海南省2005—2019年首次接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗病人的流行病学特征

目的 了解海南省2005—2019年艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人（human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,HIV/AIDS）开始抗病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy,ART）时的流行病学特征。方法 收集海南省2005—2019年首次接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS病人基线相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果 3 301例研究对象中,男性占85.8%,男女性别比为6.05∶1;平均年龄为（35.95±13.37）岁;未婚者占53.6%;感染途径以性传播为主,占82.4%;WHO临床分期Ⅰ期者占82.9%;治疗病人治疗前基线CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数M（P₂₅,P₇₅）为271（139,391）个/mm³;从确诊到开始治疗的时间间隔中位数为1.35个月。2005—2019年首次接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS 病人中,男性、未婚者、≥50岁年龄组、同性性传播感染者、治疗时临床分期为Ⅰ期、确诊到治疗的时间间隔小于1个月者的构成比呈增加趋势,CD4⁺T淋巴细胞计数<200个/mm³者的构成比呈逐年下降趋势( P<0.001)。结论 海南省艾滋病抗病毒治疗以青壮年男性为主,其覆盖面逐渐扩大,治疗时机有所提前,应进一步采取有效措施,早发现,早治疗。     

Engaging HIV-infected patients in antiretroviral therapy services: CD4 cell count testing after HIV diagnosis from 2005 to 2009 in Yunnan and Guangxi, China

Background  The initiation and expansion of China’s national free antiretroviral therapy program has led to significant improvement of survival among its participants. Success of further scaling up treatment coverage rests upon intensifying HIV screening and efficient linkage of care. Timely CD4 cell count testing after HIV diagnosis is necessary to determine whether a patient meets criteria for antiretroviral treatment, and represents a crucial link to engage HIV-infected patients in appropriate care, which has not been evaluated in China.

Methods  We evaluated all patients ≥16 years who tested HIV positive from 2005 to 2009 in Yunnan and Guangxi. Multivariate Logistic regression models were applied to identify factors associated with lack of CD4 cell count testing within 6 months after HIV diagnosis.

Results  A total of 83 556 patients were included. Over the study period, 30 635 (37%) of subjects received a CD4 cell count within 6 months of receiving the HIV diagnosis. The rate of CD4 cell count testing within 6 months of HIV diagnosis increased significantly from 7% in 2005 to 62% in 2009. Besides the earlier years of HIV diagnosis, negative predictors for CD4 cell count testing in multivariate analyses included older age, not married or unclear marriage status, incarceration, diagnosis at sexual transmitted disease clinics, mode of HIV transmission classified as men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users or transmission route unclear, while minority ethnicity, receipt of high school or higher education, diagnosis at voluntary counseling and testing clinics, and having HIV positive parents were protective.

Conclusions  Significant progress has been made in increasing CD4 testing among newly diagnosed HIV positive patients in Yunnan and Guangxi from 2005–2009. However, a sizable proportion of HIV positive patients still lack CD4 testing within 6 months of diagnosis. Improving CD4 testing, particularly among patients with identified risk factors, is essential to link patients with ART services and optimize treatment coverage.

     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染早期启动抗逆转录病毒治疗的意义

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者如在感染早期未及时诊断和治疗,HIV将在体内持续复制,损害免疫系统。目前,越来越多的指南建议HIV感染者应尽早启动抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）,尤其是急性HIV感染者。早发现并在感染早期开始ART可以限制病毒储存库的规模,改善免疫细胞功能。从社会层面而言,感染早期的患者通过启动ART达到病毒抑制状态,可以减少HIV的传播机会,降低获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）的发病率,进而减少与AIDS相关的卫生支出。但HIV感染早期诊断及治疗存在个人因素和社会因素等方面的问题,阻碍了早期治疗的实施和开展。尽早启动ART,联合其他治疗策略,有可能真正实现功能性治愈。     

Electronic medical record systems are associated with appropriate placement of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in rural health facilities in Kenya: a retrospective pre-post study

Background and objective

There is little evidence that electronic medical record (EMR) use is associated with better compliance with clinical guidelines on initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among ART-eligible HIV patients. We assessed the effect of transitioning from paper-based to an EMR-based system on appropriate placement on ART among eligible patients.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, pre-post EMR study among patients enrolled in HIV care and eligible for ART at 17 rural Kenyan clinics and compared the: (1) proportion of patients eligible for ART based on CD4 count or WHO staging who initiate therapy; (2) time from eligibility for ART to ART initiation; (3) time from ART initiation to first CD4 test.

Results

7298 patients were eligible for ART; 54.8% (n=3998) were enrolled in HIV care using a paper-based system while 45.2% (n=3300) were enrolled after the implementation of the EMR. EMR was independently associated with a 22% increase in the odds of initiating ART among eligible patients (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.33). The proportion of ART-eligible patients not receiving ART was 20.3% and 15.1% for paper and EMR, respectively (χ²=33.5, p<0.01). Median time from ART eligibility to ART initiation was 29.1 days (IQR: 14.1–62.1) for paper compared to 27 days (IQR: 12.9–50.1) for EMR.

Conclusions

EMRs can improve quality of HIV care through appropriate placement of ART-eligible patients on treatment in resource limited settings. However, other non-EMR factors influence timely initiation of ART.     

广西HIV/AIDS患者合并巨细胞病毒感染特征与影响因素分析

目的 调查HIV/AIDS患者巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染情况,比较不同标本(血液、尿液)在HIV合并CMV感染早期筛查的应用价值,分析HIV合并CMV感染的影响因素.方法 收集2018年1月-2020年12月南宁市第四人民医院诊治的848例HIV/AIDS患者的性别、年龄、CD4+T细胞计数、抗逆转录病毒治疗(ART)等...     

成年人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者/艾滋病患者长期抗病毒治疗后免疫功能重建分析

背景　抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）使人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）患者寿命得以延长,但ART后患者长期免疫功能重建状态数据有限。近年来CD4+T淋巴细胞（简称CD4细胞）：CD8+T淋巴细胞（简称CD8细胞）比值（CD4∶CD8比值）作为免疫状态评估的重要指标之一,准确了解患者ART后免疫重建情况至关重要,为临床医师管理及治疗提供可供参考的指标。目的　探讨HIV感染者/AIDS患者ART后免疫功能重建情况。方法　连续收集2014年7月就诊于成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心感染科门诊,并使用替诺福韦酯（TDF）+拉米夫定（3TC）+依非韦伦（EFV）方案完成ART 48个月的HIV感染者/AIDS患者98例,分析基线及ART 6、12、24、36、48个月免疫标志物变化,对观察终点CD4∶CD8比值进行相关性分析。结果　基线、ART 6、12、24、36、48个月,患者CD4细胞计数、CD8细胞计数、CD4细胞恢复率、CD4∶CD8比值、CD4∶CD8比值正常化、多重T细胞重建所占比例比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。基线CD4细胞计数≤200、201~349、≥350个/μl患者中,不同基线及各随访时间点CD4∶CD8比值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）;不同基线及各随访时间点CD4∶CD8比值正常化比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。ART 48个月,CD4细胞计数≥500个/μl、CD4∶CD8比值正常化、多重T细胞重建分别占59.8%（58/97）、22.7%（22/97）、19.6%（19/97）。ART 48个月后,CD4∶CD8比值与基线CD4细胞计数（rs=0.269,P=0.01）、基线CD4∶CD8比值（rs=0.592,P<0.01）呈正相关,与基线CD8细胞计数（rs=-0.355,P<0.01）呈负相关,与年龄（rs=0.129,P=0.21）、HIV确诊至ART启动时间（rs=-0.141,P=0.17）、HIV-RNA病毒载量（VL）（rs=0.145,P=0.15）无关。结论　长期ART成功的HIV感染者/AIDS患者仍存在免疫功能重建不良。CD4∶CD8比值与基线免疫水平相关,未来仍需大样本长时间的研究。     

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: immune restoration disease 20 years on

Restoration of immune responses against opportunistic pathogens after commencing antiretroviral therapy (ART) may cause immune restoration disease (IRD) in about 10%-40% of HIV patients with low CD4(+) T-cell counts and usually presents clinically as a type of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS may be associated with many different opportunistic pathogens, but types associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BCG, cryptococci, JC polyomavirus (the cause of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [PML]), hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection are the most informative about disease pathogenesis and management. A CD4(+) T-cell count of < 50/μL and a high pathogen load are the most commonly identified risk factors for IRIS. Recovery of pathogen-specific T-cell responses and perturbations of innate immune responses before and after ART appear to cause immunopathological abnormality in tissues infected by the pathogen. Prevention of IRIS may be influenced by the timing of ART: The risk of tuberculosis (TB)-associated-IRIS can be reduced by commencing ART after 8 weeks of TB treatment, but rates of AIDS or death are lower if ART is commenced during the first 4 weeks of TB treatment. Outcomes for patients with HIV and treated cryptococcal or TB meningitis may be improved by deferring ART until the opportunistic infection is fully suppressed, but data are inadequate. As ART is currently the only effective treatment for PML in patients with HIV, PML-associated IRIS cannot be prevented by manipulating the timing of ART. A greater understanding of the immunopathogenesis of IRIS may lead to targeted therapies.     

Emotional and behavioral disturbances in school going HIV positive children attending HIV clinic

BackgroundTo study the emotional and behavioral disturbances (EBD) in school going HIV positive children attending HIV center in a tertiary care hospital.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 258 HIV infected children between 6 and 16 years of age, 200 were on Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and 58 were not on ART. They were evaluated for EBD by using Pictorial Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PPSC) screening tool. A cut-off score of 28 was taken as significant for detecting early EBD.ResultsThe prevalence of EBD in our study is 11.2%. Demographic and disease related profile were assessed for correlation with EBD. Type of family (p = 0.023), school attendance (p = 0.034), school performance (p = 0.045), and CD4 count (p = 0.015) were detected to have significant association with early manifestation of EBD in the study group.ConclusionsHIV positive children who have low CD4 count, poor school attendance, and performance are at a higher risk of being detected with EBD. Screening with PPSC to identify EBD in HIV positive children attending HIV clinic in a hospital setting could help in early diagnosis and management.     

Assisted Reproductive Technology for HIV-1 Serodiscordant Couples： A Review of Current Controversies

Since 1992, assisted reproductive technology （ART） has been reported as a viable means of helping HIV-1 serodiscordant couples achieve pregnancy while theoretically reducing the risk for viral transmission. While the sum of the evidence suggests that ART is effective and safe, numerous controversies still exist, The follow- ing review addresses several of the important issues involved in the use of ART for HIV-serodiscordant couples, including patient selection, semen processing techniques, post-process HIV testing, the use of lUI vs IVF-ICSI.     

我国免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗策略与“治疗即预防”进展情况

本文通过对比我国多年免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗的相关研究,阐述了自2003年始,我国免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗策略的调整和取得成效：随着治疗标准、用药方案和治疗点管理模式等的调整以及艾滋病患者社会人口学特征变化,艾滋病抗病毒治疗的效果不断提高,患者的死亡率显著降低,预期寿命不断提高,HIV耐药率也得到有效的控制;“治疗即预防”是减少HIV新发感染的最有效措施之一,在公共卫生层面早期开展抗病毒治疗可以有效降低HIV的传播。同时指出,随着免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗标准的降低,接受免费抗病毒治疗的患者服药依从性降低,脱失比例升高,病毒抑制率较理论值偏低等,这些是制约我国“治疗即预防”效果的关键因素。     

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection-Associated Mortality during Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment in Six Provinces of China

Objective To investigate the risk factors attributable to tuberculosis-related deaths in areas with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemics.
Methods A prospective cohort study of newly registered patients in tuberculosis (TB) dispensaries in six representative Chinese provinces was conducted from September 1, 2009 to August 31, 2011. Risk factors for TB-associated death were identified through logistic regression analysis.
Results Of 19,103 newly registered pulmonary TB patients, 925 (4.8%) were found to be HIV-positive. Miliary TB and acid-fast bacillus smear-negative TB were more common among these patients. Out of a total of 322 (1.7%) deaths that occurred during TB treatment, 85 (26%) of the patients were co-infected with HIV. Multivariate analysis revealed that HIV infection was the strongest predictor of death [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.86]. Other significant mortality risk factors included presentation with miliary TB (aOR 4.10; 95% confidence interval: 2.14-7.88), ≥35 years of age (aOR 3.04), non-Han ethnicity (aOR 1.67), and farming as an occupation (aOR 1.59). For patients with TB/HIV co-infection, miliary TB was the strongest risk factor for death (aOR 5.48). A low CD4 count (≤200 cells/μL) (aOR 3.27) at the time of TB treatment initiation and a lack of antiretroviral therapy (ART) administration (aOR 3.78) were also correlated with an increased risk of death.
Conclusion Infection with HIV was independently associated with increased mortality during TB treatment. Offering HIV testing at the time of diagnosis with TB, early TB diagnosis among HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, and the timely provision of ART were identified as the key approaches that could reduce the number of HIV-associated TB deaths.     

艾滋病流行现状及防治策略探讨

 抗逆转录病毒疗法(antiretroviral therapy,ART)可对人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染进行有效的长期抑制性治疗,使获得性免疫缺乏综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)从世纪绝症逐渐转变为一种可控可治的慢性疾病。虽然新增感染者人数总体趋势在下降,但每年HIV新增感染人数及因AIDS死亡人数仍十分巨大,HIV/AIDS仍是全球最大的公共卫生挑战之一。我国乃至世界的AIDS防治事业仍然任重而道远,消除AIDS仍面临严峻挑战。流行病学上,HIV/AIDS多分布在非洲等医疗手段有限的贫困地区,且男男性行为者(men who have sex with men,MSM)、性工作者、注射毒品人群(people who inject drugs,PWID)成为主要易感人群;预防策略上,预防母婴传播(prevention of mother-to-child transmission,PMTCT)服务、治疗作为预防(treatment as prevention,TasP)和暴露前预防(pre-exposure prophylaxis,PrEP)取得了一定的成效,但覆盖率仍然有限;治疗进展上,多个国家的HIV耐药性程度增加至10%以上,耐药程度进一步发展,而HIV/AIDS治愈研究及疫苗研发目前还处于动物实验或细胞实验阶段。过去10年内我国多个应对措施阻止了HIV进一步流行,并提高了HIV感染者/AIDS患者的生活质量,与此同时,我国也面临着以下挑战:针对性的预防方案、关键易感人群的增加(MSM、PWID以及青少年)、HIV感染者的长期护理、PMTCT服务覆盖率、消除歧视进程等。本文就近年来国际及我国HIV/AIDS流行现状及防治进展进行综述。     

Predictors of first line antiretroviral therapy failure and burden of second line antiretroviral therapy

BackgroundAs HIV steps into the third decade, there are more number of patients living on lifelong (antiretroviral therapy) ART and facing the threat of drug resistance with subsequent treatment failure. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of first-line ART failure with the objectives to estimate the burden of 2nd line ART.MethodsA retrospective 5-year cohort of HIV patients who were initiated on first line ART in 2008–09 was studied. Patients were followed from the time of ART initiation. Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate probabilities and predictors of first line ART failure.ResultsOf the total of 195 patients initiated on first line ART, 15 patients were switched to second line ART yielding 7.69% failure rate. During the 7178 person-years of follow-up, the incidence of first line ART failure was 2.09 per 1000 person-years. The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis gave a mean survival time of 55.6 months. BMI, CD4 count at ART initiation and presence of opportunistic infections were significant predictors of first line ART failure. The burden of second line ART patients by the end of 5 years of first line ART is expected to be 151 patients.ConclusionThough the first line ART failure is quite low in this study, we still need to be vigilant for lower BMI, low baseline CD4 count and occurrence of opportunistic infections to efficiently manage failures on first line ART.     

首次确诊HIV感染者的处理原则（上）

当越来越多的人感染HIV时，如何筛选HIV感染者并正确处理首次确诊的HIV感染者都是值得探讨的问题。美国主要的专业机构发布的指南认为：广泛开展筛检，对首次确诊HIV感染者进行恰当的评估后给予合理的抗病毒治疗及必要的机会性感染的预防；在长期的诊治过程中，为病人提供持续的关怀，督促服药，监测药物毒副反应及HIV-1RNA载量和CD4^＋细胞计数都是至关重要的。     

A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analyses of the new World Health Organization guidelines for the treatment of HIV-positive adults in India

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013 has revised its guidelines on antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive adults and further updated it in 2016. Based on the WHO recommendations, in May 2017, National AIDS Control Organisation, India recommended initiation of ART treatment for all people living with HIV, regardless of CD4 count, clinical stage, age, or population. This systematic review aims to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost implication of the new guidelines for India.MethodsA systematic and comprehensive literature search on PubMed, OvidSP, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was carried out. Studies reporting either acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or mortality or both as outcome variables were selected. A meta-analysis of the available studies was carried out. The risk ratio was calculated to assess the reduction in AIDS or mortality or both. Cost-effectiveness analysis using health technology principles evaluating the lives saved in terms of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and cost per quality-adjusted life years gained was carried out.ResultsNine eligible studies were included for the meta-analysis. For India, the pooled relative risk of AIDS or mortality or both being 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.92) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.68–0.89) for ART initiation at CD4 count of ≤350 vs CD4 count of ≤500 and at CD4 count of ≤500 vs CD4 count > 500 cells/mm³, respectively. The incremental cost for per additional life saved is US$ 2592 and US$ 2357 for ART initiation at ≤500 and > 500 CD4 count, respectively.ConclusionThe adoption of the new WHO guidelines is beneficial with substantial reduction in AIDS or mortality or both. This study suggests that adopting new WHO guidelines is cost-effective for India.     

Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy and HIV Exposure in Utero on Adverse Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes:A Prospective Cohort Study in Guangzhou,China

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in-utero exposure to HIV and ART on pregnancy outcome and early growth of children.Methods This cohort study enrolled 802 HIV-infected pregnant women between October 2009 and May 2018 in Guangzhou, China. The women were assigned to receive combination ART(c ART) or mono/dual ART or no treatment. The primary outcomes were the combined endpoints of any adverse pregnancy outcome [including ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm birth, small for gestational age(SGA)] and adverse early growth outcome(including infant death, HIV infection of mother-to-child transmission, and underweight, wasting and stunting of infants at 4 weeks of age).Results Adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in 202(35.1%) of all enrolled HIV-infected women, and121(31.3%) of all infants exhibited adverse effects on early growth at 4 weeks of age. The rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, infant death and perinatal HIV infection were higher among women not receiving ART, compared to those treated with c ART or mono/dual ART(P 0.05). However, women treated with c ART had a higher rate of SGA,compared to untreated women(P 0.05). No differences in early infant growth were observed among the different treatment regimens.Conclusion Our findings underscore the essentiality of prioritizing HIV-positive pregnant women for ART, as even mono/dual ART available in resource-limited countries could improve pregnancy outcomes and infant survival.     

HIV/AIDS患者抗逆转录病毒治疗退出影响因素研究进展

艾滋病是由人类免疫缺陷病毒(H1V)引起的一种危害性极大的传染病,需要HIV/AIDS患者每日按时按量服药才能有效抑制体内HIV复制.中国实施抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)和扩大治疗策略将所有符合条件的HIV感染者纳人治疗范围,越来越多的HIV感染者接受ART,同时退出(停药和失访)ART的HIV/AIDS患者人数也在逐年...     

Zidovudine (Retrovir) update.

Zidovudine (AZT) is the first antiretroviral agent to be licensed for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Since the initial placebo-controlled trial showing improved survival among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or symptomatic HIV infection (AIDS-related complex [ARC]) zidovudine has been evaluated in other stages of HIV infection. This review offers physicians who treat patients with HIV infection a comprehensive analysis of the current data on the clinical efficacy of zidovudine in various stages of HIV infection and on zidovudine's adverse effects. After a search of MEDLINE for pertinent articles published since 1985, controlled studies and studies of long-term zidovudine therapy, of zidovudine therapy for HIV-related conditions and of the incidence and management of adverse reactions were evaluated. In addition, abstracts from international meetings were reviewed. No significant difference in clinical outcome was found between high-dose and low-dose zidovudine therapy, but there were significantly fewer toxic effects in the low-dose group. In two other studies zidovudine was found to delay disease progression in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic HIV infection who had an absolute CD4 count of less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L; the low incidence of adverse reactions may have been due to either the early stage of the infection or the low dose used. The demonstration of zidovudine-resistant isolates after at least 6 months of therapy has yet to be correlated with clinical deterioration. When to begin zidovudine therapy among asymptomatic patients with a CD4 count of less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L remains unclear. Zidovudine can be used safely to delay progression to AIDS or ARC in certain patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic HIV infection and can prolong survival in those with more severe infection. Further studies are necessary to identify indicators that could better define when to start treatment and how to alleviate toxic effects. Combination therapy with such agents as interferon alpha may become the preferred choice of therapy to prevent toxic effects and zidovudine resistance. Zidovudine prophylaxis has been used after HIV exposure. Although studies with animal models have had encouraging results infection has occurred despite immediate prophylaxis and thus further investigation is required.     

抗反转录病毒治疗对初治男性HIV/AIDS患者血脂及血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数的影响

目的 分析艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/艾滋病（AIDS）患者抗反转录病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy,ART）48和96周后血脂和血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数（atherogenic index of plasma,AIP）变化,评估HIV感染者/AIDS患者ART治疗后患心血管疾病的危险因素。方法 测定男性HIV感染者/AIDS患者ART前后TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C,计算非HDL-C(NHC)、Castelli’s风险指数I和II(CRI-I,CRI-II)、胰岛素抵抗综合征（IRS）和AIP。结果 384例患者ART48和96周后,TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C和NHC浓度均升高,CRI-Ⅰ和CRI-Ⅱ比值降低,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;TC、TG、LDL-C和NHC异常发生率升高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。基线、ART 48和96周后,AIP在不同年龄段差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且与年龄呈显著性正相关（r=0.208,0.183,0.170,P<0.01）。AIP在TG和HDL-C正常组和异常组差异...     

Transmission and postexposure management of bloodborne virus infections in the health care setting: Where are we now?

THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE DEBATE ABOUT THE NEED for mandatory serologic testing of individuals who are the source of bloodborne pathogen exposures in health care and other occupational settings. The transmission of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV between patients and health care workers (HCWs) is related to the frequency of exposures capable of allowing transmission, the prevalence of disease in the source populations, the risk of transmission given exposure to an infected source and the effectiveness of postexposure management. Transmission of HBV from patients to HCWs has been substantially reduced by vaccination and universal precautions. The transmission of HCV and HIV to HCWs does occur, although postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is available to reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Transmission of bloodborne pathogens from infected HCWs to patients has also been documented. Policy-making concerning the mandatory postexposure testing of patients who may be the source of infection must weigh the relative infrequency of patients' refusals to be tested and the consequences for PEP recommendations with the ethical and legal considerations of bypassing informed consent and mandating testing. Mandatory postexposure testing of HCWs who are the source of infection will have a limited impact on reducing transmission because of the lack of recognition and reporting of exposures. Comprehensive approaches have been recommended to reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne virus infections.