大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注的心肌细胞凋亡研究

目的　为证实急性心肌缺血再灌注过程中存在着不同程度的心肌细胞凋亡现象 ,初步研究心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl 2 /Bax蛋白表达的关系。　方法　透射电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构变化 ,抽提心肌组织DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳 ,TUNEL法原位标记凋亡的心肌细胞 ,免疫组织化学技术和图像分析技术检测心肌细胞内Bcl 2 /Bax蛋白表达。　结果　缺血及再灌注组电镜观察心肌细胞出现典型凋亡超微结构特征 ,TUNEL染色可见不同程度的心肌细胞凋亡阳性反应 ,DNA电泳显示在缺血再灌注 2h出现明显的DNA条纹图像 ,再灌注组较缺血组心肌细胞中Bcl 2表达明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而Bax表达显著增高 (P <0 0 1)。　结论　急性心肌缺血及再灌注能诱导不同程度的心肌细胞凋亡 ,Bcl 2 /Bax基因对心肌细胞凋亡的发生有着重要的调控作用     

牛磺酸对烧伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及其机制

目的:观察牛磺酸（Tau）对烧伤后心肌细胞凋亡的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法:选健康Wistar大鼠50只，随机分为对照组、烧伤组（造成30%TBSAⅢ度烧伤）、烧伤+牛磺酸组（烫伤后即刻腹腔注射牛磺酸，200 mg/kg）、烧伤+牛磺酸(Tau)+SB202190组及烧伤+SB202190组（烫伤后立即注射SB202190，10 mg/kg）。末端标记（TUNEL）法检测凋亡细胞，放射免疫法测定TNFα含量，荧光分析法测定caspase-3活性及免疫组化分析心肌Fas、caspase-8、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达。结果:烧伤组心肌细胞凋亡指数（18.69±2.47）显著高于对照组（0.48±0.05）（P<0.01），心肌Fas、caspase-8、TNF-α和Bax蛋白水平及caspase-3活性也显著高于对照组，但Bcl-2蛋白表达显著低于对照组（P<0.01）。Tau组和Tau+SB202190组心肌细胞凋亡指数分别为3.15±0.41和1.63±0.31，显著低于烧伤组。心肌TNFα、Fas、caspase-8和Bax蛋白表达及caspase-3活性均不同程度低于烧伤组（P<0.05）,但Bcl-2蛋白表达则显著高于烧伤组（P<0.05）。结论:牛磺酸对烧伤后心肌细胞凋亡有较好的抑制作用，其机制可能是牛磺酸调控了部分凋亡相关基因的表达和减少TNF-α的生成。     

下肢缺血预处理对未成熟心肌细胞凋亡和内质网应激的影响

背景:近几年来研究发现内质网应激导致细胞凋亡在细胞缺血性损害中起重要作用,成为缺血心肌的研究热点。下肢缺血预处理对未成熟心肌具有明显保护作用,但下肢缺血预处理对未成熟心肌内质网应激细胞凋亡是否存在影响至今未知。目的:探讨下肢缺血预处理对未成熟心肌内质网应激和细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用兔离体心脏Langendorff灌注模型,24只幼兔随机分为3组:对照组仅灌注KH液180 min;缺血再灌注组心脏灌注20 min后,停灌60 min,复灌100 min;下肢缺血预处理组,反复3次阻断双下肢血流5 min/放5 min,建立Langendorff模型,然后重复缺血再灌注组方法。TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡率、Western blot检测GRP78、Bcl-2、Bax和Fas蛋白表达。结果与结论:下肢缺血预处理组与缺血再灌注组比较,心肌细胞凋亡率明显减少;Bcl-2表达明显增多,GRP78、Bax、Fas表达明显减少。结果表明下肢缺血预处理可能通过调控内质网过度应激GRP78表达以及Bcl-2、Bax、Fas蛋白的表达调控心肌细胞凋亡。     

去甲肾上腺素和缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究去甲肾上腺素预处理(NE-P)和缺血预处理(IP)对大鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法:复制缺血再灌注损伤(IRI),采用末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡;应用免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果:I/R组凋亡细胞较多,NE-P组及IP组凋亡细胞明显少于I/R组(P＜0.01)。在I/R组Bcl-2的表达少而Bax的表达较多,NE-P组及IP组Bcl-2的表达明显高于I/R组(P＜0.01),而Bax的表达明显低于I/R组(P＜0.01)。NE-P组与IP组各指标均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论:NE-P可抑制I/R诱发的心肌细胞凋亡,Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达在心肌凋亡的发生中起重要作用。NE-P与IP两者对心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响的作用相近。     

甘草酸二铵对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :观察甘草酸二铵 (DG)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注 (IR)损伤后心肌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达的影响。方法 :雄性wistar大鼠2 4只 ,随机分为假手术组 ;IR组 ;DG组 ( 2 0mg/kg)。每组 8只。采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的带荧光的dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法、westernblot法和免疫组化法检测大鼠心肌缺血 3 0min再灌注 6h心肌凋亡细胞及凋亡相关基因Bcl 2、Bax蛋白表达的变化。结果 :与假手术组比较 ,IR组心肌细胞凋亡指数 (AI)、Bax蛋白的阳性表达明显增加 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;与IR组比较 ,DG治疗后AI和Bax蛋白的阳性表达明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,而Bcl 2蛋白的阳性表达明显上调 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :DG具有保护大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用 ,其作用机制可能与其下调Bax蛋白表达 ,上调Bcl 2蛋白表达抑制心肌细胞凋亡有关     

葛根素预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察葛根素(Pur)预处理对缺血再灌注(I／R)心肌细胞凋亡的干预作用，并探讨其作用的可能机理。方法将原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞随机分为(1)正常对照组及正常 Pur组；(2)模拟缺血组及缺血 Pur组；(3)模拟再灌注组及再灌注 Pur组。末端标记法(TUNEL法)检测心肌细胞凋亡，流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡百分率，透射电镜观察心肌细胞凋亡的形态学特征、免疫组织化学法检测Bcl-2／Bax蛋白表达，并检测胞内Ca^2 浓度。结果(1)心肌细胞I／R后电镜观察到典型的凋亡超微结构特征；TUNEL染色可见心肌细胞凋亡阳性反应；免疫组化检测发现Bcl-2蛋白表达下调，Bax蛋白表达上调；胞内明显Ca^2 超载。(2)葛根素可显著降低I／R心肌细胞内Ca^2 浓度、降低凋亡指数和凋亡百分率、上调Bcl-2蛋白表达、下调Bax蛋白表达。结论葛根素具有抗心肌细胞凋亡的作用，其机理可能与抑制胞内Ca^2 超载，干预Bcl-2／Bax蛋白表达有关。     

HDV/HBV感染树鼩肝组织中的肝细胞凋亡

目的探讨 HDV/ HBV感染树鼠句肝组织中 Fas/ Fas L、Bcl2 / Bax和 ICE表达与 HDV感染之间的关系 ,以及Fas/ Fas L、Bcl2 / Bax和 ICE在丁型肝炎肝细胞凋亡中的作用。方法采用免疫组化技术对 HDV/ HBV感染树鼠句肝组织中 Fas/Fas L、Bcl2 / Bax和 ICE的表达进行检测 ;应用原位末端标记技术对肝细胞凋亡进行检测。结果 HDAg表达与 Fas/ Fas L、Bcl2 /Bax和 ICE表达之间关系密切 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,HDAg表达越强 ,Fas、Fas L、Bax和 ICE表达也越强 ,而 Bcl2 表达则越弱。 Fas/Fas L、Bcl2 / Bax和 ICE表达与肝细胞凋亡之间关系密切 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,Fas、Fas L、Bax和 ICE表达越强 ,凋亡细胞越多 ;相反 ,Bcl2 表达越强 ,凋亡细胞越少。结论肝细胞内 HDAg表达可诱导 Fas、Fas L、Bax和 ICE表达 ,但对 Bcl2 表达无明显诱导作用 ;Fas/ Fas L、Bcl2 / Bax和 ICE在肝细胞凋亡中起重要作用。     

大鼠心肌缺血预适应对I/R心肌细胞凋亡及bcl-2表达的影响

目的:对缺血预适应(IP)第一保护窗对大鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡和凋亡抑制基因bcl-2表达的影响进行研究。方法:采用TUNEL法、免疫组化和原位杂交方法测定大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡和bcl-2的表达。结果:①IP+I/R_3h组TUNEL法阳性心肌细胞核数量及阳性心肌细胞核占总心肌细胞核数的百分比均明显少于I/R_3h组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);②IP+I/R_3h组表达bcl-2蛋白阳性的心肌细胞数及阳性心肌细胞占心肌细胞总数的百分比均明显高于I/R_3h组(P＜0.01);IP+I/R_1h组表达bcl-2mRNA阳性的心肌细胞数及阳性心肌细胞占心肌细胞总数的百分比均明显高于I/R_1h组(P＜0.01)。结论:①大鼠心肌IP第一保护窗能够显著减少I/R心肌细胞凋亡;②IP通过上调凋亡抑制基因bcl-2基因表达可能是其减少I/R心肌细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

大鼠实验性心肌缺血后Fas、bcl-2的表达与心肌细胞凋亡的关系

目的 探索心肌缺血后Fas、bcl-2的表达与心肌细胞凋亡的关系。方法 结扎大鼠左侧冠状动脉造成心肌缺血,10min—7d后取心脏标本做末端脱氧核酸转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)原位细胞凋亡染色、Fas、bcl-2蛋白的免疫组织化学抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物法(ABC法)染色。结果 在时间上,心肌细胞凋亡从缺血后3h开始,36h仍较显著,7d时TUNEL法检测不到凋亡细胞;而bcl-2、Fas分别于缺血后10min和3h开始检出,持续到缺血后7d;在组织学关系上,凋亡的心肌细胞和Fas、bcl-2阳性细胞不在心肌同一区域,凋亡的心肌细胞在心肌缺血区,Fas、bcl-2表达在无明显缺血的心肌区域。结论 Fas、bcl-2的表达可能并不直接参与缺血心肌细胞凋亡的调控。     

N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺对肾缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及相关因子表达的影响

目的探讨N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺(LAG)对肾缺血再灌注致心肌细胞凋亡及相关因子表达的影响。方法清洁级Wistar大鼠30只,体重250~300 g,随机分为3组(n=10):假手术组(sham组)、肾缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和LAG处理组(LAG+I/R组)。Sham组仅切除右肾,游离左肾动脉,关腹。LAG+I/R组和I/R组切除右肾,夹闭左肾动脉45min再灌注以制备肾缺血再灌注模型,分别于夹闭动脉前30min给予LAG150mg/kg和等量生理盐水。三组均于再灌注6h处死大鼠,取心肌组织,HE染色观察病理组织学变化,Masson染色观察心肌细胞变化;ELISA检测血浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;Western-blot法检测Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达水平。结果 N(2)-L-丙氨酰-L-谷氨酰胺能够减轻肾缺血再灌注致心肌细胞损伤,可降低MDA表达水平,升高SOD表达(P0.05),抑制心肌中Bax和Caspase-3蛋白表达(P0.05)。结论肾缺血再灌注可导致心肌细胞凋亡,造成一定的心肌损伤,LAG对肾缺血再灌注心脏损伤的保护作用可能与升高SOD和Bcl-2表达,降低MDA、Bax和Caspase-3表达相关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.