Creating Synergy between Academia and Practice: The Arizona State University and Mayo Clinic Arizona Model

BackgroundThe academic-practice partnership began in 2005 with a collaborative Pre-licensure Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program. Since that time the partnership has broadened to include faculty development, evidence-based practice, interprofessional education, and research initiatives.PurposeThe purpose is to share the outcomes of this academic-practice partnership and to provide a model for other institutions.MethodsThis successful partnership is grounded in the American Association of Colleges of Nursing and the American Organization of Nurse Executives' eight guiding principles for academic-practice partnerships. The cornerstones to the partnership are communication, collaboration, and mutual respect.ResultsThe initial outcomes of this collaboration increased enrollment, thereby increasing the number of BSN prepared registered nurses; created opportunities for clinical nurses to teach; increased the number of nursing faculty; and capitalized on the strengths of each partner.ConclusionThe most exciting aspect of this partnership is the shared commitment to decrease the gap between nursing education and practice; thus, improving the quality of nursing education, advancing the practice of nursing and healthcare delivery, and enhancing the health of our community. Consistent with the AACN-AONE recommendations, this academic-practice partnership prepares nurses of the future to be evidence-based practitioners and creates opportunities for nurses to achieve educational and career advancements.     

The role of academic-practice partnerships from perspectives of nursing students: A cross -sectional study

BackgroundCollaborations between nursing schools and teaching hospitals are important for achieving the goals of clinical nursing education. While previous work showed that nursing students benefit from academic-practice partnerships, it is unclear how these collaborations help nursing students.ObjectiveTo identify the role of academic-practice partnerships from the perspective of nursing students. Two hypothetical models based on system theory were proposed that utilized input-transformation-output processes. The input, transformation, and outputs were the “academic-practice partnership”, “interaction between nurses and nursing students”, and “professional self-concept and organizational socialization of nursing students”, respectively.DesignThis study used a cross-sectional research design.SettingThis study was conducted at a nursing school in Korea.ParticipantsThe participants included 243 fourth-year nursing students who were about to graduate.MethodsA questionnaire was used to collect data in August 2019. Path analysis was used to explore the models to determine the roles of academic-practice partnerships.ResultsTwo hypothetical models indicated the role of academic-practice partnership. The academic-practice partnership positively affected the interaction between nurses and nursing students, which directly and indirectly benefitted professional self-concept and organizational socialization of nursing students.ConclusionThe higher perceived academic-practice partnership by nursing students, the better their interactions with nurses, professional self-concept, and organizational socialization. Therefore, nursing students should be aware of the academic-practice partnerships and nursing educators should effectively show these partnerships or collaborations to nursing students. Moreover, nursing educators should also encourage nursing students to interact with their preceptors in their practicums and, as nurses are important educators in academic-practice partnerships, they should be qualified as preceptors to teach nursing students.     

Nursing informatics and undergraduate nursing curricula: A scoping review protocol

AimThis scoping review aims to review contemporary published literature on Nursing Informatics education in undergraduate nursing education.IntroductionNursing is the largest workforce in health care and nurses are increasingly required to work with digital information systems. The need for nurses to understand and embrace information technology is closely linked with the ability to function in the contemporary healthcare workplace. However, despite the early adoption of Nursing Informatics in Australia in the 1980 s, there remain barriers to Nursing Informatics engagement and proficiency, including poor computer literacy, limited professional development and a lack of undergraduate informatics education.DesignThis scoping review will be developed in adherence with the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis: Scoping Reviews and the PRISMA-ScR Checklist.MethodsTo be included in this scoping review, papers need to include Nursing Informatics education for undergraduate nursing students in a Bachelor of Nursing program. Undergraduate nursing students are defined as individuals enrolled in a recognised nursing program leading to registration as a Nurse. To meet the requirements for registration as a Registered Nurse, in Australia, individuals are required to complete a Bachelor of Nursing program at a university (Australian Qualifications Framework Level 7) For the purpose of this scoping review, undergraduate nursing students are defined as those individuals undertaking a three year Bachelor of Nursing program at a university. Equivalent international definitions will be also used in the scoping review procedure. Sources of information will be included if they were published between 2015 and 2022 and describe curriculum recommendations (including barriers to implementing Nursing Informatics education). The purpose of the identified timespan is to reflect the rapidly evolving nature of health informatics and digital technologies. The requirement for curriculum recommendations is to reflect the purpose of the scoping review as the basis for a Delphi study, where Nursing Informatics and its integration into Bachelor of Nursing curricula will be explored and described in collaboration with domain experts.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained for this scoping review (Project ID: 2156) from the Flinders University’s Human Research Ethics Committee and has been determined to be low risk.     

Teaching and learning about dementia care among undergraduate nursing students: A scoping review

AimReview available evidence on teaching methods and learning outcomes among undergraduate nursing students regarding care for people with dementia. Background: The debilitating nature and the rapidly growing number of dementia cases will cause significant increase in the demand of healthcare services. Nurses play an essential role in improving the quality of care for people with dementia, although some evidence suggests that training in dementia care among nurses is poor.DesignA scoping review of the literature. following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. The source of evidence selection adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for scoping review.MethodsData sources were Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Centre and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were studies found through database search up to 15th December 2020, published in English or Spanish with data regarding any method used for dementia education among undergraduate nursing students.Results19 studies were included in this review. The identified methods were simulation (n = 5), awareness-raising activities (n = 4), placement (n = 3), home visits (n = 3), combined activities (n = 3) and service learning (n = 1). Learning outcomes were measured in terms of knowledge, attitudes, preparedness, empathy, self-confidence, self-efficacy, awareness and students´ perceptions.ConclusionsThis scoping review has found high heterogeneity among dementia education programs and learning outcomes. Nursing education can be enhanced by designing and measuring effective and evidence-based educational interventions so that nursing students develop competencies which make it easier to deliver quality care for people with dementia.     

乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿患者运动指导方案的证据总结

目的 评价并总结乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿运动指导的相关证据,为医护人员对淋巴水肿患者采取运动干预提供依据。方法 系统检索BMJ Best Practice、UpToDate、Cochrane Library、Joanna Briggs Institute（JBI）循证卫生保健国际合作中心图书馆、JBI在线临床治疗及护理证据网络、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所网站、美国国立指南库、国际指南协作网、苏格兰校际指南网络、美国国立综合癌症网络、加拿大安大略注册护士协会网站、国际淋巴水肿网站、国际淋巴水肿协会网站、PubMed、CINAHL、Embase、Web of Science、Physiotherapy Evidence Database、中国指南网、中国知网、万方、中国生物医学文献服务系统、维普数据库关于乳腺癌相关淋巴水肿运动方面的指南、专家共识、证据总结、系统评价等证据,检索时间为建库至2019年7月,由2名具有循证护理知识的研究人员独立对文献进行质量评价和证据级别评定。结果 共纳入19篇文献,包括1篇临床决策,1篇推荐实践,1篇证据总结,5篇指南,3篇专家共识,8篇系统评价,从运动禁忌证、运动前评估、运动前测试、运动强度、运动安全性、运动方案、注意事项、健康教育8个方面汇总23条最佳证据。 结论 运动干预可改善淋巴水肿症状,医护人员需结合临床情境,考虑患者的意见,为淋巴水肿患者提供个性化的运动指导,发挥运动疗效,以进一步提高患者的生活质量。     

Searching for collaboration in international nursing partnerships: a literature review

GEORGE E.K. & MEADOWS‐OLIVER M. (2013) Searching for collaboration in international nursing partnerships: a literature review. International Nursing Review 60 , 31–36 Background: Nurses from low‐income countries (LICs) face extreme nursing shortages, faculty shortages and a lack of professional development opportunities. Nurses from high‐income countries (HICs) can leverage their wealth of resources to collaborate with nursing colleagues in LICs to expand clinical, education and research capacity. In turn, nurses from HICs gain stronger competency in the care they provide, improved communication skills and an increased understanding of global health issues. Aim: The purpose of this literature review is to identify international nursing clinical, education and research partnerships among nurses from LICs and HICs and to analyse the degree of collaboration involved in each partnership using DeSantis' counterpart concept. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of international nursing partnerships in the scientific literature from January 2001 to July 2012. A total of nine articles met inclusion criteria for analysis. Findings: All of the articles discuss lessons learnt in building international nursing partnerships among nurses from HICs and LICs. However, the articles failed to meet the criteria set forth by DeSantis' counterpart concept to achieve fully collaborative nursing partnerships. Conclusions: International nursing partnerships require more foresight and planning to create partnerships in which the benefits derived by nurses from LICs equal those of their colleagues from HICs. By striving for such collaboration, international nursing partnerships can help build nursing clinical, education and research capacity in LICs.     

Effective academic-practice partnership models in nursing students' clinical placement: A systematic literature review

ObjectivesThis systematic review examines the effectiveness of academic-practice partnership models which include clinical faculty and clinical mentor roles in improving nursing students' clinical learning when compared with traditional models.Review methodsPubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library were searched to locate Randomized Control Trials and quasi-experimental studies published from 1999 to 2020. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools were used to ensure methodological quality.ResultsFourteen studies were included in the review. The Collaborative Teaching Model and the Dedicated Education Unit model were tested in randomized controlled trials. Dedicated Education Unit, Dedicated Education Centre, Clinical Education Units, Education Partnership model, Collaborative educational-practice model and Collaborative clinical practicum model were evaluated in four experimental studies and ten quasi-experimental studies. Studies did not include patient participation, and staff and faculty had anecdotal presence.ConclusionThere is limited evidence on the effectiveness of academic-practice partnership models. However, the complementary roles of clinical faculty and clinical mentor, in addition to education and health institutions managers commitment could successfully facilitate students' clinical learning.     

卒中后吞咽障碍患者卒中相关性肺炎预防的证据总结

目的 总结、评价国内外关于卒中后吞咽障碍患者卒中相关性肺炎预防的最佳证据,为临床护理人员提供循证依据.方法 检索UpToDate、BMJ best practice、Cochrane Library、苏格兰学院间指南网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库等,检索时间限制为建库至2020年5月6日,由2名研究者使用AGR...     

胰十二指肠切除术后患者早期肠内营养的最佳证据总结

目的 检索胰十二指肠切除术后患者早期肠内营养的相关证据,并对最佳证据进行总结,为临床护士实施胰十二指肠切除术后早期肠内营养管理提供循证依据。 方法 计算机检索UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健国际合作中心图书馆、Cochrane Library、英国国家临床优化研究所、美国肠外肠内营养学会、欧洲临床营养与代谢学会、PubMed、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普、中国知网和万方数据库中关于胰十二指肠切除术后患者早期肠内营养的所有证据,包括指南、专家共识、系统评价、Meta分析。检索时限为建库至2020年6月15日。由2名经过循证培训的研究者独立完成文献的质量评价,并结合专业人士的意见,对符合质量标准的文献进行证据提取及总结。 结果 初步检索共获得文献281篇,最终纳入12篇文献,包括4篇指南、1篇专家共识、2篇系统评价、5篇Meta分析,从早期肠内营养适应证及安全性评估、开展早期肠内营养的时机、途径的选择以及目标营养需要量管理4个方面汇总11条最佳证据。 结论 胰十二指肠切除术后患者早期进行肠内营养安全可行。在实施早期肠内营养的管理中,护理人员应结合临床情境、医护人员应用证据的促进因素及阻碍因素、患者意愿选择最佳证据,以形成科学、有循证依据的胰十二指肠切除术后早期肠内营养管理方案,从而加速患者康复,提升护理质量。     

A protocol for a scoping review of the use of mental simulation and full-scale simulation in practising healthcare decision-making skills of undergraduate nursing students

AimThis scoping review aims to explore the effect of FSS and mental simulation on the decision-making skills of nursing students.BackgroundFull-scale simulation (FSS) has been the most used simulation modality in nursing education due to its applicability to enhance both technical and non-technical skills. However, FSS can be excessively costly and other factors such as technophobia and lack of trained staff and support make FSS less accessible, especially for nursing education. Therefore, a novel mental simulation that is interactive and supported by visual elements can be a substitute for FSS, at least for some of the skills, such as clinical decision-making. Reviews comparing the effectiveness of FSS and mental simulation on decision-making skills in nursing students are lacking. Further knowledge on the effectiveness of these two modalities on decision-making skills for nursing students is needed to inform the nursing education curriculum and to decide between the two modalities.DesignThis protocol adheres to the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-scr) checklist.MethodThe methodological framework for scoping reviews will be followed for this scoping review. Scopus, EBSCOhost the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE and for the grey literature ERIC and BASE will be searched for related studies. The search will be limited to January 2008 and April 2023 (up-to-date) and English. A detailed search strategy was developed with an experienced research information manager and this strategy will be adapted to each database. A single screening will be performed by an author who will screen all abstracts and titles and full-text publications. After the study selection step of the framework, the data from the included studies will be charted using a data extraction form. The data will be synthesised by comparing the effect of FSS and mental simulation on decision-making skills.ConclusionA synopsis of the publication on FSS and mental simulation on nurse students’ decision-making skills will be useful for stakeholders when choosing between two modalities to deliver decision-making skills to nursing students and also help to inform the nursing education and simulation practice.Scoping Review RegistrationProtocols.io (doi: 10.17504/protocols.io.e6nvw57y7vmk/v1)     

The critical elements of effective academic-practice partnerships: a framework derived from the Department of Veterans Affairs Nursing Academy

Background

The nursing profession is exploring how academic-practice partnerships should be structured to maximize the potential benefits for each partner. As part of an evaluation of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nursing Academy (VANA) program, we sought to identify indicators of successful partnerships during the crucial first year.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative analysis of 142 individual interviews and 23 focus groups with stakeholders from 15 partnerships across the nation. Interview respondents typically included the nursing school Dean, the VA chief nurse, both VANA Program Directors (VA-based and nursing school-based), and select VANA faculty members. The focus groups included a total of 222 VANA students and the nursing unit managers and staff from units where VANA students were placed. An ethnographic approach was utilized to identify emergent themes from these data that underscored indicators of and influences on Launch Year achievement.

Results

We emphasize five key themes: the criticality of inter-organizational collaboration; challenges arising from blending different cultures; challenges associated with recruiting nurses to take on faculty roles; the importance of structuring the partnership to promote evidence-based practice and simulation-based learning in the clinical setting; and recognizing that stable relationships must be based on long-term commitments rather than short-term changes in the demand for nursing care.

Conclusions

Developing an academic-clinical partnership requires identifying how organizations with different leadership and management structures, different responsibilities, goals and priorities, different cultures, and different financial models and accountability systems can bridge these differences to develop joint programs integrating activities across the organizations. The experience of the VANA sites in implementing academic-clinical partnerships provides a broad set of experiences from which to learn about how such partnerships can be effectively implemented, the barriers and challenges that will be encountered, and strategies and factors to overcome challenges and build an effective, sustainable partnership. This framework provides actionable guidelines for structuring and implementing effective academic-practice partnerships that support undergraduate nursing education.

     

血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血栓预防的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、评价并汇总血液透析患者动静脉内瘘血栓预防的最佳证据,为提高自体动静脉内瘘长期生存率提供参考。 方法 根据循证护理方法,系统检索BMJ最佳临床实践、UpToDate临床顾问、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、Cochrane图书馆、DynaMed循证知识库、美国指南网等指南数据库、美国国家肾脏基金会等专业协会网站、PubMed等综合数据库中有关血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血栓预防的证据,文献类型包括临床决策、临床指南、证据总结、系统评价、专家共识。由循证团队进行证据的提取、汇总、质量评价。 结果 通过文献检索共纳入文献14篇,其中临床决策5篇,指南6篇,系统评价1篇,专家共识2篇。结合临床专业人员意见汇总6个主题、34条证据,包括评估、监测与筛查、自体动静脉内瘘的规范使用、人员与培训、健康教育、透析低血压管理。 结论 该研究总结了自体动静脉内瘘血栓预防的最佳证据,可为透析中心医护人员提供参考。临床医护人员采纳证据应用到临床时要结合专业人员判断及患者偏好,审慎应用。     

Interpersonal and communication skills development in general nursing preceptorship education and training programmes: A scoping review

AimThe aim of this systematic scoping review is to examine and synthesise the available literature on developing interpersonal and communication skills in general nursing preceptorship education programmes.BackgroundHighly developed interpersonal and communication skills are an essential component of nursing preceptorship. Preceptors are integral in facilitating, guiding, and developing positive interpersonal relationships between the nursing student (the preceptee), the qualified nurse (the preceptor), and patients. They also have a responsibility to foster and develop preceptees' interpersonal and communication skills and assess and deem preceptees as competent in such skills. Furthermore, preceptors require effective interpersonal and communication skills to carry out key responsibilities of their role, including creating a safe clinical learning environment, teaching, and providing effective feedback.DesignA scoping review was conducted using the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guided the reporting.MethodsFive electronic databases were searched for relevant articles in consultation with a librarian, supplemented by hand-searching and internet searches for grey literature. A total of 19,431 potentially relevant articles published between Jan 2000 and August 2021 were retrieved from the initial search, and an additional six articles were obtained from the supplemental search. A total of 146 articles were independently reviewed by two researchers, resulting in 24 articles eligible for inclusion in the review.ResultsSeveral themes were identified in the literature that influenced the development of interpersonal and communication skills in preceptorship education and training programmes, including design and development of programmes, key learning outcomes, pedagogical approaches of preceptorship education and training programmes and interpersonal & communication skills development in preceptorship education and training programmes. ConclusionsThis review highlighted that research on developing interpersonal and communication skills amongst preceptors is mainly absent from the literature. Further research to address these knowledge gaps is warranted. The results from this review can be used to inform future curriculum design and development of nursing preceptorship education and training programmes.     

吞咽障碍患者服药管理的最佳证据总结

目的检索、评价和总结吞咽障碍患者服药管理的最佳证据。方法运用循证护理的方法,针对吞咽障碍患者服药管理提出问题,系统检索UpToDate、BMJ、乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI)图书馆、Cochrane Library、加拿大安大略注册护士协会网站、英国国家临床医学研究所指南库、苏格兰学院间指南网、美国国立指南网、国际网络指南网、加拿大医学会临床实践指南、美国心脏/脑卒中协会网站、PubMed、CINAHL、英国NEWT网站、中国生物医学文献数据库、医脉通、中国知网等数据库或网站,检索时限为建库至2021年1月,文献类型涵盖临床决策、临床实践指南、证据总结、系统评价、专家共识。由3名研究者对检索到的文献进行评价和证据提取。结果共纳入12篇文献,其中临床决策2篇、指南2篇、证据总结6篇、专家共识2篇。总结了8个方面的最佳证据,包括医护人员教育和培训、用药前筛查和评估、多学科合作、代偿性方法、口服固体剂型的选择、碾碎药物的管理、胃肠营养管用药、用药效果监测和记录。结论该研究针对吞咽障碍患者服药管理进行证据总结,为建立吞咽障碍患者服药规范流程、实践...     

Ten Years and Counting: A Successful Academic-Practice Partnership to Develop Nursing Research Capacity

Achieving a decade long successful academic-practice partnership between a university-based school of nursing and a large private healthcare organization during a time of healthcare payment transformation is a significant accomplishment. Goals of the partnership are to provide evidence that 1. research collaboration and mentoring are instrumental in improving patient care by shaping nursing infrastructure and capacity and 2. consultation and mentoring activities will effectively engage faculty and staff nurses in an academic-practice research partnership. Nursing faculty and practicing clinicians collaborate on organizational priorities to improve patient care outcomes. Of the 28 approved studies, 17 are completed, five are in progress, and six were not completed. Dissemination products directly related to this partnership include: three publications, 23 podium presentations, and eight poster presentations delivered at local, national, and/or international conferences. Findings from seven of the 17 completed projects have been translated to improve practice. Several partnership participants have continued their academic progression and continue to conduct studies. This innovative partnership is a successful endeavor that bridges education and practice in our community, while developing research capacity in both institutions. This article adds to the emerging literature on models of academic-practice partnership to develop nursing research.     

年轻乳腺癌患者生育指导的最佳证据总结

目的 评价并总结年轻乳腺癌患者生育指导的相关证据,为医护人员对年轻乳腺癌患者开展生育指导提供依据。方法 系统检索UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、Cochrane Library、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所、国际指南网、苏格兰学院间指南网、美国国立指南网、加拿大安大略省注册护士协会、医脉通、中国指南网、美国国立综合癌症网络、美国临床肿瘤协会、欧洲临床肿瘤协会、美国癌症协会、中国抗癌协会、中华护理学会、PubMed、Web of Science、CINHAL、Trip Medical Database、Clinical Trials、Open Grey、Grey Guide、中国知网、万方医学网、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统等网站或数据库中关于年轻乳腺癌患者生育指导的临床决策、指南、系统评价、证据总结和专家共识等证据,检索时限为建库至2021年11月,由2名具有循证护理研究背景的研究者独立完成文献的质量评价,并结合专业人士的意见,对符合质量标准的文献进行证据提取及总结。结果 共纳入9篇文献,包括1篇临床决策...     

Blended learning in undergraduate nursing education – A scoping review

ObjectivesTo provide a comprehensive scoping review of the existing literature regarding the use of blended learning in undergraduate nursing education. To align the varied educational terms and definitions with the broad definition of blended learning.DesignScoping review following established methodology.Data sourcesIn consultation with library services, the academic literature was searched. Electronic databases searched included ERIC (OVID), Medline (OVID), PubMed, Nursing and Allied Health, and CINAHL Plus.Review methodsA total of 189 potentially relevant nursing research articles published between the years of 2009 and 2019. Three reviewers independently reviewed the articles, leaving 37 relevant primary articles in the nursing field to be included in the scoping review.ResultsNursing content delivered using blended learning approaches were organized into 8 themes. Themes include Professional Nursing Skills; Mental Health Nursing; Bioscience; Pharmacology, Specialty Populations; Nursing Assessment; Acute Care Nursing; and the Art of Nursing. A variety of blended learning approaches are being utilized in Undergraduate nursing education, the majority of which are happening in the classroom.ConclusionThis scoping review presents explicit the degrees to which blended learning is referred to in the nursing education literature and expanded the definition of blended learning to encompass the terminology associated with distributed, decentralized, hybrid, and flexible learning. There is a wide, varied, and expanding number of blended learning approaches currently being utilized in nursing education to teach a wide range of nursing content and skills. An expanded scoping review focused on blended learning in psychiatric nursing, licenced practical nursing, nurse practitioners, and all graduate level nursing education programs is recommended as is additional research into the use of blended learning in the lab or clinical setting.     

腹膜透析患者便秘管理的最佳证据总结

目的 提炼并总结腹膜透析患者便秘管理的最佳证据,为临床医护人员制订腹膜透析患者便秘评估和管理方案提供依据。方法 系统检索国内外相关指南网站、UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方数据库中与腹膜透析患者便秘管理相关的文献,包括最佳实践、推荐实践、指南、专家共识、证据总结、系统评价,检索时限为建库至2022年3月18日。由2名研究者独立对文献质量进行评价并提取资料。结果 共纳入14篇文献,包括指南4篇、专家共识3篇、最佳实践2篇、系统评价2篇、推荐实践3篇,总结的最佳证据包括评估、健康指导、用药管理、其他治疗4个方面,共22条。结论 该研究总结了腹膜透析患者便秘管理的最佳证据,可为制订腹膜透析患者便秘评估和管理方案、实践标准提供循证依据。