影响肝移植术后早期预后的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响肝移植术后早期预后的相关的危险因素。方法回顾性的分析了我院自2003年1月1日至2003年10月31日的原位肝移植病例171例。根据术后早期预后分为预后不良组及非预后不良组（术后早期住院期间死亡者或因各种并发症术后〉7d转出ICU者定为预后不良的病人），比较两组病人术前及术中的变量13项；并筛选出影响预后的一些变量。结果171例病人中，预后不良者30人（17．5％），其中围手术期死亡12人（7％）；应用单因素分析比较预后不良及非预后不良病人的各项指标，以下参数均具有显著性差异：Child分级、APACHEⅢ评分、UNOS分级、手术时间、出血量、输血及血浆量、术前cr水平、术前ICU、术前感染及再次手术干预。将预后作为因变量进行Logistic回归分析，筛选影响预后的危险因素，保留在回归方程中的变量有：APACHEⅢ评分、术前感染、手术时间、术中出血和输血量。而病人年龄、CHILD分级、UNOS分级、无肝期、术前Cr、术前ICU停留、再次手术干预被剔除方程。结论通过对肝移植病人术前及术中一些指标的评估，可以在一定程度上预测术后早期的预后。     

肝移植术后神经精神并发症的回顾分析

目的:回顾性分析60例肝移植受体术后神经精神并发症的诊治情况。方法:分析2001年4月至2003年8月60例肝脏移植者术后神经精神并发症的发生、病因、治疗反应及预后情况。结果:60例病人中21例(共23例次)曾有神经精神并发症表现。总发生率为38.3%。其中谵妄样精神障碍15例次(28.3%),癫痫2例(3.3%),昏迷2例(3.3%),肢体运动障碍1例(1.7%),颅内感染引起的头痛、呕吐1例(1.7%)。药物、脑出血、脑梗死、全身感染、颅内感染是相关的病因。16例谵妄样精神障碍及2例脑出血发生在术后1周内,1例颅内真菌感染发生在术后第6月。大部分并发症的治疗反应较好,而脑出血则是严重的移植后中枢神经系统并发症,预后很差。结论:肝移植术后神经精神并发症的发生率较高,大多数病例症状较轻,预后较好,但严重的并发症则死亡率很高。大部分并发症发生在术后早期,也有部分发生在晚期。有多种病因或易感因素。针对不同病因和及时、有效的处理能改善此类病人的预后。     

High incidence of recurrence and hematologic events following liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome

BACKGROUND: Most cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) in Western countries are related to underlying hematologic diseases with inherent thrombogenic propensity. We evaluated the long-term outcome, risks for recurrent disease, and other hematologic complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for BCS. METHODS: Clinical data from 11 consecutive patients with BCS who underwent OLT were retrospectively reviewed. Four patients had a prior transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and one had a surgical shunt procedure. All patients were started on intravenous heparin within the first 24 h following OLT. All except one patient who had protein C deficiency were maintained on long-term oral anticoagulation. RESULTS: The Kaplan-Meier survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 yr were 81, 65 and 65%, respectively. Three patients developed BCS recurrence, including two who died as a consequence of rapid graft failure within days after OLT. Three patients developed other thrombotic events, including splenic vein thrombosis associated with gastric variceal hemorrhage requiring splenectomy, portal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Four patients experienced severe bleeding complications within 7 d after OLT requiring exploratory laparotomy. One patient died after transformation of polycythemia vera to acute myelogenous leukemia at 2.1 yr after OLT. CONCLUSION: We observed a high incidence of recurrent BCS and complications related to the underlying hematologic disorder or anticoagulation after OLT for BCS. The present series also included the first two cases of rapid recurrence of BCS and graft failure within days after OLT.     

Liver transplantation for arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome)

Thirteen out of 268 children (<18 years old) underwent hepatic transplantation (OLT) for end-stage liver disease (ESLD) associated with arteriohepatic dysplasia (AHD). Seven children are alive and well with normal liver function. Six children died, four within 11 days of the operation and the other two at 4 and 10 months after the OLT. Vascular complications with associated septicemia were responsible for the deaths of three children. Two died of heart failure and circulatory collapse, secondary to pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease. The remaining patient died of overwhelming sepsis not associated with technical complications. Seven patients had a portoenterostomy or portocholecystostomy early in life; five of these died after the OLT. Severe cardiovascular abnormalities in some of our patients suggest that complete hemodynamic monitoring with invasive studies should be performed in all patients with AHD, especially in cases of documented hypertrophy of the right ventricle. The improved quality of life in our surviving patients confirms the validity of OLT as a treatment of choice in cases of ESLD due to AHD.     

Liver transplantation in adults: postoperative management and development during the first months

Recent improvements in the results of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have made this a well-accepted treatment for patients with severe hepatic failure. Current problems encountered following OLT are discussed. Immediate complications comprise surgical bleeding, primary graft non-function, and graft failure due to hepatic artery occlusion. Secondary complications are frequent. Surgical ones include biliary and vascular (hepatic artery thrombosis most often) problems, as well as intra-abdominal abscesses associated with gastrointestinal perforation, biliary leak, graft ischaemia or an infected haematoma. 40% of patients having undergone OLT will be reoperated on, 2/3 of them within 3 months. Non-surgical complications are mostly pulmonary. The risk of pneumonitis is increased by prolonged mechanical ventilation; it is always potentially disastrous in the immunosuppressed, transplanted patient. Hypertension is also often seen in the early postoperative period; it requires prompt treatment. Early renal impairment after OLT is common, and of better prognosis than late onset renal failure, which is generally associated with shock, graft failure, sepsis or use of nephrotoxic agents. Seizures, usually only one, occur in about 10% of patients; recovery is complete. Encephalopathy with intracranial oedema related to fulminant hepatitis has a worse prognosis, but survival figures are quite encouraging. Three type of rejection are described after OLT: 1) severe accelerated rejection (very rare), 2) acute rejection encountered in about 70% of patients over the first 3 months, and 3) late rejection, which can lead to the vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS). Diagnosis of rejection is made by liver biopsy. Prophylactic immunosuppression includes cyclosporin, methylprednisolone and azathioprine. Cyclosporin toxicity and drug interactions are reviewed. Treatment of acute rejection episodes comprises an initial bolus of high doses of corticoid drugs; if there is no response, antilymphocyte globulin or monoclonal antibodies may have to be used. Infection is the main cause of death following OLT. Early infections, mostly intra-abdominal and pulmonary, are bacterial or fungal. Vital (especially CMV) and other opportunistic infections occur generally after the second week. Retransplantation, carried out in 10 to 25% of patients, may be urgent in case of primary graft failure, or hepatic artery thrombosis associated with graft failure, or hepatic artery thrombosis associated with graft failure. Other indications are early graft rejection with severe hepatic dysfunction, chronic rejection with severe VBDS, and recurrence of the initial disease.     

肝移植围手术期液体治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨肝移植围手术期的液体治疗与术后早期预后的关系,为肝移植围手术期合理的液体治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析1996年7月至2005年12月的62例肝移植受者资料,根据术后早期是否有肺部并发症(包括肺水肿、急性肺损伤、肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征),将受者分为有并发症组和无并发症组.应用单因素分析比较两组受者围手术期中的23项参数,然后进行logis-tic多因素回归分析,筛选出影响早期肺部并发症的一些变量;并比较这些变量对术后恢复情况的影响.结果 有并发症组和无并发症组受者的23项参数比较发现:术前肺功能、术中入量、术中出血量、术中出入量差、术后第1天入量、术后第1天的液体平衡≤-14 ml/kg和术后第1天及术后3 d内的另1 d液体平衡均≤-14 ml/kg的差异有统计学意义.将有统计学意义的参数作为自变量、术后并发症作为因变量,进行logistic多因素回归分析,结果术前肺功能、术中出入量差>62 ml/kg、术后第1天入量≤44ml/kg和术后第1天及术后3 d内的另1 d液体平衡均≤-14ml/kg为影响术后早期肺部并发症的因素.结论 肝移植围手术期液体治疗中,术中和术后维持液体平衡是减少肝移植术后肺部并发症的重要措施,尤其是术后前3 d在血流动力学稳定的前提下,适当的液体负平衡有利于受者恢复正常.     

七例八次背驮式原位肝移植

对４例Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ病及３例晚期肝病患者施行了８次背驮式原位肝移植术，其中１例为减体积性背驮式原位肝移植。３例已分别存活２年、９个月、６个月，４例死于术后并发症。认为代谢性疾病是原位肝移植的最佳适应证，其次是肝硬变；术后感染、急性和慢性排斥、肺部并发症及胆道并发症是影响患者存活的重要因素；背驮式原位肝移植对全身血流动力学的影响较小。     

重型肝炎肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的防治

目的 总结重型肝炎肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的防治经验。方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2004年10月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院因重型肝炎行肝移植治疗的37例病人的临床资料。结果 37例病人术后1年移植物存活率为83.8％，围手术期死亡6例（16．2％），术后并发ARF12例（32．4％），ARF组与非ARF组术前血总胆红素、肌酐、腹水量、凝血酶原时间比较，差异有显著性意义；两组术中出血量、血制品输入量、无肝期、手术时间比较，差异亦有显著性意义。结论 重型肝炎肝移植术后ARF诱发因素众多，多数病人经过综合治疗后肾功能能够得到恢复，必要时可选择连续性肾替代治疗（CRRT）。     

Pulmonary complications following orthotopic liver transplant

Abstract Pulmonary complications after orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) are frequent, involving high morbidity and mortality. We have determined the pulmonary complication incidence in 187 patients submitted to OLT at the General University Hospital "Gregorio Marañón" in the last 4 years, analyzing the type of infection, evolution, diagnostic and therapeutic measures and their influence on OLT mortality. A total of 120 patients had pulmonary complications, the most frequent being pleural effusion (61.94%), pneumonia (43.36%), and pneumothorax (11.5%). Serious pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed by invasive methods in two patients at the time of surgery (unidentified before OLT); both died at early post postoperative times. Pleural effusion was noted in 70 patients, 31.42% of them requiring thoracic tube drainage, complications developing in 22.72 %. Thirteen patients were diagnosed of pneumothorax, the most frequent etiologies being percutaneous liver biopsy, thoracic tube drainage for pleural effusion, and postoperative complications in 41.6, 33.3, and 23.3 %, respectively. Pneumonia was diagnosed in the 1st month after OLT in 45 patients. Tests to diagnose and identify the etiological agent were made in 71.1 % of diagnosed pneumonia patients, identification being obtained in 62.5 %. Telescope catheter culture identified the agent in 48 %, fiber optic bronchoscopy in 50%, and lung or pleural biopsy in 100%. Respiratory insufficiency was noted in 64 patients (34.22 % of transplanted patients). Factors involved in their development were pneumonia (42.18%), graft dysfunction (39.06 %, pleural effusion (34.37 %), sepsis (28.18%), and poor nutritional status (7.81 %). Fifty patients (41.66%) died, pulmonary pathology being the determinant factor in 28.8%. Patient mortality with respiratory insufficiency was greater, especially in those with three factors involved the development of respiratory insufficiency.     

Acute quadriplegic myopathy with myosin-deficient muscle fibres after liver transplantation: defining the clinical picture and delimiting the risk factors

BACKGROUND: In the last few years, rare cases of acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM*) with myosin-deficient muscle fibres occurring after solid organ transplantation has been reported. The aim of the present study was to review all cases of AQM with myosin deficient fibres seen at our institution among a large series of patients after orthotopic liver transplants (OLT), with special attention to clinical aspects and associated risk factors. Additionally, an extensive review of all ultrastructurally demonstrated cases of AQM in transplant recipients is also included. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among patients involved in 281 consecutive liver transplant procedures performed in a 4-year period, 3 men and 1 woman developed an arreflexic, flaccid quadriplegia in the immediate postoperative period of OLT. After ruling out other causes of weakness, a muscle biopsy was performed and a loss of thick (myosin) filaments was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis in all cases. Accurate clinical, epidemiological, and evolutive data were recorded. RESULTS: Corticosteroids had been used at usual dosage given to liver transplant recipients; all four patients had several intra- and postoperative complications leading to receiving significantly higher amounts of hemoderivates, to develop renal failure in all cases, and to require a significantly higher number of reoperations within a few days after transplantation than our contemporaneous global series of liver transplant recipients. AQM patients required a significantly longer intensive care unit and hospital stay. Muscular recovery was the rule, but currently a mild myopathic gait remains in three patients. These and other reported cases of AQM do not histologically and clinically differ from AQM seen in other critically ill patients who have not had transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a complicated intra- and postoperative course of OLT who develop newly acquired acute muscle weakness should be suspected as having acute AQM with myosin-deficient muscle fibres. In this setting, differential diagnosis with other causes of weakness should be carried out, because the prognosis of this myopathy is good with early muscle rehabilitation therapy.     

乙型肝炎相关性肝病肝移植术后的急性排斥反应

目的 研究乙型肝炎相关性肝病肝移植术后急性排斥反应的发病率、治疗和预防。方法前瞻性地研究用肝移植术治疗乙型肝炎相关性肝病100例，分析急性排斥反应的发病相关因素，急性排斥反应和免疫抑制剂治疗的动态监测及二者间的联系。结果临床型急性排斥反应的发病率为12％，急性排斥反应发生前3～5d，有明显的免疫抑制剂浓度降低的过程。FKS06为基础的免疫抑制方案，加用骁悉，可有效地终止、逆转急性排斥反应；和以甲基强的松龙冲击治疗急性排斥反应相比较，副作用少，但肝功能的完全恢复时间相对较慢。结论乙型肝炎相关性肝病的肝移植术后急性排斥反应的发生率相对较低；和急性排斥反应发生相关的免疫抑制剂低浓度是诱导急性排斥反应的重要相关因素；FK506为基础的免疫抑制方案，可有效地终止、逆转急性排斥反应，且副作用少。     

Early IL-6 plasma concentrations correlate with severity of brain injury and pneumonia in brain-injured patients

BACKGROUND: Brain injury as well as early inflammatory and endocrine responses were found to be indicators for infectious complications in patients with multiple injuries. In this context, brain-derived inflammatory response as well as centrally triggered neuroendocrine activation and systemic immunodepression seem to be of major importance. Therefore, we hypothesize that a circulating index of inflammatory or endocrine function measured soon after brain injury (in patients with admission Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score of 4-7) would discriminate severe from moderate injury as indexed by GCS status on postinjury day 7. METHODS: In a retrospective study, 25 patients with either acute traumatic brain injury or cerebral hemorrhage and an initial GCS score of 4 to 7 were examined. Blood samples were obtained at different time points, and different immune variables and neuroendocrine hormones were determined. According to the GCS score on day 7, patients were divided into two groups (GCS score > or = 8, moderate brain injury; and GCS score < 8, severe brain injury or patients who died within the first week) for comparison of variables. Concluding from the results of this retrospective analysis, in a prospective study patients (n = 26) were divided into two groups according to their interleukin (IL)-6 plasma concentrations on day 1 (IL-6 > or = 100 pg/mL and IL 6 < 100 pg/mL). After 7 days, the GCS score, the infection rate, and the mortality were compared between these two groups. RESULTS: In the retrospective study, we could show that severe brain injury (as assessed by GCS score and mortality on day 7) was associated with high plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, and neuroendocrine hormones within 2 to 6 hours after the acute event. Among the investigated variables, elevated IL-6 plasma concentrations were stable up to 1 day after the acute event with a high predictive value with regard to the short-term prognosis and incidence of infectious complications within the first week. Because of this stability during the first 24 hours, we selected IL-6 for further studies. In the prospective study with a calculated cut-off IL-6 plasma concentration of 100 pg/mL on day 1, the predictive value of this parameter regarding the severity of the brain injury was fully confirmed (positive predictive value, 0.94; this value represents the observed pretest probability of 0.62). All patients who died (n = 5) or developed infectious complications within the first week (n = 8) showed plasma IL-6 levels > or = 100 pg/mL on day 1. CONCLUSION: The IL-6 plasma level 1 day after the acute event with a cut-off of 100 pg/mL (Immulite) seems to be a predictor for short-term prognosis and infectious complications in brain-injured patients.     

Pulmonary complications of orthotopic liver transplantation

Pulmonary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) were prospectively evaluated in 18 individuals transplanted at the New England Deaconess Hospital. Of sixteen patients who survived the immediate postoperative period, 12 (75%) sustained a pulmonary complication. Of these complications, 64% were noninfectious--whereas 22% were infectious, and 14% probably infectious. Six of eight documented infections were caused by viruses of the herpes group. In four cases of viral pneumonitis other pulmonary pathogens were isolated (fungi-3, protozoan-1, bacteria-1). Unlike noninfectious complications, pulmonary infections were associated with a fatal outcome in five of six patients who died after OLT. Pulmonary complications are frequent and serious occurrences after OLT, and contribute to both the morbidity and mortality of this procedure. Compared with pulmonary complications seen after transplantation of other organs, OLT was associated with a higher proportion of noninfectious complications but a similar spectrum of pulmonary infections.     

原位肝移植术后动脉并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后动脉并发症的早期诊断与治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析本院180例次原位肝移植术后动脉并发症的监测、诊断与处理。结果 动脉并发症发生率为5．0％(9／180)，其中肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)5例，肝动脉狭窄(HAS)3例，腹腔动脉狭窄1例。8例动脉造影证实，1例尸检证实。彩色多普勒超声(CDI)的诊断敏感度和特异度分别为88．9％和95．9％；术中超声(IOUS)的敏感度、特异度，阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100％，96．0％，66．7％和100％。3例患者接受介入治疗、3例接受再血管化手术、2例分别接受再次肝移植和非手术治疗。3例治愈，6例死亡。结论CD1是监测动脉并发症的首选方法；IOUS有助于术中的早期诊断。HAS和HAT治疗应首选再血管化或再次肝移植；介入溶栓的疗效不佳；个别患者可尝试非手术治疗。     

High incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation in children

Postoperative pulmonary complications were investigated in a total of 41 pediatric recipients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) between January, 1990 and March, 1992 at the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane. Atelectasis was seen in 40 cases (98%) of the 41 recipients, and occurred in the left lower lobe in 28 cases (68%), and in the right upper lobe in 25 cases (61%). Radiographic pulmonary edema occurred on 23 occasions in 18 recipients (45%). Pulmonary edema was observed just after operation in 9 cases, and in the later stage from the 3rd to 25th postoperative day in 14 cases. Five recipients experienced two episodes of pulmonary edema during their ICU stay. The duration of mechanical ventilatory support was significantly longer in the patients with pulmonary edema than in those without (9.6±3.8vs 3.9±2.2 days,P<0.01). Pleural effusions were observed in 21 cases (52%), of which 18 had right-sided effusion and 3 had bilateral effusions. Pneumothorax occurred in three cases. Pyothorax, hemothorax, bronchial asthma, and subglottic granulation occurred in one case each. The present study demonstrated that postoperative pulmonary complications are frequently observed in pediatric recipients undergoing OLT.     

Incidence and risk factors for the development of prolonged and severe intrahepatic cholestasis after liver transplantation.

Predictive factors for intrahepatic cholestasis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have not yet been established. We sought to identify the incidence and risk factors associated with prolonged severe intrahepatic cholestasis (PSIC) after OLT. We assessed 428 consecutive patients undergoing their first OLT. PSIC was diagnosed if a serum bilirubin concentration was greater than 100 micromol/L and/or a 3-fold increase of alkaline phosphatase occurred within the first month after OLT and was sustained for at least 1 week in the absence of biliary complications. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors independently associated with PSIC. PSIC developed in 107 patients (25%). Independent risk factors by multivariable analysis were intraoperative transfusion of cryoprecipitate and platelets; nonidentical blood group status; suboptimal organ appearance; inpatient status before transplantation; and bacteraemia in the first month after transplantation. In contrast, acute liver failure, older age, and higher levels of serum sodium and serum potassium were all associated with a reduced likelihood of developing PSIC in the first month. There were 47 deaths in the PSIC group (44%) as opposed to 65 deaths in the non-PSIC group (20%) after OLT. A poor preoperative clinical status in conjunction with a suboptimal graft was associated with PSIC after OLT. Avoidance of suboptimal livers and ABO nonidentical grafts for young patients with poor synthetic function and for pretransplant inpatients may lessen this complication and reduce the associated early mortality.     

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as Bridge to Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation (OLT) is a viable option for end-stage pulmonary diseases in selected patients with satisfactory long-term results. However, the paucity of available donors engenders a prolonged stay on the waiting list with progressive decline of lung function. In cases of sudden respiratory failure, admission to an intensive care unit with institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be an option while a waiting an emergency OLT. In 12 OLT candidates we started ECMO because of acute decline of lung function. Eleven patients had cystic fibrosis and the other subject, histiocytosis X. In 7 patients bilateral OLT was performed after a mean waiting time of 6 days from ECMO institution; 5 patients died on ECMO at a mean time of 11.6 days. After OLT 2 patients required reoperation for hemothorax; renal failure and acute leg ischemia occurred in 2 patients. The mean weaning time from ECMO after OLT was 2.14 days. No patient died in the perioperative period and 1-year survival was 85.7%. ECMO represents a valid option as a bridge to urgent OLT for selected candidates.     

Routine Doppler ultrasound for the detection of clinically unsuspected vascular complications in the early postoperative phase after orthotopic liver transplantation

To assess the role of routine Doppler ultrasound in the detection of clinically unsuspected vascular complications in the early postoperative phase after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the findings of 858 routinely performed Doppler ultrasound examinations were analyzed in 268 transplants. At various time intervals after OLT, we encountered 46 abnormal Doppler findings: hepatic artery (thrombosis), portal vein [anastomotic stenosis, (non)occlusive thrombosis or reversed flow], inferior vena cava [anastomotic stenosis with reversed flow, no flow, or (non)occlusive thrombosis], and hepatic veins (to-and-fro flow or stenosis with reversed flow) in 14, 20, 9, and 2 transplants, respectively. Most of these abnormal Doppler findings were confirmed by angiography, cavography, or surgery. The positive predictive value for hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) was 12 out of 14, or 86 %. In the first 2 weeks after OLT, routine Doppler ultrasound revealed 20 of the 46 abnormal findings (43 %). Clinically unsuspected complications of the hepatic artery, portal vein, inferior vena cava, and hepatic veins were found in 9 of the 14 (64 %), 6 of the 20 (30 %), 3 of the 9 (33 %), and 2 of the 2 (100 %) transplants, respectively. The highest incidence – nine vascular complications – was found on the 1st day. On each of the remaining days (except for the 2nd and 9th days), one or two vascular complications were detected. HAT was found mainly in the 1st week. Vascular complications developed independently or concomitantly. We conclude that routine Doppler ultrasound is very important for the detection of clinically unsuspected vascular complications, particularly HAT, in the first 2 weeks after OLT. We recommend routine Doppler ultrasound of all hepatic vessels every 3 days in the early postoperative phase after OLT. Special attention should be paid to the 1st day. Received: 29 August 1997 Revised after revision: 10 February 1998 Accepted: 2 March 1998     

原位肝移植术后监护及并发症分析

目的：探讨原位肝移植术后的临床监护及并发症的防治,方法：30例原位肝移植患者术毕即转入重症监护病房（ICU）,按预先设定处理方法,对全身重要脏器的功能和症状体征进行监测。结果：30例术后并发症主要有呼吸功能不全,胸腔积液,高血压,心律失常,急性肾功能不全,肺部感染及一过性高血糖,28例移植肝功能恢复正常,4例死于并发症,结论：原位肝移植术后易并发全身各重要脏器及系统的并发症,并发症严重影响了肝移植的成功率。     

Incidence and indications for reintubation during postoperative care following orthotopic liver transplantation

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence and indications for reintubation during postoperative care following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Large metropolitan teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 546 adult liver transplant recipients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The medical charts of 546 patients who underwent OLT at our institution between January 1992 and September 1996 were reviewed for the incidence and indications of reintubation throughout primary hospitalization. Eighty-one of 546 patients (14.8%) required one or more episodes of reintubation after OLT. In the majority of cases, reintubation was performed for pulmonary complications (44.6%), followed by cerebral (19.1%) and surgical (14.5%) complications. Cardiac (9.1%) and peripheral neurologic (2.7%) complications were less frequent reasons for reintubation. Overall patient survival, according to the Kaplan-Meier estimates, was 89.9%, 87.5%, 86.5%, and 82.2% after 1, 2, 3, and 5 years, respectively. In patients with one or more episodes of reintubation, overall survival decreased to 62.5% after 1, 2, and 3 years, and to 56.4% after 5 years (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The main indications for reintubation after OLT were pulmonary, cerebral, and surgical complications. These reintubation events had a considerable influence on the patient's postoperative recovery, and were associated with a significantly higher rate of mortality, than for OLT patients who did not undo reintubation.