下颌神经管的解剖结构

背景:在下颌后牙种植术中,由于下颌神经管走行于下颌骨体内,有时可损伤下齿槽神经,因而制约了牙种植术的应用。 因此,牙种植术的应用需详细了解下颌神经管的解剖结构。 目的：观察下颌神经管在下颌骨内的走行及管内的解剖结构。 方法：共纳入15具成人牙下颌骨标本与4具新鲜下颌骨动脉灌注标本。纳入对象均牙列完整,后牙无缺失,牙槽骨无吸收。测量15具成人牙下颌骨标本下颌管走行及其管腔各径长度,包括下颌管横径与纵径,下颌管至上下内外缘距离。观察4具新鲜下颌骨动脉灌注标本管内下颌神经管内神经、血管位置关系。 结果与结论：下颌管内缘至舌侧骨板的距离比下颌管外缘至颊侧骨板距离短(P < 0.01);下颌管上缘至牙槽嵴顶的距离较下颌管下缘至下颌骨下缘的距离大(P < 0.01)。表明下颌管在下颌骨体部走行中偏舌侧、偏下颌骨下缘。下颌神经管在下颌骨体部的部分横径小于纵径(P < 0.05),亦即下颌管截面形态为上下径略长的椭圆形。神经管横纵径于前后牙位区差异无显著性意义。实验还发现在暴露的下颌管腔中下牙槽神经及伴随血管有一层被膜包绕成神经血管束,血管位于神经上方,而且位置恒定,并发出小分支包绕神经。结果提示,下牙槽血管神经束在下颌管内走行中血管位于神经之上。     

下颌管的三维重建及临床意义

目的　为下颌牙种植术等临床口腔外科提供解剖学基础。 方法　选取全牙志愿者20名,在螺旋CT机以眶耳线(OML)为基线连续扫描,采用ADW 4.2重建软件的曲面重组技术(CPR)重建下颌管,观察下颌管的位置、构造和测量下颌后牙牙根至下颌管上壁的距离;在Amira三维重建软件下重建下颌骨及下颌管的可视化模型,观察透明下颌骨内下颌管的走行及其与下颌后牙的关系。 结果　下颌管壁由一薄层骨密质构成,自磨牙牙根尖舌侧和前磨牙牙根尖颊侧的下方走行;透明下颌骨内的下颌管可清晰显示其位置、形态及走行,下颌管与下颌体下缘、牙槽嵴及内、外侧骨板的距离。下颌后牙牙根至下颌管的距离以第2磨牙最近,由近及远依次为第2磨牙、第1磨牙、第3磨牙、第2前磨牙和第1前磨牙;下颌磨牙的远中根至下颌管的距离均较近中根近。第1前磨牙、第2前磨牙、第1磨牙、第2磨牙、第3磨牙牙根至下颌管上壁的最短距离分别为(8.38±1.04) mm(左)和(8.44±1.05) mm(右)、(7.51±0.85) mm、(3.40±　0.65) mm、(2.93±0.61) mm、(3.92±0.63) mm(左)和(3.97±0.63) mm(右)。 结论　下颌管的三维重建对选择适宜长度的牙种植体,避免牙种植体损伤下牙槽神经等具有重要意义。     

下颌管的应用解剖及临床意义

目的:为下颌牙种植术等临床口腔外科提供解剖学基础.方法:选取下颌骨标本10例、新鲜下颌骨标本10例和成人全牙下颌骨标本20例,分别暴露出下颌管截面、下牙槽神经血管束和下颌管与下颌后牙牙根.观察下颌管的形态、走行和下牙槽神经、血管的排列关系,用游标卡尺测量下颌后牙牙根尖至下颌管上壁的距离.结果:下颌管呈椭圆形,自磨牙牙根尖舌侧和前磨牙牙根尖颊侧的下方走行;下颌管内的下牙槽血管位于下牙槽神经上方.下颌后牙牙根至下颌管的距离以第2磨牙最近,由近及远依次为第2磨牙、第1磨牙、第3磨牙、第2前磨牙和第1前磨牙;下颌磨牙的远中根至下颌管的距离均较近中根近.第1前磨牙、第2前磨牙、第1磨牙、第2磨牙、第3磨牙牙根至下颌管上壁的最短距离分别为(8.19±0.87) mm(左)和(8.29±0.88) mm(右)、(7.38±0.85) mm、(3.30±0.66) mm、(2.98±0.77) mm(左)和(2.92±0.75) mm(右)、(3.82±0.63) mm(左)和(3.86±0.64) mm(右).结论:下颌管的应用解剖对选择适宜长度的牙种植体,避免牙种植体损伤下牙槽神经等具有重要意义.     

下颌神经管全长三维走向的测量及其临床意义

目的　研究下颌管的全长走行位置及其与四周骨板的毗邻关系 ,为临床下颌手术提供解剖学依据。方法　对14 0侧成人下颌骨进行冠状、矢状及水平三维剖面的测量。找出下牙槽神经管全长在下颌骨中走行的基本位置及其与四周骨松质、骨皮质的毗邻关系值。结果　下牙槽神经管在下颌骨中走行虽有变化 ,但下颌管全长的总体走行是紧贴着舌侧骨板 ;在下颌第一、二磨牙区下颌管走行与下颌下缘成平行状 ;在近颏孔时才折转向外和向颊侧出颏孔。结论　在牙种植术、下颌各类截骨术中按正常解剖方位并侧重于颊侧骨板操作 ,可以避免损伤下牙槽神经血管。     

螺旋CT三维成像及曲面断层片对下颌神经管走向的研究

目的　通过螺旋CT及曲面断层片探讨下颌神经管与下颌骨的实际位置关系。 方法　利用螺旋CT扫描机对正常年青人进行下颌骨的横断面连续薄层扫描及多平面重建后,测量并计算下颌神经管在下颌骨中的实际位置及其走行方向。对上述人群拍摄曲面断层片,在曲面断层片上测量并计算下颌神经管在下颌骨中的位置并将两种测量结果进行比较。 结果　在颊舌方向,下颌神经管总体走行是由舌侧逐渐向颊侧倾斜达颏孔,在走行高度上,在第三磨牙区由上向下走行,自第二磨牙开始下颌神经管逐渐由下向上走行达颏孔。下颌神经管在下颌骨中位置的测量并计算的比值,在两种检测方法中无显著性差异（P＜0.05）。 结论　本研究螺旋CT测量并计算出的比值校正曲面断层片测量并计算的结果,可以在临床工作中指导牙槽外科手术。     

下颌骨骨折机理的解剖学研究

目的:为下颌骨骨折机理的研究提供解剖学依据。方法:10例新鲜颅面标本进行解剖,对咀嚼肌、位进行观察,把下颌骨横断截开,测量各个解剖区全厚骨质厚度。结果:下颌骨各部分骨质厚度:颏部正中(12.4±0.7)mm、颏孔区(10.6±1.1)mm、磨牙区(14.1±0.9)mm、下颌角(6.8±0.5)mm、下颌孔前区(10.1±1.0)mm、下颌孔后区(6.2±0.5)mm。下颌第3磨牙阻生时,骨质变薄。牙缺失时,骨质吸收牙槽突降低。咀嚼肌在下颌骨两侧呈镜面影像,附着于下颌骨的不同部位。牙尖交错位和下颌后退接触位时上下牙列接触,髁状突与颞骨关节面无间隙,下颌姿势位时使上下牙列及髁状突与颞骨关节面之间均有间隙。结论:(1)颏部正中、下颌体部、下颌角、髁突颈部为下颌骨解剖薄弱区域,下骨全厚骨质厚度和骨折无相关性;(2)下颌第3磨牙阻生、缺失牙、颏孔和尖牙窝使下颌骨变薄弱;(3)咀嚼肌的收缩和位的不同可以改变下颌骨骨折的发生部位;(4)下颌骨薄弱区、咀嚼肌和位共同影响下颌骨骨折的发生。     

下颌骨外侧下弧线的初步研究

将经过颏孔与下颌体下缘间中点,而且平行于基底平面的弧线,称作“下颌骨外侧下弧线”,它与颌面外科下颌骨模具固定关系密切。通过铝条塑形,在坐标纸上描画该曲线,记点和曲线直线化处理,对新疆乌鲁木齐及陕南出土的159例汉族成人下颌骨的研究结果表明,该曲线大致为抛物线。用线性回归法计算所拟定的经验公式 y=kx~2中系数 K,并对其进行了显著性 t 检验和等差级数法分级。结果,性别差异不明显,侧差和地区差别显著。当置信系数α=0.001时,左右侧 K 值均可分成11级。这不但为下颌骨固定模具的生产和选用提供了参数,也为人类学研究提供了一种有用的手段。下颌骨粉碎性骨折或部分截除等,均需要固定模具。模具的生产及型号选用,与下颌骨的形态参数有关。根据临床要求,模具固定时,多数放在下颌骨外侧面下部或下缘。因此,固定模具的曲度,与下颌骨外侧面下部平行于其基底平面的曲线参数关系最为密切,它对固定模具的生产与选用,甚至人工下颌骨应用均有意义,若按下颌骨体外侧面不同高度,平行于基底平面画三条距离大致相等的弧线,并称过双颏孔的弧线为“下颌骨外侧中弧线”,则过颏孔与上下缘连线中点的弧线,分别称为“下颌骨外侧上弧线”和“下颌骨外侧下弧线”。“下颌骨外侧下弧线”就是那种重要的曲线。这里将专门探讨一下国人该曲线、的基本特征及其关键参数的统计学分类。     

下颌管与下颌后牙的位置关系及临床意义

目的: 为下颌牙种植术等临床口腔外科提供解剖学基础。方法：选取新鲜下颌骨标本10例、成人全牙下颌骨标本18例和20名全牙志愿者,分别暴露出下牙槽神经血管束、下颌管与下颌后牙牙根和CT连续扫描后进行三维重建。观察下牙槽神经、血管的排列关系,用游标卡尺和CT三维重建工作站分别测量下颌后牙牙根至下颌管上壁的距离。结果：下颌管自牙槽窝下方走行,其舌侧骨板较厚;下颌管内的下牙槽血管位于下牙槽神经上方。下颌磨牙的远中根至下颌管的距离均较近中根近。在标本及影像上的第1前磨牙、第2前磨牙、第1磨牙、第2磨牙、第3磨牙牙根至下颌管上壁的距离分别为(8.36±2.34)　mm和(8.42±2.42)mm、(7.36±2.21)mm和(7.52±2.18)mm、(3.22±1.40)mm和(3.36±1.85)mm、(2.96±1.54)mm和(2.84±1.55)mm、(3.64±1.72)mm和(3.88±1.76)mm。结论：（1）下颌后牙至下颌管的距离以第2磨牙最近,由近及远依次为第2磨牙、第1磨牙、第3磨牙、第2前磨牙和第1前磨牙。（2）对选择适宜长度的牙种植体,避免牙种植体损伤下牙槽神经等具有重要意义。     

安氏Ⅱ类1分类错牙合患者拔牙与否的形态学研究

目的：探讨AngleⅡ类1分类错牙合畸形患者矫治前拔牙与否的形态学差异。方法选择临床获得满意疗效的恒牙早期120例AngleⅡ类1分类错牙合畸形的病例,其中未拔牙组42例,拔牙组78例,对其矫治前的x线头颅侧位定位片进行软硬组织和牙牙合模型的回顾性比较研究。结果两组矫治前形态学上的差异主要表现在：①硬组织：SNB、ANB、NA-PA、Npg-FH、Go-Pog、Ptm-s、FMIA、U1-L1、U1-Apgmm。②软组织：上唇厚度、下唇长度、颏唇沟厚度。③牙牙合模型：上下颌拥挤度、Spee氏曲线曲度、覆盖、上颌中后段宽、下颌中后段宽、上颌中段长。结论下颌的后缩程度、上前牙的突度、上唇厚度及牙列的拥挤度是决定拔牙与否的重要因素。     

颏管的形态特点及其临床意义

目的研究国人颏管的形态与位置,为口腔科牙种植术等颏区手术提供解剖学数据.方法剖开60侧福尔马林固定的湿下颌骨标本的下颌管前端,进行观察测量.结果下颌管前端向中线分出一切牙神经管后,该管有96.7%弯向后上形成颏管再开口于颏孔,3.3%直接开口于颏孔;颏管长约(4.01±1.20)mm,管径约(2.6±0.6)mm;颏孔前缘对应下颌管前端的水平距离为(3.54±0.70)mm,颏孔下缘至下颌管上缘的垂直距离为(3.21±0.90)mm;下牙槽神经在下颌管末端分成两支;切牙神经穿切牙神经管分布到切牙,颏神经穿颏管出颏孔.结论下颌管前端向后上方续为颏管,颏管内有颏神经走行.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.