CT血管造影在延期DIEP皮瓣乳房重建术中的应用研究

背景与目的:乳房切除术后自体组织重建中,腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric perforator,DIEP)皮瓣越来越受到外科医师的关注,如何安全、有效地进行穿支血管定位、抉择、解剖是制备DIEP皮瓣最大的难点.探讨CT血管造影(computed tomographic angiograp...     

Secondary breast reconstruction after mastectomy using the DIEP flap

Introduction

Breast reconstruction is an important element in the successful therapy of breast cancer [1]. Thereby, autologous microvascular breast reconstruction has been shown to be a reliable technique. The use of a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap or a muscle-sparing (MS) free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap is recognized in many centres as gold standard for reconstructive options [[2], [3], [4]]. Based on our experiences with 137 patients over a 5-year period we want to highlight the technical aspects of the free microsurgical autologous breast reconstruction using a DIEP flap.

Skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap

BACKGROUND: It is important for breast reconstruction after mastectomy to recreate immediately good breast symmetry with an adequate amount of soft tissue. METHODS: Eight patients with breast cancer underwent skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. This operative technique, and the results, advantages, and disadvantages of the technique were assessed. RESULTS: Seven patients had stage IIA disease, and one patient had stage I disease. An arc-shaped incision was made just at the lateral border of the breast in all patients. Three patients had a separate periareolar incision, and one had a circumferential nipple incision. There was 100% flap survival, and good breast symmetry was achieved in all patients. No major perioperative complications occurred in this series. A small amount of fat necrosis occurred in one flap. One patient had slight abdominal bulging. Minor wound-healing problems at the lateral breast skin envelope occurred in two patients. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with a DIEP flap is a reliable and safe technique. This method is a potentially useful surgical technique, which has achieved very promising results.     

Quality of life after autologous fat transfer additional to prosthetic breast reconstruction in women after breast surgery: A systematic review

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most frequent form of cancer among women worldwide. Reconstructive surgery may improve the quality of life (QoL), after mastectomy. Various techniques are used to reconstruct the female breast; however, few is known about its specific post-surgery influence represented in patient-reported outcomes.ObjectiveThis systematic review assesses the difference in patient-reported QoL between prosthetic reconstruction alone, and prosthetic reconstruction with additional autologous fat transfer (AFT).Data sourcesA literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and CINAHL online databases from inception to February 11th, 2020.Study selectionInclusion and exclusion criteria were used to assess the eligibility of the retrieved articles. The only eligible studies were cohort studies.Data collection and analysisRelevant data for the research question was extracted from the articles and systematically documented. Results not contributing to answering the objective were intentionally left out. No meta-analysis was realized.ResultsThis systematic review resulted in the inclusion of only six relevant studies, all cohort studies, consisting of 1437 unique patients. These studies evaluated the quality of life of patients by means of the validated BREAST-Q questionnaire. Outcomes varied for which reason no definite answer could be provided to whether additional AFT results in a higher QoL.ConclusionsIt is unclear whether additional AFT after prosthetic surgery leads to a higher QoL when compared to sole prosthetic reconstruction or not. Additional studies, assessing the QoL of patients who received additional AFT, are required to draw solid conclusions.Level of evidenceLevel III; systematic literature review of cohort studies.     

Options for immediate breast reconstruction following skin-sparing mastectomy

Background  Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a type of breast cancer surgery presupposed as breast reconstruction surgery. Cosmetically, it is an extremely effective breast cancer operation because the greater part of the breast’s native skin and infra-mammary fold are conserved. All cases of SSM and immediate breast reconstruction performed by the senior author during the last five years were reviewed. as]Methods: There are three implant options for breast reconstruction, namely, deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap, latissimus dorsi myocutaneous (LDM) flap, and breast implant, and one of these was used for reconstruction after comprehensive evaluation. Results  From 2001 to 2005, immediate reconstructions following SSM were performed on 124 cases (128 breasts) by the same surgeon. Partial necrosis of the breast skin occurred in 4 cases of SSM. The mean follow-up was 33.6 months. During the follow-up, there was local recurrence following surgery in 3 cases. The overall aesthetic results of immediate breast reconstruction after SSM are better than those after non-SSM. Conclusion  SSM preserves the native breast skin and infra-mammary fold, and is an extremely useful breast cancer surgery for breast reconstruction. SSM is an excellent breast cancer surgical technique. We think this procedure should be considered in more facilities conducting breast reconstruction in Japan.     

带蒂腹直肌皮瓣在乳房重建手术中的应用

随着人民生活水平的提高和医学技术的发展,乳腺癌患者接受全乳切除术后对乳房重建的需求日益增长。带蒂腹直肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis muscle,TRAM)手术是重要的自体组织乳房重建方法。该文就TRAM皮瓣的解剖与血供、TRAM手术的适应证和禁忌证、手术步骤以及并发症进行介绍,同时还对TRAM手术中的一些细节问题进行了探讨。TRAM术式作为自体组织乳房重建技术,不需要假体,从而避免了假体相关的并发症。另外相比于假体重建,自体组织重建的外形和柔软度都更接近于自然乳房,具有更好的重建效果。同时带蒂的TRAM术式不需要显微血管吻合技术和密切的术后皮瓣检测,容易被外科医师掌握并在更多的医学中心开展。因此TRAM皮瓣仍然具有一定的应用前景。     

乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识(2022年版)

随着乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建在国内新的临床应用趋势,更鉴于新的循证医学数据不断累积,中国抗癌协会乳腺癌专业委员会召集外科、整形、放疗、内科、病理等多学科专家,在《乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识(2018年版)》的基础上共同商讨制定了《乳腺肿瘤整形与乳房重建专家共识(2022年版)》,2022年版新增了腔镜乳房重建、胸肌前乳房重建及乳房重建的个案管理等内容,并将初版的保留乳头乳晕的全乳切除章节更名为保守性全乳切除,并做了大量内容补充及更新。共识也对胸肌前乳房重建、游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap,DIEP)手术等临床热点进行了详尽的阐述。相信本次更新会给各层级医院提高乳腺肿瘤整形及乳房重建临床水平,提升治疗规范化,优化治疗结局助力,最终提高患者满意度。     

Patient satisfaction and health-related quality of life after autologous tissue breast reconstruction: a prospective analysis of early postoperative outcomes

BACKGROUND:

For this study, the authors evaluated early psychosocial adjustments and health‐related quality‐of‐life changes after breast reconstruction.

METHODS:

All consecutive patients who underwent breast reconstruction between June 2009 and November 2010 were asked to complete the BREAST‐Q, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Impact of Event Scale (IES) questionnaires before surgery and at 3 weeks and 3 months after surgery. A repeated‐measures design was used to compare scores between baseline and postoperative time points.

RESULTS:

Fifty‐one of 55 women completed the questionnaires (response rate, 93%). BREAST‐Q subscale scores (breast, sexual well being, and psychosocial well being) improved significantly (P < .05) postoperatively. The other subscale scores related to physical well being of the chest and abdomen dropped significantly 3 weeks after reconstruction; and, by 3 months after reconstruction, both scores improved significantly (P < .05). Large effect sizes for improvements in satisfaction, psychosocial well being, and sexual well being were observed (1.88, 1.2, and 1.31, respectively); whereas deterioration in the effect size for abdominal donor site was reported (?1.56). After adjusting for postoperative complications, there were statistically significant changes in BREAST‐Q subscale scores. Changes observed on the HADS and IES provided external validation of the findings obtained on the BREAST‐Q.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results suggested that the gains in breast satisfaction, psychosocial well being, and sexual well being after patients undergo either free muscle‐sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction or deep inferior epigastric artery flap reconstruction are statistically significant and clinically meaningful to the patient as early as 3 weeks after surgery. However, these gains are accompanied by significant deterioration in physical well being of the abdominal donor site. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

乳腺癌术后即时扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房重建27例分析

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后应用扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房重建的疗效。方法对27例乳腺癌患者施行乳腺癌改良根治术（其中6例行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术,21例行保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术）,术后即时切取包括背阔肌及其表面的脂肪和岛状皮肤、髂嵴上方脂肪、背阔肌前沿侧胸部脂肪和肩胛区脂肪构成扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣,转移至胸壁重建乳房。结果27例即时乳房重建全部获得成功。切除乳房的组织量为180-330ml（平均215ml）,移植重建乳房的扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣组织量为210-380ml（平均245ml）。24例术后辅助化疗,5例辅助放射治疗。随访6～24个月（中位随访12个月）,所有患者均生存,术后无一例局部复发、转移。美容效果：优17例,良6例,一般3例,差1例。结论乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤或乳头乳晕改良根治术后应用扩展型背阔肌肌皮瓣即时乳房重建形态良好,不影响术后辅助治疗和远期疗效,作为目前乳腺肿瘤治疗的一种有效补充手段,值得临床推广。     

Autologous fat transfer after breast cancer surgery: An exact-matching study on the long-term oncological safety

IntroductionAutologous fat transfer (AFT) is widely adopted for breast reconstruction, but its long-term oncologic safety is still not clearly established. The aim of the present study was to compare the 10-year loco-regional recurrence (LRR)-free and distant metastases (DM)-free survival probabilities in AFT vs. control patients, also evaluating the impact of AFT in different intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer.Materials and methods464 AFT patients were exactly matched with a cohort of 3100 control patients treated between 2007 and 2017. A multivariate survival analysis was performed accounting for all variables related to LRR and DM, including adjuvant/neoadjuvant treatments. End-points were analyzed both overall and in each molecular subtype.ResultsLRR occurred in 6.4% of AFT and in 5.0% of control patients (p = 0.42), while DM were observed respectively in 7.7% and 5.4% of cases (p = 0.20). AFT showed no effect on the 10-year LRR-free survival probability (adjusted HR 0.87, 95%CI 0.43–1.76, p = 0.69) or the 10-year DM-free survival probability (adjusted HR 0.82, 95%CI 0.43–1.57, p = 0.55). Luminal A patients treated by AFT showed a decreased LRR-free survival probability (HR 2.38, 95%CI 0.91–6.17, Log-Rank p = 0.07), which was significantly lower than controls after 80 months (Log-Rank p = 0.02). No differences in the 10-year event-free survival probability were found in Luminal B, HER2-positive or triple-negative patients.ConclusionAFT does not increase breast cancer recurrence, with the possible exception of late LRRs for Luminal A patients, but further clinical and preclinical data are required to better clarify this data. The use of AFT should not be discouraged.     

‘Imbricated dermal flap’: A novel technique for autologous augmentation in immediate breast reconstruction after skin-sparing mastectomy

This case demonstrates use of a de-epithelialised inferior pole skin flap for a more aesthetic result in immediate autologous breast reconstruction. For women with medium to large ptotic breasts, utilising the excess tissue following skin-sparing mastectomy as an auto-prosthesis, adds volume to the breast and improves inferior pole aesthetics. This ‘imbricated dermal flap’ offers an excellent addendum to aesthetic breast reconstruction.     

Use of capecitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer relapsing after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support (HDC-ASCS) can produce high complete remission rates in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, the majority of those so treated will relapse within 3 years. The ability of such patients to tolerate further myelosuppressive chemotherapy may be limited and the best therapy is undefined. In this retrospective study we assessed the role of capecitabine as initial therapy after relapse.Ten patients (median AGE = 47 years; oestrogen receptor-positive, n = 4; visceral disease, n = 6; prior anthracycline, n = 8, prior taxanes, n = 10), whose disease progressed at a median of 246 days (range 69–480) after HDC-ASCS and who were treated with capecitabine (2500 mg/m² per day for 2 weeks of a 3–week cycle) as initial therapy for relapse, were assessed retrospectively for response and toxicity. They received a median of eight cycles (range 4–24) of capecitabine. The toxicities encountered while receiving capecitabine were: hand–foot syndrome (grade 1, n = 3; grade 2, n = 4; grade 3, n = 1); diarrhoea (grade 1, n = 1; grade 2, n = 3); nausea (n = 2) and fatigue (n = 5). Haematological toxicity was seen in only one patient. No patient required hospitalization for toxicity. Three achieved a complete remission, four a partial remission and three disease stabilization. After a median follow-up of 183 days from commencing capecitabine (range 97–540), all patients were alive and five were in remission. Five progressed after remissions that lasted between 63 and 252 days.Oral capecitabine is an active and well-tolerated agent when used alone as first-line therapy in patients who have relapsed after HDC-ASCS for MBC.     

锥光束乳腺CT体积测量在乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕乳房切除术后假体乳房重建手术中的应用

目的 探讨锥光束乳腺CT(cone-bean breast computed tomography,CBBCT)在保留乳头乳晕乳房切除(nipplesparing mastectomy,NSM)术后假体乳房重建手术中的应用价值。方法 选择2020年7月1日至2022年1月31日于广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科接受NSM术后假体乳房重建的52例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,采用Spearman秩相关分析患侧乳腺和对侧乳房CBBCT测量的体积与临床手工线性测量法测量的置入假体体积之间的相关性,建立简单线性回归方程预测CBBCT推算的假体体积,并比较其与置入假体体积的差异。采用Harris美容评分标准评价术后3个月的美容效果。结果 所有患者均完成假体乳房重建术,未出现假体破裂、假体移位等并发症。患侧乳腺CBBCT测量体积、对侧乳房CBBCT测量体积均与置入假体体积相关(r_s=0.73,0.81)。基于对侧乳房CBBCT测量体积构建线性预测模型y=0.001x+4.897(R²=0.7,P<0.001),临床验证显示,模型预测的假体体积与放置假体体积...     

浸润性乳腺癌乳房切除术联合Ⅰ期重建后放疗相关问题研究现状

随着对外形美观的要求越来越高,越来越多患者在乳房切除术后会选择不同类型重建手术。对于这部分患者,怎样的综合治疗时序可以让患者在外形美观和抗肿瘤治疗疗效间取得平衡、得到最大获益,是目前多学科治疗关注的重要问题。本文从术后放疗对乳房重建的美容影响、组织扩张器和永久性假体置换与术后放疗的时序关系以及乳房重建手术和放疗技术的最新进展做一综述。笔者综合现有文献报道以及临床实践总结了重建手术与辅助治疗的整体决策推荐流程图,为临床实践提供参考。     

Quality of life after immediate breast reconstruction and skin-sparing mastectomy – A comparison with patients undergoing breast conserving surgery

Background

Historically breast cancer surgery was associated with significant psychosocial morbidity and suboptimal cosmetic outcome. Recent emphasis on women’s quality of life following breast cancer treatment has drawn attention to the importance of aesthetic outcome and potential benefits of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). Our primary aim was to assess patient’s quality of life after IBR, compared to a matched group undergoing breast conservation. We also investigated the oncological safety and morbidity associated with immediate reconstruction.

Methods

A prospectively collected database of all breast cancer patients who underwent IBR at a tertiary referral breast unit was reviewed. Patients were reviewed clinically, and administered two validated quality of life questionnaires, at least one year after completing their treatment.

Results

255 patients underwent IBR following mastectomy over a 55 month period. Reconstruction with ipsilateral latissimus dorsi flap was most commonly performed (88%). After mean follow-up of 36 months, IBR patients’ quality of life was comparable to a group of age-matched women (n = 160) who underwent breast conserving surgery (p = 0.89). No patient experienced local recurrence (0%), distant metastases developed in 4.8% and disease related mortality was 2.2%. Post-operative morbidities included wound infection (11.8%), chronic pain (2.0%), capsular contracture (11%; 36% of whom had radiotherapy) and fat necrosis (14.1%). No patient experienced flap loss.

Conclusions

IBR is a highly acceptable form of treatment for women requiring mastectomy. With high rates of patient satisfaction, low associated morbidity, and proven oncological safety, it is an appropriate recommendation for all women requiring mastectomy.     

乳腺癌术后乳房重建手术与放疗间关系——基于中国110家医院横断面调查研究

目的 调查目前我国乳房重建手术开展现状,以及国内医生对放疗与乳房重建手术之间关系看法。方法 选取全国范围内110家乳腺癌年手术量>200例的医疗机构,以问卷调查形式开展研究,调查内容包括手术医师及其所在科室和医院的基本情况、2017年乳腺癌手术开展情况、各类型重建手术开展情况以及对放疗和重建手术关系的具体看法。结果 110家单位参与调研,96家(87.3%)单位已开展重建手术,植入物重建占总重建手术量的65.7%,自体重建占20.1%。对于可能需要术后放疗的患者,受访医院首选的手术方式为植入物重建,对于明确需要术后放疗和全乳切除术后接受过放疗的患者,首选自体组织重建。术后放疗是即刻乳房重建的阻碍因素,多数医院认为放疗对手术的影响不大。延期-即刻乳房重建的开展比例达到66%,86%的医院首选在放疗结束半年后更换假体。保乳术后复发的患者也可进行即刻重建,首选的手术方式为植入物重建。结论 我国乳房重建的比例开展较低,医生技术掌握仍有欠缺,在面对与放疗的冲突时,国内专科医生的选择与指南和共识尚存在出入,提示需要对医生进行更专业的培训,以进一步推动国内乳房重建事业的发展。     

Local recurrence of stage 1 and 2 breast cancer after skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction in a 15-year series

Aims

Since the introduction of skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) in 1991 concerns on local control and recurrence rates have been discussed in the literature. The aim of this study is to examine in particular incidence of local recurrence in a 15-year consecutive series of breast cancer patients having undergone SSM and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) at a single population-based institution.

Methods

One hundred and forty-six consecutive patients with either stage 1 or 2 breast cancer who underwent SSM followed by IBR from 1992 to 2006 were included in this study. A retrospective review of patient records was conducted.

Results

During a mean follow-up time of 51 months, four local recurrences of the native breast skin were accounted for. In addition, three regional lymph node recurrences and four systemic recurrences took place. All of the local and regional recurrences were handled by salvage surgery followed by adjuvant oncological therapies. During a mean follow-up of 35 months after the detection and treatment of the locoregional recurrences none of the patients developed new recurrences.

Conclusions

Our present study concludes that SSM followed by IBR seems oncologically sound procedure for stage 1 and 2 breast cancer patients. In addition, local recurrences and regional lymph node recurrences are not always associated with systemic relapse.     

Breast conservative surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: comparison of two tumor localization methods

Aims

The key to surgical planning for breast conservative treatment (BCT) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is tumor localization. Tumor marking can be performed using either skin tattoo or metallic marker. The objective of this study is to compare both types of tumor localization markers and to assess which techniques improve BCT in achieving a complete resection without compromise margins.

Methods

149 patients between 1999 and 2009 were eligible for the study. The skin tattoo group (TG) included 118 patients and the metallic marker group (MG) included 31 patients. Both markers were placed before starting NAC.

Results

Median clinical tumor volume was 10.3 cm³ in the TG and 22.4 cm³ in the MG (p = 0.051). After NAC treatment, there were no significant statistically differences in both groups regarding complete clinical response, partial clinical response, and complete and partial pathological response. Median pathological tumor volume was: 0.8 cm³ in the TG and 0.69 cm³ in the MG (p = 0.8). Lumpectomy volume was bigger in the TG (268 cm³) than MG (143 cm³); p < 0.004. There were no statistically significant differences when comparing margin status.

Conclusions

Lumpectomy guided with metallic marker after NAC allows lower excision of breast tissue without compromising margins. Having similar pathologic response between groups, skin tattoo leads to excise larger volume of tissue adding no benefits to the surgery. With the increasing pathologic complete responses to NAC, patients who are candidates for BCT after NAC will benefit from marking the tumor with metallic markers.     

CA125对Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者术后生物化疗疗效的评估价值

目的探讨血清糖类抗原125（CA125）在Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者术后生物化疗疗效监测的评估价值。方法回顾性分析以蒽环类及紫杉类为基础联合曲妥珠单抗﹙Herceptin﹚治疗44例Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者术后血清CA125的变化。根据2000年实体瘤疗效评价标准（RECIST）标准分有效组（OR组）及无效组（NR组）,通过分析两组治疗前后CA125的变化及下降比率绘制ROC曲线评估其对生物化疗疗效的价值。结果与治疗前相比,所有患者治疗后CA125血清水平显著下降（P〈0.05）。治疗前有效组及无效组间CA125无明显差异（P〉0.05）;治疗后有效组血清CA125水平显著下降（P〈0.05）,而无效组治疗前后无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。采用治疗前后CA125下降比率绘制ROC曲线,其曲线下面积为0.701。结论CA125在Her-2阳性乳腺癌患者术后生物化疗疗效有一定预测作用,且有较高的敏感性及特异性。     

Planning the breast tumor bed boost: changes in the excision cavity volume and surgical scar location after breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast irradiation

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to determine the changes in breast and excision cavity volumes after whole-breast irradiation and the adequacy of using the surgical scar to guide boost planning. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 30 women consecutively treated for 31 breast cancers were included in this study. Simulation CT scans were performed before and after whole-breast irradiation. CT breast volumes were delineated using clinically defined borders. Excision cavity volumes were contoured based on surgical clips, the presence of a hematoma, and/or other surgical changes. Hypothetical electron boost plans were generated using the surgical scar with a 3-cm margin and analyzed for coverage. RESULTS: The mean CT breast volumes were 774 and 761 cc (p = 0.22), and the excision cavity volumes were 32.1 and 25.1 cc (p < 0.0001), before and after 40 Gy (39-42 Gy) of whole-breast irradiation, respectively. The volume reduction in the excision cavity was inversely correlated with time elapsed since surgery (R = 0.46, p < 0.01) and body weight (R = 0.50, p < 0.01). The scar-guided hypothetical plans failed to cover the excision cavity adequately in 62% and 53.8% of cases using the pretreatment and postradiation CTs, respectively. Per the hypothetical plans, the minimum dose to the excision cavity was significantly lower for tumors located in the inner vs. outer quadrants (p = 0.02) and for cavities >20 cc vs. <20 cc (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a significant reduction in the volume of the excision cavity during whole-breast irradiation. Scar-guided boost plans provide inadequate coverage of the excision cavity in the majority of cases.