Place of death after stroke--United States, 1999-2002

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Successful acute stroke intervention depends on early recognition of symptoms, prompt emergency transport, and rapid in-hospital treatment. However, approximately half of stroke decedents die before admission to the hospital. During 1990-1998, the proportion of stroke deaths that occurred in hospitals declined, and the proportion occurring before transport to hospitals increased. This report summarizes trends in the place of death among all stroke decedents, the proportion of stroke deaths occurring before emergency assistance arrives, and characteristics associated with place of death. Among 162,672 persons who died of stroke in 2002, 49.2% died pre-transport, 0.4% were dead on arrival (DOA), 3.3% died in emergency departments (EDs), and 47.0% died after admission to a hospital. Early patient and bystander recognition of stroke symptoms and timely action in calling for emergency assistance might reduce the number and proportion of stroke deaths. In addition, improving timely arrival of emergency care and appropriate treatment of stroke patients can reduce the proportion of pre-transport deaths and serious sequelae that lead to severe disabilities.     

不动杆菌医院感染流行病学调查

目的了解本医院不动杆菌属细菌医院感染流行现状。方法采用回顾性调查的方法,对2004年6月至12月发生医院感染的71例患者临床资料进行统计分析。结果1.不动杆菌医院感染率为0.35%(71/20193),例次感染率为0.37%(75/20193);感染病例平均年龄为51.42岁,平均住院天数为54.35天;所调查的71例患者大多有严重的原发疾病,如心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、呼吸系统感染、大面积烧伤等。2.感染科室分布以ICU和烧伤病房最常见,分别占感染病例数的29.58%(21/71)和11.27%(8/71);感染涉及10个部位,其中下呼吸道占的比重最大,达73.33%(55/75),其次是烧伤创面和上呼吸道,与之相对应,分离的菌株主要来源于痰标本。3.共有18例为混合感染,其中17例合并有两种病原菌,1例有3种菌混合感染;71例感染病例,好转35例,痊愈17例,未愈5例,死亡14例,病死率为19.72%(14/71)。结论医院获得性不动杆菌属感染大多发生在住院时间长、有严重的基础疾病的老年患者,以ICU和烧伤科较为突出;呼吸道和烧伤部位为主要的感染部位,混合感染比较常见;患者病死率较高。     

Infections associated with severe protein-calorie malnutrition in hospitalized infants and children

One hundred Bangladeshi children admitted to hospital for treatment of severe protein-calorie malnutrition were systematically evaluated for the presence of infections. Ninety percent of children had some evidence of systemic infection at the time of admission and 75% had pneumonia, bacteruria, diarrhea in association with a known enteric pathogen, bacteremia, meningitis, or more than one of these major infections. Forty-nine percent of patients had pneumonia, including 14% of admissions with clinical evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Forty-three percent of admissions had diarrhea and 40% had evidence of enteric infections, most commonly shigellae or rotavirus. Bacteruria occurred in 30% of admissions, but bacteremia was identified in only 2% of patients initially. The prevalence of intestinal parasites increased with age, both among inpatients and comparison subjects with less severe grades of malnutrition. There did not appear to be important differences in the parasite loads or prevalences between the 2 groups.Twenty-one inpatients died; deaths were more common in younger children. The cause of death was most frequently related to infections. The identification and appropriate treatment of infections must be considered a major component of the rehabilitation of severely malnourished children.     

193所医院医院感染现患率调查分析

目的：为了解我国医院感染现患率。方法：卫生部全国医院感染监控管理培训基地，组织全国医院感染监控网单位对各单位住院患者2001年6月，27日零时对24时医院感染现患率进行调查，参加调查医院按每50张床位配备1名调查人员，每3－4人1组，采用卫生部《医院感染诊断标准》，对所有住院患者医院感染进行床旁逐个调查和病案调查相结合，结果：共收到197所（70．4％）医院的调查资料，医院感染现患率部分可用资料193份；本次共调查患者107496人，占应查住院患者数（110021）的97．70％，发同医院感染5614人，6001例次，医院感染现患率在4％－8％的医院109所（56．5％）；排在前5位的医院感染衣次为呼吸道感染（48．7％）、泌尿道感染（12．8％）、手术部位（11．9％），胃肠道感染（10．9％）和皮肤软组织（6．7％）。结论：我国人次现患率和例次现患率分别为5．22％和5．58％，大多数医院的医院感染现患率在4％－8％之间，常见的医院感染为呼吸道、泌尿道、手术部位，胃肠部和皮肤软组织感染。     

Proportion of hospital deaths potentially attributable to nosocomial infection.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the fraction of hospital deaths potentially associated with nosocomial infection (NI). DESIGN: A matched (1:1) case-control study. SETTING: An 800-bed, tertiary-care, teaching hospital. PATIENTS: All patients older than 14 years who were admitted to the hospital between January 1, 1990, and January 1, 1991, were eligible. All 524 consecutive deaths that occurred in the hospital comprised the case group. For each case, a control patient was matched for primary admission diagnosis and admission date. OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of hospital deaths potentially associated with NI was estimated from the population attributable risk (PAR) adjusted for age, gender, service, severity of illness, length of stay, and quality of the medical record. RESULTS: For stays longer than 48 hours, the PAR for all NIs was estimated to be 21.3% (95% confidence interval [CI95], 16.8%-30.5%). The greatest proportion of deaths potentially associated with NIs was observed in patients with only one infection (PAR, 15.0%; CI95, 10.9%-22.6%) and bacteremia or sepsis (PAR, 7.7%; CI95, 4.6%-11.6%). CONCLUSIONS: NIs are associated with a large proportion of intrahospital deaths. This information may help clinicians and healthcare managers to assess the impact of programs for the prevention and control of NIs on intrahospital death.     

Incidence, causes and severity of injuries in Aquitaine, France: a community-based study of hospital admissions and deaths.

This paper reports the results of a study of injuries conducted during a one-year period within a defined geographic population of 2.7 million persons (Aquitaine, France). Cases were defined as unintentional or intentional injuries, either resulting in immediate death before reaching hospital or requiring hospital admission. During the one-year period, 1,181 deaths were registered and 8,190 hospital admissions occurred during the sample periods. The three leading causes of injury were falls (40 per cent), traffic accidents (27 per cent), and poisonings (15 per cent). The overall incidence of injuries was 136 per 10,000 person years. Incidence by sex and age was assessed for the main external causes. The ratios of nonfatal to fatal cases were calculated by sex and age and by external cause. The origin of the injury was suicide in 14 per cent of cases and assault or homicide in 3 per cent. The severity of injuries, assessed using an automatic computation of the Injury Severity Score (ISS), ranged from 1 to 66 with a mean of 6.9. Substantial variations of ISS were observed according to external cause. At the 8th day following admission, 31 per cent of hospital-treated patients were still hospitalized and 0.8 per cent had died in hospital. The outcome correlated well with the ISS.     

Death rates and causes of death in cohorts of serum hepatitis patients followed up for more than 20 years

A cohort of 214 drug addicts with serum hepatitis and a cohort of 193 hepatitis patients without drug addiction were examined in respect of death rates, causes of death and a number of risk factors for reduced survival. The death rate was significantly higher among the drug addicts than among non-addicts. The annual mortality rate was 1.5% in the drug addict group and 0.7% in the non-addict group. The highest relative risk of death was 860 for female drug addicts in age group 15-24 compared to females of the same age in the general population. The most prevalent cause of death in the drug addict group was drug overdose (53%), whereas in the other group 66% died from various somatic diseases. Hepatitis or complications of viral hepatitis played no role as cause of death among the drug addicts, and infections as a whole were also responsible for very few deaths. For male drug addicts, imprisonment before admission and leaving hospital without the doctors' permission were risk factors for early death.     

Mortality attributable to nosocomial infection: a cohort of patients with and without nosocomial infection in a French university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To assess nosocomial infection (NI) as a risk factor for death and to estimate the population-attributable risk of death from NI. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of patients with and without NI. SETTING: Nimes University Hospital, Nimes, France. PATIENTS: Patients were recruited from May 7, 2001, to January 10, 2003. Patients in acute care and long-term care units who had NI were enrolled, and patients without NI were randomly selected and matched with patients with NI for age, sex, type of care (acute care vs. long-term care) and length of stay in hospital at study inclusion. OUTCOME MEASURES: Vital status within 60 days after study inclusion was assessed. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate the relative death risk from NI after adjusting for comorbidities, severity of the underlying disease, and all other confounding factors. The adjusted population-attributable risk was assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS: We recruited 1,914 patients with NI and 5,172 patients without NI. The median age of the patients with NI was 73 years; 1,045 (54.6%) were female. NI was associated with death within 60 days (adjusted odds ratio, 1.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4-;2.2]; P<.001). The adjusted population-attributable risk of death for all sites of infection was 1.7% (95% CI, 1.4-2.1). If we consider the NI incidence to be 3%-6% in French hospitals, the population-attributable risk of death from NI would range from 2.1% (95% CI, 1.7%-2.5%) to 4.0% (95% CI, 3.3%-4.9%). CONCLUSION: In this study, NI appeared to have a significant impact on mortality. Multicenter studies will be needed to confirm these results.     

Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the incidence of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations and mortality among children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be evaluated using indicators, such as rates of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations by cause of infection, and associated death. This study aimed to estimate the impact of HAART on the incidence of these indicators, in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS. It was a hybrid cohort study; 371 patients were followed from 1989 to 2003. In December 2003, 76% of the patients were still being followed, while 12.1% had died, 9.5% had dropped out, and 2.4% had been transferred. The overall rate of opportunistic infections was 18.32 infections/100 persons-year and 2.63 in the pre- and post-HAART periods, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of developing an opportunistic infection was 5.4 times greater and 3.3 times greater for hospitalization risk before HAART. Respiratory causes represented 65% of the hospitalizations and they were reduced by 44.6% with therapeutic intervention. The average hospital stay of 15 days was reduced to 9. There was a post-HAART decline in deaths of 38%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of HAART in significantly reducing opportunistic infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in this Brazilian cohort.     

医院感染现患率调查分析

目的研究铜陵市人民医院医院感染情况,为进一步做好医院感染管理工作提供依据。方法采取床边调查和住院病历调查相结合的方法,了解住院病例院内感染情况。结果医院感染现患率为4.40%,感染率高的科室是ICU和血液内科;感染的病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,抗菌药物使用率54.74%;≥60岁人群与侵袭性操作感染率较高。结论医院感染感染率与机械通气、年龄、性别和长时间应用抗菌药物有关;应加强对高危科室的目标性监测,控制医院感染的发生。     

Risk factors for fatal diarrhea: a case-control study of African children

Few studies have determined risk factors for diarrheal deaths in developing areas. The Ministry of Health of Lesotho, southern Africa, reported that 9.5% of children under five years of age who were hospitalized for diarrhea in 1984 died. Of 104 children under five years of age who died during hospitalization for diarrhea, 85% were aged 24 months or younger and had nonbloody diarrhea during the warm season. We conducted two retrospective case-control studies of children aged 24 months or younger admitted for diarrhea at two hospitals in 1983 and 1984, comparing 44 who died with 89 who survived. Eight factors were significantly associated (p less than 0.05) with death at one or both hospitals by univariate analysis: diagnosis of a major infection, age under six months, illness for seven days or more before admission, thrush or stomatitis on admission, severe dehydration, history of vomiting, dehydration that had not improved after 12 hours in the hospital, and fever or subnormal temperature. Multivariate analysis of data from one hospital showed the first three factors to be significantly associated with death. Cases and controls were similar in sex and in degree of malnutrition. This study identified children at high risk for death from diarrhea.     

National trends in the mortality of children with sickle cell disease, 1968 through 1992.

OBJECTIVES: This paper describes national trends in mortality of children with sickle cell disease and the settings in which death occurred. METHODS: United States death certificate data from 1968 through 1992 were used to calculate mortality rates of Black children with sickle cell disease 1 to 14 years old. Deaths from trauma, congenital anomalies, and perinatal conditions were excluded. RESULTS: Between 1968 and 1992, mortality rates of Black children with sickle cell disease decreased 41% for 1- to 4-year-olds, 47% for 5- to 9-year-olds, and 53% for 10- to 14-year-olds. During 1986 through 1992, children who died before hospital admission accounted for 41% of deaths among 1- to 4-year-olds, 27% among 5- to 9-year-olds, and 12% among 10- to 14-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: Survival of Black children with sickle cell disease has improved markedly since 1968. A substantial proportion of deaths continue to occur prior to hospital admission. Trends in sickle cell mortality can be monitored inexpensively with death-certificate data.     

肿瘤患者医院感染病原菌分布与抗菌药物耐药分析

目的调查肿瘤患者医院感染病原菌的分布及耐药趋势,为指导临床用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法对2007年1月～2008年12月住院病人医院感染病原菌进行统计分析。结果共检出病原菌1482株,其中G-菌占59.99%,其次为真菌、革兰阳性菌,分别为22.87%,17.14%。G-菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)率分别为57.60%,20.60%,其中大肠埃希菌耐药较严重,仅对亚胺培南、厄它培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦等抗菌药物敏感;G+菌以葡萄球菌属为主,其中耐甲氧西林株金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分别占25.29%,89.66%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药性较严重,仅对万古霉素、利奈唑烷、喹努普汀/达福普汀敏感,对其他所测抗菌药物的耐药性均高于金黄色葡萄球菌;真菌以白色假丝酵母菌最多,占到致病菌的第2位。结论肿瘤患者医院感染病原菌的耐药问题日趋严重,重视和加强耐药菌医院感染管理,对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物,积极有效地控制医院感染具有重要意义。     

2014年贵州省65885例住院患者医院感染横断面调查

摘要:目的　了解贵州省医院感染现状,为进一步预防和控制医院感染提供科学依据。方法　2014年９月5-30日,贵州省174所二级及二级以上医院参与医院感染现患率调查。参与调查的各医院自行确定调查日,采取床旁调查和查阅住院病历相结合的方法,对参与调查医院调查日（0:00-24:00）的所有住院患者进行调查。结果　医院感染横断面调查实查率99.66%（65885/66111）,发生医院感染1546例,1643例次,医院感染现患率为2.35％（1546/65885）,例次现患率为2.49％（1643/65885）。不同规模医院医院感染现患率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝56.35,P＜0.01）;重症医学科（25.20%）为医院感染高发科室;感染部位以下呼吸道（40.35%）为主;革兰阴性菌（70.37%）位居医院感染病原菌首位,不同科室、感染部位、病原菌的医院感染现患率比较,差异均有统计学意义（χ2＝1209.54,P＜0.01,χ2＝1041.43,P＜0.01,χ2＝1167.40,P＜0.01）;调查当日抗菌药物使用率为39.24%（25851/65885）,治疗用药为主占67.24％（17382/25851）;治疗使用抗菌药物者病原菌培养送检率为32.81%（25851/65885）。结论　重点监控ICU,呼吸道感染和革兰氏阴性杆菌,合理使用抗菌药物,提高病原菌送检率从而降低医院感染风险。     

Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection: impact of prospective surveillance and targeted infection control

BACKGROUND: Nosocomially acquired respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections cause serious problems in hospitalized patients. An increased effort should be made to describe the problems connected with such infections in pediatric hospitals, with the aim of reducing the occurrence of nosocomial RSV infections (NI). METHODS: A specialized database was introduced for surveillance and a multifaceted barrier concept based on the CDC recommendations was developed for the control of NI in a university children's hospital in Germany. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2002 (November 1-April 30), 283 RSV infections (general population) were prospectively documented. Thirty-nine cases (13.8%) were nosocomial infections (NI) with an incidence density (ID) of 0.99/1000 patient days; 48.7% of all NI were found in prematurely born infants. Following the introduction of a surveillance and prevention policy, a 9-fold decrease of the ID (1.67 vs. 0.18/1000 patient-days) was found when comparing the first and the last season. Intensive care treatment was required in 18% of all documented RSV-infections, in 48.7% of all NI cases and in 43.5% of all RSV-infected prematurely born infants. Overall RSV-related mortality was 0.71%. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis, a strict cohorting and contact isolation policy, and prospective surveillance contribute to the reduction of nosocomial RSV infection.     

Pathways to infant mortality in urban slums of Delhi,India: implications for improving the quality of community- and hospital-based programmes

The study aimed at obtaining insights into the processes underlying infant deaths to help identify preventive interventions which may bring down infant mortality rates further. Verbal autopsies were performed on 162 deaths of liveborn infants that occurred in a birth cohort in two urban slums of Delhi, India, between February 1995 and August 1996. A structured verbal autopsy form was used for ascertaining the cause of death. The narratives of caretakers on seeking of care and treatment received for illness were reviewed to identify the actions and behaviours that might have contributed to death. Seeking of care was less common (57%) for illnesses that led to death in the first week of life than at later ages. The first-week deaths commonly (61%) occurred within 24 hours of recognition of illness which might have been too a short time for effective interventions by care providers. Only six of 45 neonates who had features of sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis, major congenital malformations, birth asphyxia, or prematurity were advised by primary care providers for hospitalization. Similarly, only 25 (41%) of 61 older infants who had severe malnutrition and sepsis or meningitis, diarrhoea or pneumonia, or other illnesses were referred to hospital. Parenteral antibiotics were prescribed less often than warranted. Only two of 16 neonates with serious bacterial infections and eight of 19 postneonates with features of sepsis or meningitis received parenteral antibiotics. Inappropriate healthcare practices were common among the practitioners of modern and indigenous systems of medicine and registered medical practitioners. Forty percent of the neonates and a little over half of the older infants, advised for hospitalization, were taken to hospital. Fifteen percent of the infants taken to hospital were refused admission. Of 21 hospitalized infants discharged alive, five (23%) died within 48 hours and 13 (62%) within a week of returning home. A major effort is required to improve skills of healthcare providers of the biomedical and indigenous systems of medicine in caring for neonates and infants. Development of home-based treatment regimens for young infants and objective criteria for their hospitalization and discharge should receive a high priority.     

Markers of risk of asthma death or readmission in the 12 months following a hospital admission for asthma.

A case-control study has previously been reported of asthma deaths in people aged 5-45 years who had a hospital admission for asthma (the index admission) in New Zealand during 1981-1987. The study has been re-analysed to examine the association between markers of asthma severity and risk of asthma death or hospital admission; patients prescribed fenoterol were excluded from this re-analysis because of the previously reported interaction between fenoterol, asthma severity, and asthma deaths. The re-analysis included 39 patients who died of asthma during the 12 months after their index admission, 226 patients who had a readmission for asthma during the 12 months after their index admission, and 263 controls chosen from all index admissions. An admission in the previous 12 months was the strongest marker of subsequent risk of death (odds ratio (OR) = 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-6.9, P less than 0.01), and was also a strong marker of subsequent risk of readmission (OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 2.1-4.2, P less than 0.01); the risk increased with the number of previous admissions. Three or more categories of prescribed asthma drugs was also associated with subsequent death (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 0.9-3.3, P = 0.13) or readmission (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.7, P less than 0.01); prescribed oral corticosteroids was only weakly associated with subsequent death (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 0.6-2.8, P = 0.59), but was more strongly associated with subsequent readmission (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2-2.8, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)