Salmonella isolated from humans,animals and other sources in Canada, 1983-92.

A total of 89760 human and 22551 non-human isolates of salmonella were serotyped in Canada during the period 1983-92. There were 2180 reported outbreaks associated with 10065 cases during the 10-year period. The most common salmonella serovars isolated from human and non-human sources were S. typhimurium and S. hadar. The third and fourth most common serovars from human sources were S. enteritidis and S. heidelberg, respectively, and from non-human sources they were S. heidelberg and S. infantis. The number of S. typhimurium isolations from human and non-human sources showed a downward trend over the 10-year period. A total of 222 outbreaks of S. typhimurium associated with 1622 cases occurred. The S. hadar isolations from human and non-human sources reached a peak during the years 1987-90 and declined thereafter. The number of human isolates of S. enteritidis increased until 1985 and fluctuated at a level of 8.3-12.8% of all human isolates thereafter. Seventy-three outbreaks of S. enteritidis infection associated with 568 cases occurred. More than 50% of the S. enteritidis infections in humans were caused by phage type (PT) 8. During the review period, infections caused by PT4 were less common and were almost exclusively found in people who had travelled abroad. The annual isolation rates of S. heidelberg from human and non-human sources increased steadily during the period. Bacteriophage typing of serovars from outbreaks showed that contaminated food products of poultry and bovine origin were common sources of human infection. Salmonella typhi was identified as the cause of 43 small outbreaks affecting 116 persons.     

河北省食源性致病菌监测网的建立及主动监测结果分析

目的：建立食源性致病菌监测网后,对河北省食源性致病菌监测结果进行分析。方法：中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所建立的全国食品污染物监测网的食源性致病菌监测部分,2005～2007年在全省9个监测点采样并检测了七大类（生肉、熟肉、乳制品、面米食品、非发酵豆制品、水产品和蔬菜）共2238件样品。结果：检出5种致病菌,总阳性率16.49%。其中沙门菌7.00%,单核细胞增生李斯特菌4.25%,副溶血性弧菌30.86%,大肠杆菌O157：H7 0.78%,金黄色葡萄球菌7.93%。水产品的污染情况最为严重,阳性率39.14%,其次是生肉阳性率22.51%,面米食品阳性率13.89%,乳制品阳性率6.67%,熟肉阳性率6.51%,非发酵豆制品阳性率1.96%,蔬菜阳性率1.20%。结论：河北省食品中食源性致病菌污染相当严重,水产品、生肉阳性率非常高,是重要的危险食品。沙门菌血清型别多,较分散,各市不同。排前五位的血清型是山夫登堡沙门菌、鸭沙门菌、德比沙门菌、阿贡纳沙门菌、猪霍乱沙门菌。     

2001年中国食源性致病菌及其耐药性主动监测研究

目的　旨在监测中国食源性致病菌及其耐药性。方法　中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所建立的全国食品污染物监测网的食源性致病菌监测部分 ,2 0 0 1年在全国 11个省市设点采样并检测了七大类 (生肉、熟肉、生奶、冰激淋、酸奶、水产品和蔬菜 )共 4 0 34份样品。结果　沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌O15 7∶H7和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌 ,总阳性率 5 5 0 %。其中沙门氏菌 3 32 % ,单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌 1 2 9% ,大肠杆菌O15 7∶H70 82 %。生肉的污染情况最为严重 ,阳性率 12 96 %。共分离出沙门氏菌 137株 ,德比沙门氏菌、阿贡纳沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、里定沙门氏菌、鸭沙门氏菌、明斯特沙门氏菌及鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 7种血清型占 80 %。结论　沙门氏菌的血清型分布和耐药性各个省不同。自生、熟肉中分离到O15 7∶H7的强毒株。对分离的沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌检测了 14种抗生素的耐药性 ,结果表明沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌中都有多重耐药株。     

Isolations of salmonellas from humans and foods in the Manchester area: 1981-1985

Isolations of salmonellas from humans and food products are recorded for the period 1981-5 and an attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between serotypes isolated from humans and those from meat products. The predominant serotypes isolated from humans were Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis and S. virchow. S. typhimurium was commonly isolated from a range of meat products. S. derby was one of the most common serotypes isolated from tripe and sausages but was relatively uncommon in humans. Salmonellas were found in less than or equal to 0.5% of most cooked meat products apart from tripe and udder (3.2%) and pet foods (12.4%). Isolations from raw meats ranged from 3% for pork to 28% for poultry. Incidents of salmonella infection in humans in Manchester increased between 1981 and 1984 but decreased during 1985.     

河北省2005—2007年沙门菌主动监测及基因分型结果

目的通过对各类食品中沙门菌的主动监测并对其进行溯源研究，掌握河北省食品中沙门菌的污染情况，为从根本上控制由沙门菌引起的食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法依据中华人民共和国国家标准食品卫生检验方法GB4789．4—2003及全国食品污染物监测致病菌检测方法，2005—2007年在全省9个监测点采样并检测了七大类（生肉、熟肉、乳制品、面米食品、非发酵豆制品冰产品和蔬菜）共2058件样品。并对从各类样品中分离出的排在前5位的7个血清型沙门菌应用脉冲场凝胶电泳方法进行基因分型．。结果沙门菌总阳性率7．00％。生肉的污染情况最为严重，阳性率14．60％，其次是水产品阳性率为7．14％，熟肉制品、蔬菜、非发酵豆制品阳，性率分别为4．46％、0．82％和0．49％，乳制品和面米食品未检出。沙门菌的检出率在河北省的不同地区存在差异性（χ^2=48．97，P〈0．01）。2005、2006、2007年检出率分别为20．98％、4．41％、2．42％，呈逐年下降趋势。共分离出沙门菌144株，在河北省排在前5位的血清型是山夫登堡、鸭和德比沙门菌、阿贡纳、猪霍乱、肠炎和伊鲁木，占分离株的58．33％。PFGE基因分型，型别较多，各菌株间亲缘关系较远，在同种沙门菌间相似性系数最小值为4．4％，但也有同源菌株存在。结论河北省食品中沙门菌污染严重，生肉阳性率非常高，是重要的危险食品。沙门菌血清型别多，较分散。食品中污染的主要沙门菌均未显示流行趋势。     

合肥地区五类食品沙门氏菌污染情况调查分析

目的了解合肥地区常见食品中沙门氏菌污染状况,为预防和控制该菌引起的食源性疾病,建立食品中沙门氏菌污染检测系统提供依据。方法在合肥所辖三县四区,采用无菌采样方法,采集生肉、水产品、卤菜、乳制品和发酵豆制品五大类常见食品,通过增菌、分离培养、鉴定方法,确定沙门氏菌属和血清分型。结果 442份样品检出22株沙门氏菌,检出率4.98%,其中生肉类14.71%,水产品类7.14%,其余三类食品未检出。生肉类样品在7个地区均检出沙门氏菌,检出率为14.71%(15/102);水产类样品只有在庐阳区检出,检出率为23.33%(7/30)。血清分型分属B、C1、C3、F等4个群7个型,菌名为德尔卑、汤卜逊、猪霍乱、巴尔多、阿贡纳、阿伯丁、马流产沙门菌,其中德尔卑10株。结论生肉、水产品沙门氏菌污染较严重,加工该类食品应烧熟煮透和注意加工卫生。     

The isolation of Campylobacter spp. from modified atmosphere packaged foods

Foodborne illness caused by Campylobacter spp. is a major public health concern in many countries. This study investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) foods such as fresh meat and vegetables in order to assess the risk to human health from foods packaged using this new technology, the application of which is increasing rapidly. Samples of MAP chicken meat, MAP turkey meat, MAP bacon and MAP mixed salad vegetables from two supermarkets were tested for the presence of the organism in two types of samples; those tested immediately on purchase and those stored at 4 C (+/- 2 C) and subsequently tested on the 'use by' date stated on the package. Campylobacter spp. were found to be present in a proportion of all MAP products tested: 90% of MAP turkey samples, 71.25% of MAP chicken samples, 67.5% of cured bacon samples and 22.2% of mixed salad vegetables samples were found to be contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Viable counts indicated that the level of infection varied both between food products and between different packages of the same product. Turkey meat was found to have the highest numbers of organisms present (5.2 102-3.3 103 cfu g-1) compared with 0.2-7.2 102 cfu g-1 for chicken meat and 0.1-3.1 102 g-1 for bacon. The highest count obtained from one sample of salad vegetables was 1.7 102 cfu g-1 with the majority (16 out of a total of 20 positive samples) being less than 0.8 102 cfu g-1 and all 12 of the positive samples tested on date of purchase having viable counts of less than 0.1 102 cfu g-1.     

Epidemiology of salmonellosis

The diagnostically and in regard to surveillance rather comprehensively recorded salmonellosis bear the character of a model of zoonotic diarrhoeal diseases. Whereas those serovars predominantly adapted to human beings or animal species are without any importance in this connection, such serovars with own epizootic processes in different animal species with or without causing illness are able to be transferred to human beings via foods of animal origin and to act as etiological agents of gastroenteritis. Some strains of them equipped by special properties often encoded by plasmids can be transferred from man to man, too. In GDR in 1987 S. enteritidis (34.0%), S. typhimurium (17.9%), S. manhattan (7.7%) and S. agona (7.4%) amounted to two thirds of all the salmonella isolates in connection with human enteritis. For analyzing epizootic-epidemic processes in the case of rare serovars the identity of serovars is sufficient in first approximation, in the case of frequently isolated serovars the complex typing of the concerned strains by using epidemiological laboratory methods is required.     

Polymerase chain reaction for Salmonella virulence-associated plasmid genes detection: a new tool in Salmonella epidemiology.

The important role of plasmid genes in assessing virulence for BALB/c mice in salmonella, and the difficulty of using standard techniques to detect them, led us to develop a detection method by gene amplification. One hundred and forty-three strains (71 serovars) of salmonella and 35 strains of other species were tested using specific oligonucleotide primers. The amplification products were identified by a specific oligonucleotide probe. Forty-nine salmonella strains from ten serovars (S. abortus ovis, S. choleraesuis, S. dublin, S. enteritidis, S. gallinarum/pullorum, S. hessarek, S. typhimurium, S. IIIa 48:z4, z23, S. IV 43:z4, z23:-, S. V 28:a:-) produced a positive and specific response. Because of various origins of the strains possessing the gene sought and the diversity of the responses, both from one serovar to another and in the same serovar, this search has its place among the epidemiological markers in general use. This method appears well suited to the research and detection of plasmid genes associated with mouse virulence in salmonella.     

The incidence and level of contamination of British fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas

A five-tube most probable number (MPN) method, with the pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of British fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture. All samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production. There was an incidence of 65% contamination of pork (n = 20) and 55% (n = 20) in pork and beef sausages. The incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95% for mechanically recovered meat (n = 20) to 10% for another type of meat. Cooked and/or dried ingredients were rarely contaminated with these organisms, and when contamination occurred, coliforms were also important. The numbers of salmonellas isolated ranged from 7-40 for pork sausages, from 8-24 for beef and pork sausages and from 0.8-378 organisms/g for ingredients. The following salmonella serotypes were isolated (ranked in descending order or incidence): S. derby, S. dublin, S. newport, S. stanley. S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg, S. infantis and S. agona.     

The incidence and level of contamination of British fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas.

A five-tube most probable number (MPN) method, with the pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of British fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture. All samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production. There was an incidence of 65% contamination of pork (n = 20) and 55% (n = 20) in pork and beef sausages. The incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95% for mechanically recovered meat (n = 20) to 10% for another type of meat. Cooked and/or dried ingredients were rarely contaminated with these organisms, and when contamination occurred, coliforms were also important. The numbers of salmonellas isolated ranged from 7-40 for pork sausages, from 8-24 for beef and pork sausages and from 0.8-378 organisms/g for ingredients. The following salmonella serotypes were isolated (ranked in descending order or incidence): S. derby, S. dublin, S. newport, S. stanley. S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg, S. infantis and S. agona.     

The prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella sp. among Canadian registered commercial chicken broiler flocks

A nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial broiler flocks. Environmental (litter and/or water) samples from 226 of 294 (76.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Litter samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than water samples (47.4 v. 12.3%). Fifty different salmonella serovars were isolated. The most prevalent serovars were S. hadar, S. infantis, and S. schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 98/294 (33.3%), 26/294 (8.8%), and 21/294 (7.1%) flocks, respectively. Feed samples of 39/290 (13.4%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 9/294 (3.1%) flocks. Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from seven flocks, and PT 13a from two flocks.     

进口冻肉中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌检出情况分析

目的：了解我国进口冻肉产品中小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的检出情况，为此类产品的风险分析和检验检疫工作提供依据。方法：通过采用小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的国标检验方法和VITEK、API生化鉴定仪对247份进口冻肉产品进行检测。结果：247份样品中共检出耶尔森属菌33份，其中17份为小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌，检出率为6．88％，均属于生物1A型，其中3株为血清O：8型，其余均属非常见血清型。阳性样品中16份为冻鸡类样品，1份为冻猪肉类样品。94份海产样品无一份检出。结论：通过实验数据分析我国进口的冻肉产品中冻鸡类产品检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌比率较高，而海产品和冻猪肉产品中检出率相对较低，所以认为冻鸡类产品小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌污染风险较高，应加强此类产品检验监管力度。     

The prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other Salmonella spp. among Canadian registered commercial layer flocks

A survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial egg producing flocks. Environmental (faecal and eggbelt) samples from 152 of 295 (52.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Thirty-five different salmonella serovars were isolated. Eggbelt samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than faecal samples (25.7 v. 10.1%). The most prevalent serovars were S. heidelberg, S. infantis, S. hadar, and S. schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 59/295 (20%), 18/295 (6.1%), 17/295 (5.8%), and 15/295 (5.1%) flocks, respectively. Feed samples of 21/295 (7.2%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 8/295 (2.7%) flocks. Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from 5 flocks, PT 13a from 2 flocks, and PT 13 from 1 flock.     

江苏地区2008年～2009年食源性致病菌监测研究

目的：主动监测和评价江苏地区各类食品致病菌污染状况,为控制和降低食源性疾病提供依据。方法：采集食物样本分别进行沙门菌、单增李斯特菌、大肠杆菌O157：H7、阪崎肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、空肠弯曲菌和副溶血性弧菌分离并作生化及血清学鉴定。结果：2008年和2009年分别监测了江苏8个监测点的生畜禽肉、熟肉制品、生食蔬菜、水产品各类样品764件和1 071件。沙门菌检出率分别为5.9%和2.7%,单核细胞增生性李斯特菌检出率分别为6.5%和5.0%;副溶血性弧菌检出率分别为15.9%和7.8%;金黄色葡萄球菌检出率分别为5.6%和5.0%;大肠杆菌O157：H7检出1株,检出率0.3%（2009年）;阪崎肠杆菌检出率5%（2008年）;空肠弯曲菌未检出。70株沙门氏菌经血清型鉴定,分离出8种血清型,主要是里定沙门菌、鸭沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌。结论：江苏地区食品存在食源性致病菌污染,其中水产品和生肉是主要污染食品,而市场熟肉和生食水产品导致食源性疾病的风险较高。     

武汉市2006年食品中沙门菌污染状况监测

目的:了解武汉市2006年食品中沙门菌的污染状况,为国家食品安全监测网提供数据。方法:随机从武汉超市和集贸市场采取生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、水产品、生食蔬菜、蔬菜沙拉样品共172份,经过两步增菌后,用HE和科玛嘉沙门菌选择性平板分离,可疑菌株再进行API生化条和血清学鉴定。结果:从31份样品中分离出沙门菌,检出率18.02%,其中以生牲畜肉最高(37.14%),熟肉制品次之(21.21%)。结论:武汉市2006年食品沙门菌污染严重,应加强食品安全监督。     

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on retail meat in Iowa

Several recent studies have indicated a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail-available meat. However, few studies have investigated MRSA in meat in the United States. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on meat samples available at retail stores. Samples of fresh raw pork, chicken, beef, and turkey were purchased from 22 food stores throughout Iowa. S. aureus strains were isolated from 27 of 165 samples, giving an overall prevalence of 16.4%. Turkey, pork, chicken, and beef had individual S. aureus prevalence rates of 19.4%, 18.2%, 17.8%, and 6.9%, respectively. Two isolates of MRSA were isolated from pork, giving an overall prevalence of 1.2%. One MRSA isolate was positive for the PVL gene. Common spa types included t034, t337, t008, and t002. These results suggest that MRSA is present on low numbers of retail meat in Iowa.     

Antimicrobial resistance and genetic relatedness among Salmonella from retail foods of animal origin: NARMS retail meat surveillance

Salmonella isolates were recovered from a monthly sampling of chicken breasts, ground turkey, ground beef, and pork chops purchased from selected grocery stores in six participating FoodNet sites (Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Oregon, and Tennessee) in 2002 and an additional two sites in 2003 (California and New York). In 2002 and 2003, a total of 6,046 retail meats were examined, including 1,513 chicken breasts, 1,499 ground turkey samples, 1,522 ground beef samples, and 1,502 pork chops. Retail meat samples tested increased to 3,533 in 2003 as compared to 2,513 in 2002. Overall, six percent of 6,046 retail meat samples (n = 365) were contaminated with Salmonella, the bulk recovered from either ground turkey (52%) or chicken breast (39%). Salmonella isolates were serotyped and susceptibility tested using a panel of 16 antimicrobial agents. S. Heidelberg was the predominant serotype identified (23%), followed by S. Saintpaul (12%), S. Typhimurium (11%), and S. Kentucky (10%). Overall, resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (40%), streptomycin (37%), ampicillin (26%), and sulfamethoxazole (25%). Twelve percent of isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and ceftiofur, though only one isolate was resistant to ceftriaxone. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin and ciprofloxacin; however, 3% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and were almost exclusive to ground turkey samples (n = 11/12). All Salmonella isolates were analyzed for genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns generated by digestion with Xba1 or Xba1 plus Bln1. PFGE fingerprinting profiles showed that Salmonella, in general, were genetically diverse with a total of 175 Xba1 PFGE profiles generated from the 365 isolates. PFGE profiles showed good correlation with serotypes and in some instances, antimicrobial resistance profiles. Results demonstrated a varied spectrum of antimicrobial resistance and PFGE patterns, including several multidrug resistant clonal groups among Salmonella isolates, and signify the importance of sustained surveillance of foodborne pathogens in retail meats.     

深圳市熟肉制品致病菌监测结果分析

目的:了解深圳市熟肉制品受致病菌污染的状况,为食源性疾病的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法:对酒店、超市和市场禽类熟肉制品随机采集360份样品,依据国标方法、荧光PCR方法及全自动微生物分析仪,对上述样品进行致病菌检测。结果:360份样品共检出致病菌38株,检出率10.56%,其中沙门菌4株、金黄色葡萄球菌32株、单增李斯特菌2株。酱卤类、烧烤类、白切类熟肉制品检出率分别为11.66%、3.33%、16.67%。结论:深圳市熟肉制品受致病菌污染严重,以金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌和单核李斯特菌污染为主;白切类熟肉制品受致病菌污染最为严重为16.67%;其次是酱卤类为11.66%;最后是烧烤类为3.33%。说明酒店、超市熟肉制品存在很大问题,应加大对熟肉制品监管力度,保证食品质量,确保消费者健康。     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌流行特征、产肠毒素特性及耐药性研究

目的：了解食源性金黄色葡萄球菌流行特点及产肠毒素特性及其耐药性，为制定HACCP以防止金黄色葡萄球菌的食源性疾病提供依据。方法：采集8类食品1243件分离金黄色葡萄球菌并进行产肠毒素A—E试验及药物敏感试验。结果：从生肉、熟食、生奶、及水产品中分别分离出40株（10．96％）、12株（3．13％）、34株（16．27％）及1株（1．12％）金黄色葡萄球菌，相应的产肠毒素率分别达到52．50％、58．33％、61．76％、0．oo％；对青霉素、四环素、凝固酶阴性苯唑西林耐药率分别高达93．10％、49．43％、37．93％；79．31％菌株对2种以上的药物多重耐药，最多耐药种类达7种，表现出30种耐药谱。结论：扬州市食品中存在着较严重的金黄色葡萄球菌潜在的危害，主要来源于生肉、生奶及熟食；食源性金黄色葡萄球菌产毒素能力较强。金黄色葡萄球菌对多种药物的耐药性提示安全应用治疗药物的重要性。