9例11次埋藏式心脏转复除颤器电风暴的临床观察

目的总结埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)电风暴治疗的体会。方法与结果9例置入ICD后发生电风暴11次。均去除诱因,心电监测下静脉推注美托洛尔和/或胺碘酮,其中,2例加行室性心动过速(VT)射频消融,另1例加行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。11次ICD电风暴均全部纠治。结论静脉推注美托洛尔和/或胺碘酮、适时VT射频消融和/或急诊冠状动脉血运重建等综合治疗能有效终止ICD电风暴。     

星状神经节刺激诱发急性心房颤动及心房电重构与神经重构

目的 探讨星状神经节(SG)刺激诱发急性心房颤动(房颤)及心房电重构与神经重构的机制.方法 将健康家犬12只(18～25kg)随机分为2组:对照组(n=6),单纯快速心房起搏(RAP);SG组(n=6),左侧或右侧SG刺激+RAP.测定房颤诱发率、房颤持续时间,观察心房电重构和神经重分布.结果 ①与基础值相比,SG刺激显著增高房颤诱发率(P＜0.05),并延长房颤持续时间(P＜0.05);②SG组有效不应期(ERP)显著缩短(P＜0.05),ERP离散度显著增加(P＜0.05),ERP频率适应性不良(P＜0.05);③SG组心肌组织酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)和生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)阳性神经纤维密度均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 SG刺激使心房和肺静脉部位的房颤诱发率升高,房颤持续时间延长,单侧去SG支配可减少房颤的发生和维持.交感神经活动增强可以引起心房和肺静脉发生电重构以及心房自主神经重构,急性心房电重构和急性自主神经重分布之间的恶性循环,是房颤早期诱发和维持的重要机制.     

Effect of the stellate ganglion block on symptoms of ulcerative colitis: A case report

Rationale:Chronic ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease in which epithelial injury continuously occurs in the colonic mucosa. While mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) is used to treat ulcerative colitis, it can also cause liver failure, headaches, and abdominal pain; therefore, an alternative treatment is required. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 80 stellate ganglion blocks in reducing pain and other symptoms in a patient with chronic ulcerative colitis.Patient concerns:A 54-year-old female patient with a history of ulcerative colitis was concerned with worsening symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort and bloody-mucous stools, over the past 3 years.Diagnoses:Oozing mucosal bleeding and a small amount of exudate were observed on colonoscopy; a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis was made upon histologic examination.Interventions and outcomes:A total of 80 stellate ganglion blocks were administered, after which the patient''s symptom and pain level was decreased from 6 to 4 points on the numeric rating scale (11-point, 0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable). Improved clinical signs were observed on colonoscopy at a follow-up assessment.Lessons:The stellate ganglion block may be effective for the reduction of pain and other symptoms in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis.     

Stellate ganglion block: A therapeutic alternative for patients with medically refractory inappropriate sinus tachycardia?

Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a clinical syndrome characterized by presence of non-paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia manifesting with increased resting heart rate and exaggerated or persistent response to exercise or position. When IST is intolerable and medically refractory, invasive therapies such as sinus node modification or atrioventricular node ablation with placement of permanent pacemaker are tried to control symptoms. We present a 34 year old patient with symptomatic IST unresponsive to medical therapy who underwent anesthetic block of the right and left stellate ganglia. At four month follow up the patient demonstrated sustained improvement in heart rate and reported freedom from previous symptoms.     

右侧星状神经阻滞对大鼠体外循环微循环的影响

目的：研究右侧星状神经节阻滞（ SGB）对大鼠体外循环（ CPB）转流期间微循环变化的影响。方法选用20只SD大鼠随机分为体外循环组（C组）10只,右侧行星状神经节阻滞＋体外循环组（RC组）10只。两组转体循环后转流1 h。在转流前,定于动脉静脉置管成功后为T0;体外循环转流开始后30 min为T1;体外循环后1 h为T2。3个时间点观察两组大鼠的血压、心率、血气及乳酸含量,计算动静脉血氧分压差（ Pa-vO2）。结果两组大鼠乳酸、Pa-vO2和血压不同时间点差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;两组心率、乳酸和Pa-vO2的组间和分组间有交互作用（P＜0.05）;两组心率和乳酸的组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论SGB能改善大鼠体外循环后的灌注,可提高机体的摄氧能力,改善机体的微循环。     

星状神经节阻滞对家兔心肌梗死后心室肌电生理特性的影响

目的探讨星状神经节阻滞对家兔心肌梗死后心室肌电生理特性的影响。方法结扎新西兰大耳白兔冠状动脉前降支制备心肌梗死模型作为心肌梗死组（32只）,假手术组32只作为对照组,两组均随机分为定、右侧星状神经节阻滞组及相应的对照组（各8只）。8周后先根据分组给予动物0．25％布比卡因0．5ml行左或右侧星状神经节阻滞（对照组以生理盐水代替）,然后动物麻醉开胸暴露心脏,分别测量梗死周边区和假手术对应区域心室内、中、外膜层心肌组织单相动作电位复极90％的时限（MAPD90）、心室复极离散度（TDR）、有效不应期（ERP）和心室颤动（室颤）阈值。结果左侧星状神经节阻滞使梗死周边区3层心肌的MAPD90、ERP延长,TDR减小;室颤阈值增加（P〈0．05）。而右侧星状神经节阻滞则作用相反,缩短3层心肌的MAPD90、ERP,增大TDR,降低室颤阈值（P〈0．05）,假手术组中左、右侧星状神经节阻滞的效应与前述结果一致。结论左侧星状神经节阻滞具有稳定心电活动的效应,可作为预防室性心律失常的一种手段,而右侧星状神经节阻滞不宜用于室性心律失常高危患者。     

Effect of the stellate ganglion on atrial fibrillation and atrial electrophysiological properties and its left-right asymmetry in a canine model

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effect of the stellate ganglion (SG) and its left-right asymmetry on atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility, AF duration and atrial electrophysiological properties.

METHODS:

Sixteen adult mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to three groups. The control group (n=4) underwent 6 h rapid atrial pacing (RAP) only; the right SG (RSG) group (n=6) underwent 6 h RSG stimulation plus RAP; and the left SG (LSG) group (n=6) underwent 6 h LSG stimulation plus RAP. AF induction rate, AF duration, effective refractory period (ERP) and dispersion of ERP (dERP) were measured.

RESULTS:

In the RSG group, the induction rate of AF was significantly increased in sites in the right atrium (RA) compared with baseline (P<0.05). In the LSG group, the induction rate of AF was significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with baseline in the left atrium (LA), left superior pulmonary vein and left inferior pulmonary vein, respectively. Compared with RSG stimulation, right stellate ganglionectomy markedly decreased the AF induction rate of the RA (P<0.05). Compared with LSG stimulation, left stellate ganglionectomy markedly decreased the AF induction rate of the LA, the left superior pulmonary vein and the left inferior pulmonary vein (P<0.05). In the RSG group, the ERP was significantly shortened (P<0.05) and the dERP was significantly increased (P<0.05) in RA sites (P<0.05). The ERP was significantly shortened in the LSG group (P<0.05). The dERP was significantly increased (P<0.05) in LA and pulmonary vein sites (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Unilateral electrical stimulation of the SG in combination with RAP can successfully establish a canine model of acute AF mediated by excessive sympathetic activity. SG stimulation facilitates AF induction and aggravates electrical remodelling in sites in the atrium and pulmonary vein. Inhibiting sympathetic nerve activation through unilateral stellate ganglionectomy can reduce AF initiation.     

Stellate ganglion blockade and bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias

Autonomic modulation is being increasingly employed as a strategy to treat ventricular arrhythmias refractory to beta‐blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, and catheter‐based ablation procedures. We report 6 patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) treated with stellate ganglion blockade (SGB) and/or bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD). Our case series emphasizes the concept that the cardiac sympathetic nerves are important targets in the management of ventricular arrhythmias. SGB and CSD can be effective in suppressing VT/VF and can be offered to patients with refractory ventricular arrhythmias as an adjunct to conventional therapy.     

星状神经节阻滞对心率变异性影响的实验研究

目的：探讨在家兔清醒状态下,以第7颈椎横突为标志,经皮行星状神经节阻滞的可行性和有效性．及其对心率变异性的影响。方法：健康新西兰大耳白兔16只被随机均分为左侧星状神经节阻滞组（LSGB组）、右侧星状神经节阻滞组（RSGB组）。白兔均在清醒状态下四肢固定,仰卧于动物手术台,胸前及四肢连接十二导动态心电图分析系统,稳定30min后,以第七颈椎横突为骨性标志,垂直进针,给予0．5％布比卡因1ml,行星状神经节阻滞。观察眼睑下垂程度、耳廓温度、心率变异性指标[24h正常RR间期标准差（SDNN）、低频功能（LF）、高频功能（HF）、LF／HF]。另取9只家兔同法向星状神经节处推注亚甲蓝溶液后暴露星状神经节,以其是否蓝染判断注射阻滞部位的精确程度。结果：两组动物均完成星状神经节阻滞操作,术后即刻及饲养1周均未发现并发症。阻滞10min后两组动物阻滞侧均出现上睑下垂和眼裂变小。与对侧及阻滞前相比．阻滞侧耳廓温度明显升高（P〈0．05）。两组动物阻滞前后心率无明显差异,LSGB组,阻滞前、后SDNN、LF、HF、LF/HF无显著差异。RSGB组．LF和HF值在阻滞后较阻滞前显著减小（P〈0．05）．但LF／HF、SDNN无明显改变。9只家兔行亚甲蓝注射后．解剖发现8只星状神经节被染色,精确程度为88．9％（8／9）。结论：以第7颈椎横突为标志,经皮行星状神经节阻滞建立动物模型的方法切实可行,眼睑、眼裂及耳廓温度是较好的阻滞成功判断指标。星状神经节阻滞对自主神经功能有调节作用,可能就是其阻滞治疗各种疾病的作用机制之一。     

心室电风暴的机制与起搏作用的实验观察

目的观察心室电风暴与室房逆传的关系和起搏的作用。方法以扎、松冠状动脉左前降支的方法制作25只犬缺血-再灌注室性心律失常模型,以针电极探查希氏-浦肯野系统(HPS)的电冲动。结果16只犬自发3次以上室性心动过速/心室颤动(简称室速/室颤),符合电风暴。电风暴时室房传导呈4种类型:Ⅰ~Ⅲ型HPS异位电冲动皆连续逆传,Ⅰ型间断夺获心房;Ⅱ型未夺获心房,但连续抑制前向房波下传,产生假性Ⅲ度房室阻滞;Ⅲ型连续夺获心房;IV型HPS逆向与前向传导交替。快速起搏心房可重建房室前传和稳定的血压。快速起搏心室作用有:①抑制异位电冲动形成,防止触发室颤,但不终止自律性异常室速;②拖带和终止折返性室速,显现室速的拖带变形现象和双向折返;③多不夺获快速室速/室颤,偶见HPS起搏和串刺激夺获心室,快速室速/室颤频率减慢后自发终止。结论HPS异位电冲动逆向传导,阻滞窦性心律下传,促使室速/室颤反复发作而呈现电风暴现象。起搏重建房室传导和抑制异位电冲动形成,有预防电风暴的作用。     

Minimally invasive transtracheal cardiac plexus block for sympathetic neuromodulation

1. Download high-res image (148KB)
2. Download full-size image