方面ISS与NISS相同,但ICU入住率及住院时间ISS优于NISS。结论NISS较ISS在预后判断及计算方面的优越性为我们将NISS取代ISS提供了依据。     

The effect of the unrestrained back seat passenger on the injuries suffered by drivers and front seat passengers in head-on collisions

Summary In head-on collisions, loose items in the rear of the car, such as luggage or unrestrained back seat passengers can cause substantial loading on the back of the front seats. The purpose of this paper is to study if such loading increases the injury severity for the front seat occupants. Data were collected from all fatal automobile accidents for a period of 1 year in Sweden. Information was collected about the survivors as well as the deceased. Head-on collisions were selected, and the injuries of the front seat occupants were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). In evaluating the injury severity, the collision energy was taken into account. The results indicate that belted front seat passengers sustain a higher injury risk with an unrestrained passenger in the back seat. These results are valid for collision speeds below 45 km/h.     

Radiological work-up after mass casualty incidents: are ATLS guidelines applicable?

Objectives

In mass casualty incidents (MCI) a large number of patients need to be evaluated and treated fast. Well-designed radiological guidelines can save lives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) radiological guidelines in the MCI of an aeroplane crash.

Methods

Medical data of all 126 survivors of an aeroplane crash were analysed. Data included type and body region of the radiological studies performed on the survivors, Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) codes and trauma care level of the hospitals.

Results

Ninety patients (72 %) underwent one or more imaging studies: in total 297 radiographs, 148 CTs and 18 ultrasounds were performed. Only 18 % received diagnostic imaging of all four body regions as recommended by ATLS. Compliance with ATLS was highest (73.3 %) in severely injured victims (ISS ≥16); this group underwent two thirds of the (near) total body CTs, all performed in level I trauma centres.

Conclusion

Overall compliance with ATLS radiological guidelines was low, although high in severely injured patients. Level I trauma centres frequently used (near) total body CT. Deviation from ATLS guidelines in radiological work-up in less severely injured patients can be safe and did not result in delayed diagnosis of serious injury.

Key Points

? Radiological imaging protocols can assist the management of mass casualty incidents needs. ? Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) radiological guidelines have been developed. ? But radiological guidelines have not frequently been applied in aeroplane crashes. ? Aircraft accidents are of high energy so ATLS guidelines should be applied. ? Following mass casualty incidents total body CT seems appropriate within ATLS protocols.     

The impact of multiple patient transport on patient care in helicopter emergency medical services

INTRODUCTION: Many helicopter emergency medical services can transport either one (singles) or two (doubles) patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the additional patient in the doubles flight had an adverse impact on patient care because of the deceased provider-to-patient ratio. SETTING: Patients were flown by a Level 1 trauma center-based helicopter emergency medical service staffed by a nurse and paramedic. METHOD. A retrospective record and trauma registry review comparing 124 randomly selected scene trauma singles frequency-matched to 100 doubles (1/89 through 6/92) was performed. Data collected included patient demographics, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale, Revised Trauma Score, mechanism of injury, scene time, and ground ALS and helicopter emergency medical services procedures performed. RESULTS: Doubles accounted for 6.5% of all on-scene helicopter emergency medical service trauma patient transports. Paired comparison of Glasgow Coma Scale, Revised Trauma Score, and Injury Severity Score revealed that only one of the doubles patients had a field Glasgow Coma Scale as low, or a Injury Severity Score as high as the average singles. Revised trauma scores were equivalent. Although more procedures were performed during doubles missions, no procedures were performed in most singles missions (58%) and a substantial minority of doubles missions (41%). No differences were found between the groups in change in Glasgow Coma Scale during flight. CONCLUSION: Only of the two patients during doubles missions was as severely injured as the average patient in a singles transport. The decreased ratio of helicopter emergency medical service crew to patients in doubles missions does not jeopardize patient care because few procedures were performed during either singles or doubles missions.     

46例钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的临床比较研究

目的　分析比较钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的临床特点和伤情,以指导创伤的救治。　方法　46例胸外伤合并膈肌破裂病人分为穿透伤组和钝性伤组,比较两组的损伤情况,并应用创伤评分系统进行创伤严重度评估。　结果　钝性胸外伤造成膈肌破裂的发生率低,复杂,常合并全身多发伤,但伤情进展相对较慢;穿透性胸外伤造成膈肌破裂的发生率高,伤情进展迅速,早期易出现失血性休克。比较损伤严重度评分(ISS)、修正创伤评分(RTS)和胸部简明损伤定级(AIS),两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但钝性伤组入院时格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)和腹部AIS较低,分别为12.69±2.69,1.62±1.66（P<0.05）。　结论　针对钝性与穿透性膈肌损伤的不同临床特点,应采取相应的治疗措施,减少并发症,改善预后。     

Injury Severity Score (ISS) as a yardstick in assessing the severity and mortality of various abdomino-pelvic trauma hospitalized victims--a clinical vis-à-vis autopsy study

A summary of 51 cases of vehicular accident showing abdomino-pelvic trauma, along with associated other regional injuries, were studied at the Department of Forensic Medicine at MAM College and Associated Hospitals in New Delhi during 1986. A detailed Injury Severity Score (ISS) was done in all the cases and the relationship of ISS during their clinical treatment phase and after death was studied, keeping in mind factors such as age, survival periods, etc.     

胸部穿透性损伤解剖评分重伤值的探讨

目的　探讨穿透性胸部损伤（PTT）创伤评分指标预测生死结局的效果,界定损伤严重度评分（ISS）、穿透伤指数（PTI）的重伤值,对PTI和ISS进行比较。　方法　295例PTT分为生存组286例和死亡组9例,以胸AIS、ISS和PTI作为评分指标进行创伤评分,比较两组创伤评分和院前时间的差别。对全组ISS、PTI与死亡率的关系分组段分析,将PTI和ISS进行比较。　结果　生存组与死亡组创伤评分和院前时间比较,差异有显著性意义（P<0.05）,ISS值在20～25组段死亡率为14.81%,PTI值在16～19组段死亡率为7.14%,两者分别与10%比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;PTI与ISS有线性正相关关系（r=0.74,P<0.001）,PTI的区别度明显大于ISS,PTI的死亡误判率低于ISS。　结论　建议增加院前时间作为创伤评分指标,ISS和PTI重伤值界定分别为≥20和≥16,评价PTT以PTI优于ISS。     

多发伤并长骨损伤的固定方式与处理时机

目的 分析严重多发伤与长骨损伤的救治关系,探讨骨折固定方式与处理时机.方法 对随机采集的357例多发伤并长骨损伤患者按其长骨损伤特征、固定方式以及处理时间分组进行回顾性分析,采用ALS、ISS和TRISSRTS法对创伤的严重程度进行3个层次衡量评定,以控制组内和组间的可比性与统计学分析.结果 全组长骨损伤AIS最大值(MAIS)=3.28 ±1.15,并发其他部位伤MAIS=4.45 ±1.69,ISS=35.57 ±19.64,Ps=0.67±0.29.伤员生存危险与长骨损伤状况及所并发损伤的部位或器官有关,组合或混合方式固定患者并发损伤部位和长骨数多而伤情复杂,后期固定患者多存在延迟骨折固定的影响因素.结论 建立损害控制的概念,依据伤情进行分类救治有助于权衡骨折治疗利弊并做合理选择或分期实施.     

Pedestrian deaths following collisions with heavy goods vehicles

Pedestrian fatalities following collisions with heavy goods vehicles ('lorries') in south-east Scotland were studied between 1992 and 1998. Data sources included police and ambulance reports, forensic medicine records, hospital casenotes and the Scottish Trauma Audit Group database. All injuries were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, yielding Injury Severity Scores (ISS). Sixteen pedestrians (mean age 60.2 years) died after being hit by a lorry. Actions of pedestrians were implicated in causing all the collisions--four of which appeared to be suicides. Four of the apparently accidental deaths involved pedestrians with significant blood alcohol levels. Thirteen pedestrians were dead when found. Ten pedestrians had an ISS of 75, having a total of 13 injuries acknowledged to be unsurvivable (Abbreviated Injury Scale = 6), largely to the head and chest. The unsurvivable injuries reflect huge forces, explaining why only a small proportion of the pedestrians survived to hospital. There is little potential to reduce the number of deaths by improving hospital treatment, rather the focus needs to be directed towards injury prevention. Although pedestrians appeared to be responsible for the collisions, the results suggest it may be more feasible and effective to direct injury prevention measures towards lorry drivers.     

严重闭合性胸部创伤患者早期凝血功能变化比较

目的探讨各类严重闭合性胸部创伤患者的早期凝血功能变化,以提高该类患者的早期识别及干预。方法回顾性研究2013年1月—2016年6月伤后24h内成都大学附属医院急诊收入ICU及胸外科的胸部创伤患者的临床资料,根据简明损伤分级90版(AIS-90),纳入AIS≥3分的严重闭合性胸部创伤患者,以是否输血、是否为单纯性严重闭合性胸部创伤、是否ISS25分以及是否GCS9分分组,比较入院24h内凝血功能变化差异。结果共纳入228例患者,死亡15例,死亡组ISS评分均高于存活组(t=14.49,P0.01),GCS评分均低于存活组(t=14.44,P0.01)。在严重闭合性胸部创伤患者中,D-二聚体(D-D)和纤维蛋白原降解产物(FDP)在多发伤组、ISS评分25分组及GCS9分组均高于相应的单纯胸部创伤组、ISS﹤25分组及GCS9分组(P﹤0.01);凝血酶原时间(PT)ISS25分组中,高于ISS≤25分组(P0.01)。结论合并多发伤的严重闭合性胸部创伤患者在受伤早期,D-D和FDP明显升高,且该类患者多具有GCS和ISS高评分特点,是临床筛选高危创伤患者并指导进行早期干预的重要指标。     

Suicidal high falls

There are few data on committing suicide by jumping from a height. Information on suicidal high falls in southeast Scotland was prospectively gathered over 7 years (1992-1998). Data sources included ambulance, police, hospital and forensic records. Injuries sustained were scored according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale, generating Injury Severity Scores (ISS). Sixty-three individuals (50 males), appeared to have committed suicide by falling from a height. The backgrounds were diverse, but 44 individuals had known previous psychiatric illness, 18 having attempted suicide before. The most common locations were high bridges, with two accounting for 23 deaths (37%). Only nine individuals (14%) reached hospital alive. ISS range was 16-75, including 22 scores of 75. These individuals had a total of 24 injuries acknowledged to be unsurvivable, comprising 10 thoracic aortic ruptures, eight massive brain/brainstem injuries, four cardiac injuries, and two high spinal cord transections. The high rate of prehospital death reflects the heights of the falls and consequent major injuries. Prevention of suicide is acknowledged to be difficult - these results suggest that hospital treatment of injuries sustained has little to offer in terms of reducing the death rate from suicidal high falls.     

简明损伤定级/损伤严重度评分的研究进展与误用解析

创伤评分、创伤登记和创伤数据库建设是创伤中心质量改进的基石.简明损伤定级(AIS)/损伤严重度评分(ISS)自2008年起被各国用作创伤中心评审的依据,现已发展为全球公认的创伤评分系统.笔者介绍自1971年以来发布的9个版本AIS中代码数量和分值设定的变化,以及近年来AIS/ISS评分体系的应用效果,并结合临床多发伤患...     

A comparison study of chest tube thoracostomy: air medical crew and in-hospital trauma service

Chest tube thoracostomy (CTT) is not frequently performed by non-physician-staffed air medical crews (AMC) due to concern regarding safety, efficiency and training requirements. This study compared two groups of patients requiring CTT, one group with insertion performed by an AMC and the other by a physician trauma service (TS) in the emergency department on patient arrival. The CTT of 172 patients managed at a Level I trauma center between October 1988 and September 1990 were reviewed. Seventy-two patients were managed by the AMC and received CTT in a prehospital setting; the air medical personnel placed the chest tube cleanly in all cases. Chest tubes placed by AMC were removed within 48 hours of transport to minimize infection risk. One hundred patients requiring CTT in the hospital setting were randomly selected from the trauma registry during a similar time span. The study compared the patients' Injury Severity Scores (ISS), and trauma scores, any placement complications and the overall mortality. While the AMC often treated patients with higher acuity, as reflected by ISS and trauma scores and overall higher mortality, the rate of complications between CTT performed by AMC and TS was similar. Appropriately trained AMC can safely perform CTT without putting patients at increased risk.