50例阴道上皮内瘤变临床治疗分析

目的 探讨阴道上皮内瘤变(VAIN)的临床特征及治疗方法。方法 回顾分析50例VAIN患者的临床资料,其中VAINⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级分别为16、5、29例,年龄33~76岁。结果 多数患者无临床症状,少数表现为阴道分泌物增多,82%患者病变位于阴道穹窿或上1/3,18%位于阴道中、下1/3,VAINⅠ级患者观察随访,VAIN Ⅱ级患者阴道局部用药,VAIN Ⅲ级患者行三维高剂量率腔内后装放疗。HPV感染与VAIN级别呈正相关(P=0.028)。结论 VAIN级别与高危型HPV感染呈正相关,腔内后装放疗对VAIN Ⅲ级患者起到有效治疗作用,副反应小治愈率高。     

宫颈癌术后阴道断端VAIN55例临床分析

目的:研究宫颈癌术后阴道断端上皮内瘤变(vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia,VMN)的诊断、治疗及阴道断端VAIN级别与宫颈癌病理类型、临床分期、转移部位、癌灶大小、患者年龄的关系.方法:总结2001年1月至2006年5月共55例宫颈癌术后阴道断端VAIN患者的临床资料,对其临床表现、病理、治疗方法及复发等进行回顾分析.结果:55例患者中年龄≤40岁13例,＞40岁42例,其中阴道断端VAINⅠ 11例,VAINⅡ11例,VMNⅢ33例,均经病理检查确诊,采用手术治疗,术前或术后加用放化疗,随访1例患者复发.结论:阴道断端VAIN级别与宫颈癌病理类型、临床分期、转移部位癌灶大小、患者年龄均无关.但因它们有相似的病因,常同时或相继发生,故对宫颈癌术后发现阴道断端VMN患者应加强随访,以便早期发现阴道浸润癌.     

宫颈癌术后阴道断端VAIN55例临床分析

目的:研究宫颈癌术后阴道断端上皮内瘤变(vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia,VAIN)的诊断、治疗及阴道断端VAIN级别与宫颈癌病理类型、临床分期、转移部位、癌灶大小、患者年龄的关系。方法:总结2001年1月至2006年5月共55例宫颈癌术后阴道断端VAIN患者的临床资料,对其临床表现、病理、治疗方法及复发等进行回顾分析。结果:55例患者中年龄≤40岁13例,>40岁42例,其中阴道断端VAINⅠ11例,VAINⅡ11例,VAINⅢ33例,均经病理检查确诊,采用手术治疗,术前或术后加用放化疗,随访1例患者复发。结论:阴道断端VAIN级别与宫颈癌病理类型、临床分期、转移部位癌灶大小、患者年龄均无关。但因它们有相似的病因,常同时或相继发生,故对宫颈癌术后发现阴道断端VAIN患者应加强随访,以便早期发现阴道浸润癌。     

腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术及盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫颈癌53例

 目的　分析腹腔镜下广泛性子宫切除术及盆腔淋巴结清扫术治疗子宫颈癌的临床效果。方法　回顾性分析53例ⅠA～ⅡA期子宫颈癌患者腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术及盆腔淋巴结清扫术的临床资料及并发症发生情况。结果　手术时间156（120～270）min；术中出血178（100～800）ml；切除盆腔淋巴结数为19.6（13～28）枚；所有切除组织切缘巨检均为阴性，显微镜下未发现切缘有残余病灶。术中1例直肠损伤，术后有2例发生输尿管瘘。术后第2天均可下床活动，平均排气时间第2天，平均10.8 d后恢复自主排尿。所有病例随访1～24个月，无远期并发症；1例术后4个月盆腔复发，1例术后14个月残端复发。结论　腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术及盆腔淋巴结清扫术创伤小，术后恢复快，是一种治疗子宫颈癌的理想方法。     

碳离子束治疗皮肤恶性黑色素瘤的近期疗效

目的 评价碳离子(~(12)C~(6+))束对皮肤恶性黑色素瘤放射治疗的近期疗效和副反应.方法 13例皮肤恶性黑色素瘤患者分6批接受~(12)C~(6+)束放射治疗,其中Ⅱ_a期2例,Ⅱ_b期3例,Ⅱ_c期5例,Ⅲ_c期3例.照射总剂量60～66 GyE分6～12 d,单次剂量2.2～4.4 GyE,1次/d,连续治疗.采用RTOG标准和WHO近期疗效标准分别评价副反应和近期疗效.结果 中位随访时间为13.5个月(1～25个月),随访率为100%.13例患者中完全缓解10例,部分缓解3例,有效率为100%,中位生存时间为21.3个月(95%可信区间为18.1～24.5个月).皮肤反应0级3例,1级6例,2级2例,3级2例.血液系统副反应治疗前后无明显改变.结论 ~(12)C~(6+)束治疗皮肤恶性黑色素瘤近期疗效好,且并发症轻.     

子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤临床病理分析

目的 探讨子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤的临床病理特点、诊治方法及预后.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院2003年1月至2009年2月收治的9例子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤患者的临床病理资料,并进行随访.结果 9例患者中,子宫内膜腺肉瘤6例,宫颈腺肉瘤3例.主要表现为异常阴道出血和盆腔疼痛.妇科检查见宫颈或阴道肿物,可扪及子宫增大和盆腔包块.肿瘤间质以腺周套袖样及息肉样突入腺腔结构为特征性病理表现.子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤术前正确诊断率为66.7%,以临床Ⅰ期为主(7/9).9例患者均行手术治疗,术后辅以化疗7例,辅以放疗1例,高效孕激素治疗3例.有5例患者保留单侧或双侧卵巢,3例行病灶局部切除术.2例子宫内膜腺肉瘤复发,其中1例临床Ⅲ期患者合并肉瘤成分过度生长,术后13个月死于肿瘤复发;另1例患者行宫腔病灶切除术后2年复发,切除子宫后随访正常.另7例患者随访至今无复发.结论 子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤临床罕见,患者症状、体征无特异性,其诊断依赖病理形态学检察.子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤呈低度恶性,临床以早期病例为主.治疗应采用手术为主的综合疗法,临床早期且完整切除病灶者的预后较好,临床晚期且合并肉瘤成分过度生长者的预后差.子宫苗勒管腺肉瘤的复发率较高,应长期密切随诊.     

微波治疗子宫内膜癌术后及放疗后复发2例

 例1 患者65岁，于1990 年12 月因子宫内膜腺癌及卵巢子宫内膜样癌行全子宫双附件及阑尾切除术，术后一年发现阴道残端肿物2cm×1.5cm× 1cm ，病理诊断为腺癌，给予全程盆腔外照射加阴道腔内后装治疗，并配合孕激素治疗。1999 年3 月复查时发现阴道残端充血、触血，细胞学涂片找到癌细胞，患者拒绝静脉化疗，故追加阴道垂直双源后装治疗一次，复查阴道细胞学仍巴氏Ⅴ级。1999年5 月行微波治疗一次，定期细胞学检查未找到癌细胞，随访至今。     

调强放疗在早期子宫颈癌术后阴道残端复发治疗中的价值

目的 探讨调强放疗治疗早期子宫颈癌术后阴道残端复发的价值.方法 采用回顾性同期对照研究,对30例早期子宫颈癌术后阴道残端复发患者（试验组）行调强放疗,选择同期行常规放疗的30例早期子宫颈癌术后阴道残端复发患者为对照组,两组均行3个疗程TP方案治疗.比较两组间患者的近期疗效及并发症情况.结果 试验组完全缓解（CR） 22例,部分缓解（PR）7例,进展（PD）1例,对照组CR 14例,PR 5例,稳定（SD）7例,PD 4例,试验组有效率为96.67％（29/30）,对照组有效率为63.33％（19/30）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.009）.试验组1例1级放射性膀胱炎,1例1级放射性肠炎;对照组3例阴道直肠瘘,1例3级放射性膀胱炎,2例2级放射性膀胱炎,2例1级放射性肠炎.结论 调强放疗治疗早期子宫颈癌术后阴道残端复发近期疗效满意,优于常规放疗,不良反应可耐受.     

Ⅰ期低级别子宫内膜间质肉瘤术后序贯放化疗的临床分析

目的 探讨术后序贯放化疗对Ⅰ期低级别子宫内膜间质肉瘤（LGESS）预后的影响及安全性。方法 回顾性分析1995年6月至2010年12月术后接受序贯放化疗的Ⅰ期LGESS患者28例及同期接受单纯手术者24例。序贯放化疗组术后先给予2个周期化疗（化疗采用CYVADIC、VAD或IAP方案）,之后行盆腔外照射（DT 40～50 Gy）,放疗结束后再行2个周期化疗。比较两组患者的生存和复发情况,同时评价术后序贯放化疗的不良反应。结果中位随访118个月（20～185个月）,随访率为92.3％。52例患者中,复发9例,其中单纯手术组复发7例。序贯放化疗组5年和10年无复发生存率分别为96.4％和91.4％,优于单纯手术组的75.0％和70.3％,差异有统计学意义（P=0.035）;两组5年和10年生存率的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。所有接受序贯放化疗的患者均顺利完成治疗,化疗的不良反应主要为胃肠道反应及骨髓抑制,胃肠道反应均为1～2级,发生骨髓抑制者13例,其中5例发生3级及以上骨髓抑制,经积极处理后恢复正常。放疗的不良反应主要为放射性直肠炎及阴道炎,无3级以上急性不良反应发生。结论LGESS预后较好,但有远期复发倾向。Ⅰ期LGESS的治疗以手术为主,术后序贯放化疗可能有助于减少盆腔复发,不良反应可耐受,是Ⅰ期LGESS可供参考的一种治疗选择。     

子宫内膜乳头状腺纤维瘤3例报告及文献复习

回顾性分析1998年9月至2007年8月收治的3例子宫内膜乳头状腺纤维瘤患者的临床病理资料。3例患者发病年龄35～65岁,均以阴道不规则出血为临床主要症状;光镜检查：瘤组织由上皮和间叶组织共同组成。2例患者行全子宫切除术,1例患者行单纯肿物切除术,术后随访至今均无复发。     

The pharmacokinetics of high dose cyclophosphamide and high dose etoposide

We have studied the pharmacokinetics of single agent high dose cyclophosphamide (HDC) (160-240 mg kg-1) given as repeated intravenous (i.v.) infusions to six patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and HDC (180 mg kg-1) combined with etoposide (750-1000 mg m-2) as repeated i.v. infusions to five patients with SCLC and two patients with teratoma. HDC has a similar pharmacokinetic profile to low dose cyclophosphamide, with a half-life of 4.83 +/- 1.3 h. Repeated administration of HDC produced a small but significant shortening of the half life (P = 0.02). The terminal half-life of high dose etoposide was 7.7 +/- 2 h which is similar to our previous results with low dose etoposide (50-300 mg m-2), but the volume of distribution which was 35.5 +/- 11.6 1. was significantly increased (P less than 0.001). Plasma steady state concentrations of 26.2 +/- 11.7 micrograms ml-1 were achieved. The possible mechanism for the alteration of volume of distribution of etoposide will be discussed.     

Invasive breast carcinomas in Ghana: high frequency of high grade, basal-like histology and high EZH2 expression

Breast cancer in African-American women has a worse outcome than in Caucasian women. The ancestors of most African-American women come from West Africa, including Ghana. The Polycomb group protein EZH2 is a marker of poor outcome in breast cancers from Caucasian women. The histopathological features and biomarker expression of African breast cancers remain obscure. Here, we investigated a cohort of Ghanaian breast cancers to better define the prevalent tumor types and to test if EZH2 protein may identify aggressive tumors. A group of 169 breast tissues (100 invasive carcinomas and 69 benign) from women treated at Komfo Anoyke Teaching Hospital between 2006 and 2011 were histologically classified and investigated for EZH2 expression. EZH2 nuclear expression we defined as high or low following previously published criteria. Of the 100 invasive carcinomas, 89 % were ductal, 2 % were lobular, and 9 % were metaplastic. Basal-like pathological features were present in 30 % of the tumors. Of the invasive carcinomas, 7 % were grade 1, 41 % grade 2, and 52 % grade 3. EZH2 protein was overexpressed in invasive carcinomas compared to benign breast (p < 0.0001). In invasive carcinomas nuclear EZH2 overexpression was significantly associated with basal-like subtype (p = 0.03) and high histologic grade (p < 0.05). Cytoplasmic EZH2, which has not been previously reported, was present in 16 % of invasive carcinomas and it was associated with triple negative status (p = 0.02). Our results provide the first comprehensive histopathological study of this patient population and uncover the association of EZH2 with high grade and basal-like tumors. We provide the basis for further detailed investigations on this cohort to advance diagnosis and treatment of African and African-American women.     

Treatment of supratentorial high grade gliomas with split course high fractional dose postoperative radiotherapy

Ninety-two patients with malignant supratentorial gliomas diagnosed from 1977 to 1983 received split course external beam radiotherapy. The initial course of radiation consisted of 3000 cGy whole brain in ten fractions 5 days a week. After a 2-week rest, treatment was continued to a portal restricted to the computerized tomography scan demonstrated abnormality plus a margin for an additional 2100 cGy (total 5100 cGy/17 fx/36 days). The optic chiasm and hypothalamus were excluded from the high dose region. Following review of all pathologic specimens, three patients with grade II glioma, three lacking histologic confirmation, two unbiopsied and eleven not receiving the prescribed treatment were excluded from the survival analysis. No patients were lost to follow-up. Surviving patients were followed 85 months (median); range 68-125 months. All remaining patients were followed until death. The median actuarial survival for 73 grade III and IV patients was 12.5 months. The 5-year actuarial survival was 10%. The median survival for 54 grade IV patients was 10 months. The 5-year survival was 4%. For 19 grade III patients the median survival was 22.5 months. The 5-year survival was 26%. There was one long-term grade IV survivor (68 mos.) and four long-term grade III survivors (76, 85, 108, 125 mos). No patient developed optic nerve or chiasm injury. One patient, an 85 months survivor, had biopsy documented radionecrosis and hemiparesis. The incidence of necrosis among 62 patients alive 6 months or more (and therefore at risk of brain necrosis) is 1/62 (2%). The incidence among survivors is 1/5. The nominal standard dose for this regimen is 1749 ret. The predictive value of the "nominal standard dose" and "equivalent dose" formulae for brain necrosis is explored. We conclude (a) that this regimen provides a survival probability equivalent to conventional treatment for grade III and IV supratentorial gliomas, (b) that neither the equivalent nor nominal standard doses predicted the incidence of brain necrosis, (c) that the time dose schedule is well tolerated and has an acceptable risk-benefit ratio, (d) that its advantage to the patient is decreased time requirement and cost.     

Lung cancer treatment with high cyclophosphamide doses versus high cyclophosphamide doses plus radiotherapy.

Sixty-six evaluable male patients with a histologically proved inoperable lung cancer, with a Karnofsky's score ≥30, were considered for study. The mean age was 57.2 (range 20–74) years. Tumor cell types were of epidermoid carcinoma 50, adenocarcinoma 6, undifferentiated small cell carcinoma 5, and undifferentiated large cell carcinoma 5. Fifty patients had limited disease and 15 had extensive disease. They were treated with combined modality therapy Cyclophosphamide (CY) 50 mg/kg body weight, administered into the tubing of a freely running intravenous infusion of 5% dextrose every 10–12 days, followed by radiation therapy with ⁶⁰Co, 6000 rad and then, with CY 17 mg/kg body weight every 15 days until progression (ChRCh group). The control group (Ch) of 31 patients was treated with CY 50 mg/kg body every 10/12 days. Complete response was achieved in $\text{3}\text{35}$ patients and partial response in $\text{15}\text{35}$ patients of the ChRCh group. In the control group, $\text{12}\text{31}$ patients achieved partial response. Total dose of CY was higher in responders achieving a significantly longer survival (median 12+ months) in comparison to non-responders (median 7 months) and the control group (median 6 months). Less toxic reactions were seen in patients responding to ChRCh regimen.Bone marrow depletion did not affect the patient's survival, but cystitis and alopecia, it appeared, decreased life expectancy. It is concluded that combined modality therapy is better than chemotherapy alone, with less cytotoxicity in responders.     

Radiotherapy for high grade gliomas

This presentation will review recent data on the treatment of high grade gliomas. It deals primarily with results of radiotherapy even though several of the clinical trials to be considered also included chemotherapy. Present emphasis will be on, but not limited to, the larger prospective randomized trials conducted by various cooperative clinical groups in the United States, the United Kingdom and on the continent.