血管生成抑制因子的研究进展

血管生成与肿瘤的生长、侵袭和转移密切相关,目前,以抑制血管生成为靶点治疗肿瘤有望成为抗肿瘤新疗法之一。近年来,研究发现了多种内源性血管生成抑制因子,其中一些已进入了临床试验阶段。本文对内源性血管生成抑制因子的结构、功能、作用机制及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用进行综述。     

重组人血管内皮抑制素抑制内皮细胞血管生成的实验研究

目的:观察国产重组人血管内皮抑制素(Endostar,恩度)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)的抗血管生成作用,并对其机制进行初步探讨.方法:采用MTS/PMS系统测定不同浓度恩度对HUVECs和人肝癌细胞株HepG2的生长抑制作用;流式细胞术检测恩度在相同时间内诱导HUVECs和HepG2细胞早期凋亡和晚期凋亡情况;通过迁移/侵袭实验、体外管腔形成实验和鸡胚尿囊膜(CAM)实验观察恩度对HUVECs迁移/侵袭和体内外管腔形成及功能的影响.结果:不同浓度的恩度持续作用72h,对HUVECs具有抑制增殖,且在50～200ng/ml的剂量范围内呈现浓度依赖关系;而对HepG2细胞未见明显作用.药物处理方式的不同,恩度对HUVECs诱导凋亡和迁移/侵袭作用差异显著;对HepG2细胞的迁移/侵袭未见明显影响.高剂量的恩度对HUVECs体外管腔形成和鸡胚尿囊膜的血管发生及成熟具有显著影响.结论:重组人血管内皮抑制素(恩度)能够有效地抑制血管内皮细胞形成复杂的管腔,并显著影响血管的成熟;对人肝癌细胞系HepG2生长及迁移/侵袭未见明显影响.     

艾迪对结直肠癌血管生成抑制的临床研究

目的：探讨艾迪注射液对结直肠癌血管生成作用的影响。方法：将40例经内镜活检证实为结直肠癌的患者，随机分为4组：Ⅰ组（艾迪组）、Ⅱ组（化疗组）、Ⅲ组（艾迪＋化疗组）、Ⅳ组（对照组）。前3组术前给予不同药物干预5d，第四组不予任何处理。采用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法测定干预前后血清血管内皮细胞生长因子（serum VEGF，s-VEGF）浓度。手术切除肿瘤标本，SP免疫组化法检测肿瘤微血管密度（microvessel density，MVD）、血管内皮细胞生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）表达。结果：干预后Ⅰ、Ⅲ组s-VEGF低于对照组，Ⅰ、Ⅲ组之间无显著差异；Ⅱ组与对照组无显著差异。Ⅰ、Ⅲ组MVD、VEGF表达低于对照组，Ⅰ、Ⅲ组之间无显著差异；Ⅱ组与对照组无显著差异。结论：术前使用艾迪能降低结直肠癌患者s-VEGF水平，并能抑制结直肠癌组织VEGF蛋白表达，降低肿瘤微血管密度。     

重组人血管内皮抑制素对小鼠肿瘤和心肌中血管结构及血管生成相关因子表达的影响

目的 观察重组人血管内皮抑制素对小鼠肿瘤及心肌中微血管影响的差异.方法 40只小鼠随机分为空白对照组(未荷瘤,生理盐水100 μl/d)、药物对照组(未荷瘤,重组人血管内皮抑制素400 μg/d)、模型组(荷瘤,生理盐水100 μl/d)和实验组(荷瘤,重组人血管内皮抑制素 400 μg/d),分别处理28 d.实验前后称量小鼠体重,测量移植瘤体积.采用免疫组化法检测小鼠心脏和移植瘤组织中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9、缺氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)以及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白的表达情况,计数微血管密度(MVD).以CD34与Masson双染法观察微血管结构的变化.结果 实验组小鼠肿瘤体积的增加值为(48.18±37.31)mm3,低于模型组[(113.80±73.27)mm3,P＜0.05];各组小鼠体重变化的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).应用重组人血管内皮抑制素后,移植瘤组织中MMP-9和VEGF蛋白的表达显著降低,移植瘤组织中MMP-2、HIF-1α以及心肌组织中MMP-2、MMP-9、HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白的表达均无显著变化;移植瘤组织的MVD显著降低,胶原覆盖血管的比例升高,而心肌组织的MVD和结构几乎无变化.结论 重组人血管内皮抑制素可通过下调移植瘤组织中MMPs和VEGF蛋白的表达,降低MVD,抑制移植瘤的生长,并可使移植瘤血管趋向成熟,但不能降低心肌组织中MMPs的表达和成熟血管的MVD.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the effect of rh-endostatin on micrangium in tumor and myocardial tissue in nude mice. Methods Nude mice were randomized into 4 groups(10 mice in each group), blank control group (without tumor burden, received NS 100 μl·d-1 injection), drug control group (without tumor burden, received rh-endostatin 400 μg·d-1 injection), model group (with tumor burden, received NS 100 μl·d-1 injection) and treatment group (with tumor burden, received rh-endostatin 400 μg·d-1 injection) for 28 days. The tumor volume and body weight of the mice were measured before and after administration. The expression of CD34, MMP-2, MMP-9, HIF-1α and VEGF in the myocardium and tumor were detected by immunohistochemistry. The vascular structure was observed by immunoenzymatic CD34 and Masson double staining. Results The increase of tumor volume of the treatment group[(48.18±37.31) mm3]was significantly lower than that in the model group [(113.80±73.27) mm3). The changes of body weight was not significant different among the four groups. After treated with rh-endostatin, the expressions of MMP-9 and VEGF in tumors were significantly down-regulated, but the expressions of MMP-2 and HIF-1α in the tumor were not. The microvessel density (MVD) in the tumors of treatment group was significantly decreased compared with that of model group. The proportion of tumor vessels covered by collagen in the treatment group was increased compared with that of the model group. However, MVD and micrangium in myocardium were not changed significantly. Conclusion Rh-endostatin can decrease the expression of MMP-9, VEGF and MVD, inhibit the tumor growth and normalize tumor micrvangium in tumor but not weaken the MMPs and MVD of mature micragium in myocadium.     

汉防己甲素抑制血管生成的作用

背景与目的:血管生成在肿瘤从良性向恶性转变、癌细胞进入血液循环、转移灶发展和破裂中都起着重要作用.本研究探讨汉防己甲素对体外、体内血管生成的抑制作用及其可能的机制.方法:采用M1_r法观察汉防己甲素对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell HUVEC)和人肠癌LoVo细胞增殖的影响.通过Transwell小室趋化实验、体外小管形成实验观察汉防己甲素对HUVEC迁移、成血管能力的影响.建立裸鼠kIVo细胞皮下移植瘤模型.给予汉防己甲素灌胃,观察用药对肿瘤微血管密度的影响.结果:2-8 μg/mL的汉防己甲素作用48 h时对HUVEC的细胞增殖抑制率为24.6%-76.9%,对LoVo细胞增殖抑制率为11.6%～14.0%;体外小管形成实验发现.2～8 μg/mL的汉防己甲素作用24 h时HUVEC小管形成数目减少,且管腔不完整,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.001).经2-8 μg/mL的汉防己甲素处理12 h后HUVEC迁移数明显少于对照组(P值均＜O.001).在裸鼠皮下移植瘤体内实验中,80 mg/kg汉防己甲素作用于裸鼠LoVo细胞皮下移植瘤后其微血管密度与生理盐水对照组比较.差异具有统计学意义(p0.035).结论:汉防己甲素在体外能有效抑制血管生成,其机制可能与抑制HUVEC增生、迁移和小管形成,诱导HUVEC凋亡,抑制HUVEC DNA的合成有关.汉防己甲素在体内对裸鼠LoVo移植瘤具有抗血管生成作用.     

血管内皮细胞抑制素的研究进展

近年来,肿瘤治疗观念正在发生根本性改变,靶向治疗成为大家关注的热点.20世纪70年代初,Folkman等[1]首先提出恶性肿瘤生长和转移依赖于肿瘤新生血管的观点,由此开创了肿瘤血管形成和血管靶向治疗的研究.目前发现的抑制血管生长的因子主要有干扰素、白介素12、白介素18、血小板因子4、肿瘤坏死因子、血小板反应素、血管抑制素(angiostatin)及内皮抑制素(endostatin)等[2].其中O'Reilly等[3]发现的内皮抑制素最为理想,它不仅抑制肿瘤血管生成和肿瘤转移,使肿瘤细胞凋亡,而且不产生耐药,毒副作用轻,较有希望成为新一代抗肿瘤药物.     

宫颈癌血管生成因子的研究进展

早在20世纪70年代,Folkman等人提出肿瘤能产生某些物质诱导新血管生成(neovascularization),因此国内外学者开始对肿瘤与血管生成之间关系及机理进行研究,发现许多肿瘤来源的血管生成因子。此后研究表明实体肿瘤瘤体的大小、进展和转移均需血管生成,而且是由血管生成因子通过供给和维持基质细胞和癌细胞的增生而引起。现就近年来国内外对肿瘤血管生成(angiogenesis)的发生机理及宫颈癌和几种血管生成因子之间的关系作一综述。     

重组人血管内皮抑制素对淋巴管内皮细胞骨架及淋巴管生成的影响

目的：研究重组人血管内皮抑制素（Ｅｎｄｏｓｔａｒ,恩度）对淋巴管内皮细胞的作用及淋巴管生成的影响。方法：磁珠分选小儿包皮真皮淋巴管内皮细胞进行培养,并在光镜下观察和采用细胞特异性标记物检测。设立对照组和恩度实验组,应用免疫荧光法和体外三维培养法来判定恩度对淋巴管内皮细胞有无抑制作用。结果：恩度实验组淋巴管内皮细胞骨架中微丝排列极性减弱或消失,微管无明显改变。恩度实验组淋巴管内皮细胞体外形成管状分支数量及管状结构形成能力较对照组明显下降（Ｐ＜０.０５）。结论：重组人血管内皮抑制素（恩度）对淋巴管内皮细胞的细胞骨架和体外成管能力有明显的抑制作用。     

中药独活及其单体蛇床子素体外抗血管生成的实验研究

目的：探讨独活醇提物及其单体蛇床子素对体外血管生成的抑制作用及其可能的机制.方法：采用MTT法观察中药独活醇提物及蛇床子素对人脐静脉血管内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cell.HUVEC）和人肠癌LoVo细胞增殖的影响,Transwell小室趋化实验、体外小管形成实验以及流式细胞术,观察并比较独活醇提物及蛇床子素对HUVEC迁移、小管形成、凋亡及周期的影响.结果：3.75-30μg/ml的独活醇提物及蛇床子素作用48h时对HUVEC的细胞增殖抑制率分别在5.16％-10.15％和22.64％-65.56％之间,对LoVo细胞增殖抑制率分别在2.86％-7.29％和5.15％-24.39％之间.体外小管及小管迁移实验显示,3.75-30μg/ml的蛇床子素作用24h时HUVEC小管形成数目减少,且管腔不完整.3.75-30μg/ml的独活醇提物和蛇床子素处理12h对HUVEC迁移抑制率分别在-2.16％至8.00％和13.70％至63.04％之间.3.75-30μg/ml的独活醇提物和蛇床子素诱导HUVEC细胞凋亡率分别在6.1％-14.4％和18.8％-89.5％之间.独活醇提物和蛇床子素作用HUVEC 24h后,使内皮细胞周期主要阻滞在G0-G1期,蛇床子素对细胞周期影响强于独活醇提物.结论：蛇床子素在体外抑制血管生成作用强于独活醇提物,说明蛇床子素可能是独活醇提物中发挥抗血管生成作用的主要成分,其作用机制可能与抑制HUVEC增殖、迁移和小管形成,诱导HUVEC凋亡,阻滞HUVEC细胞周期有关.     

血管内皮抑制素对Calu-6裸鼠移植瘤的生物学效应

目的 探讨血管内皮抑制素对Calu-6裸鼠移植瘤生长及新生血管形成的影响.方法 在荷瘤裸鼠皮下注射不同剂量的血管内皮抑制素,观察注射后肿瘤体积的变化;应用免疫组化SABC法检测肿瘤组织中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、生存素(survivin)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)蛋白的表达以及微血管密度(MVD)的变化;流式细胞术检测循环血管内皮细胞(CECs)的含量;应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和实时定量PCR检测外周血中CD146和CD105 mRNA的表达.结果经血管内皮抑制素治疗后,荷瘤鼠肿瘤体积明显减小;肿瘤组织中VEGF、survivin和COX-2蛋白的表达以及MVD均下降,且各治疗组与阳性对照组间的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);外周血中CECs、CD146和CD105 mRNA的含量均明显下降;活化CECs的含量与肿瘤组织中survivin和VEGF的表达以及MVD的变化均呈正相关.结论 血管内皮抑制素可通过下调移植瘤中VEGF、survivin和COX.2蛋白的表达以及减少MVD抑制肿瘤生长;活化CECs将可能作为理想的预测抗血管形成治疗预后的标记物应用于临床.     

Angiogenesis in a human neuroblastoma xenograft model: mechanisms and inhibition by tumour-derived interferon-gamma

Tumour progression in neuroblastoma (NB) patients correlates with high vascular index. We have previously shown that the ACN NB cell line is tumorigenic and angiogenic in immunodeficient mice, and that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene transfer dampens ACN tumorigenicity. As IFN-gamma represses lymphocyte-induced tumour angiogenesis in various murine models and inhibits proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells, we have investigated the antiangiogenic activity of tumour-derived IFN-gamma and the underlying mechanism(s). In addition, we characterised the tumour vasculature of the ACN xenografts, using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. We show that the ACN/IFN-gamma xenografts had a lower microvessel density and less in vivo angiogenic potential than the vector-transfected ACN/neo. The vascular channels of both xenografts were formed by a mixed endothelial cell population of murine and human origin, as assessed by the FICTION (fluorescence immunophenotyping and interphase cytogenetics) technique. With respect to ACN/neo, the ACN/IFN-gamma xenografts showed more terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling-positive human and murine endothelial cells, suggesting that inhibition of angiogenesis by IFN-gamma was dependent on the induction of apoptosis, likely mediated by nitric oxide. Once the dual origin of tumour vasculature is confirmed in NB patients, the xenograft model described here will prove useful in testing the efficacy of different antiangiogenic compounds.     

Growth inhibition of human glioma cells modulated by retrovirus gene transfection with antisense IL-8

The human glioma cell line, NP-1, expresses IL-8 mRNA and constitutively secretes IL-8 protein. Administration of recombinant IL-8 increased the proliferation of NP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of anti-IL-8 antiserum, the IL-8 mediated proliferation of NP-1 cell growth was inhibited. Further, NP-1 cell growth was inhibited by transfection of retroviral constructs encoding antisense IL-8 bothin vitro andin vivo models. These results suggest that antisense IL-8 gene therapy could be beneficial in gliomas where autocrine stimulation by IL-8 is implicated.     

IL-8在循环肿瘤细胞自我种植促进人骨肉瘤进展中的作用机制

目的:探讨IL-8在循环肿瘤细胞自我种植促进人骨肉瘤进展中的作用。方法:免疫组织化学SP法检测30例临床骨肉瘤及10例骨软骨瘤病例肿瘤组织中IL-8表达;建立骨肉瘤原位荷瘤裸鼠模型后,实验组尾静脉注射红色荧光蛋白标记的肿瘤细胞(RFP-F5M2),对照组注射PBS,分别于第2、4、8周后将处理组原位瘤体冰冻切片置于荧光显微镜下观察自我种植细胞荧光强度;对原位肿瘤进行组织块法原代培养,细胞免疫荧光半定量检测IL-8表达水平。结果:93.3%骨肉瘤组织中IL-8表达阳性,骨软骨瘤中IL-8表达均为阴性。冰冻切片显示,随着时间增加,循环肿瘤细胞自我种植现象明显增加,实验组中第2、4、8周原位灶原代培养细胞免疫荧光显示IL-8表达量逐渐增加,并较对照组具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论:IL-8在循环肿瘤细胞自我种植促进人骨肉瘤细胞增殖及转移中发挥着重要作用,可为骨肉瘤患者早期诊断和治疗提供一个新的策略。     

Angiogenesis inhibition in non-GIST soft tissue sarcomas

Because angiogenesis is of crucial importance in the pathogenesis of cancer, blocking the function of proangiogenic factors has been shown to improve the outcomes of patients with several cancer types. Given the poor survival durations of patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs), which has remained stable at a median of 12 months over the last 20 year, there is an unmet need for novel agents active against these tumors. Like in other tumors, accumulating evidence points at an important role for angiogenic factors in STSs, rendering these factors attractive treatment targets. This review discusses the currently available evidence supporting a role for angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis of STSs and the first preliminary study results obtained with angiogenesis inhibitors.     

藤黄菌素和山萘黄素对人白血病细胞系HL-60体外增殖的抑制作用

目的观察藤黄菌素和山萘黄素对HL-60细胞体外增殖的抑制作用及其对细胞周期的影响。方法分别采用台盼蓝拒染法及流式细胞术，在不同条件下测定细胞增殖的抑制率及细胞周期的分布。结果应用台盼蓝拒染法，藤黄菌素和山萘黄素能显著抑制HL-60细胞的体外增殖并且呈现时效及量效关系。流式细胞术的结果表明，藤黄菌素和山萘黄素作用2小时可使HL-60细胞周期分别阻滞于G2／M期和G0/G1期。结论藤黄菌素和山萘黄素是两种能够明显抑制HL-60细胞体外增殖，影响其细胞周期分布的黄酮类化合物。     

Overexpression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces angiogenesis in human breast cancer

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is known to be an important contributor to tumor progression. Overexpression of MIF has been reported in different types of tumors. However, the correlation between MIF expression and tumor pathologic features in patients with breast cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the expression of MIF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human tissues with or without tumor. In addition, we investigated the expression of MIF in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 (breast cancer cell lines) and MCF-10A (epithelial cell line) cells, and its effect on VEGF and IL-8. We found that MIF was overexpressed in breast cancer tissues compared with normal ones. The level of MIF showed the positive correlation between the expression of IL-8 and tumor microvessel density (MVD). The patients with positive MIF expression in tumor tissues showed a significantly worse disease-free survival compared with negative ones. Increased MIF serum levels were also found to correlate with higher levels of IL-8 in the sera of the patients with breast cancer. In vitro experiments successfully detected MIF in breast cell lines. However, the expression level of it by normal epithelial cells was much less than that of cancer cells. Exogenous MIF did not cause endothelial tube formation and migration but induced a dose dependent increase in VEGF and IL-8 secretion in breast cancer cell lines. In summary, our studies show that human breast cancer tissue expresses MIF. Its in vitro effect on VEGF and IL-8 indicates that MIF may contribute to tumor in angiogenesis and thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.     

熊果酸对体外血管形成的抑制作用

目的 :探讨熊果酸对体外血管形成的抑制作用。方法 :用MTT法、细胞迁移及小管实验观察熊果酸对培养血管内皮细胞 (VEC)增殖、迁移和小管形成的影响。结果 :熊果酸质量浓度为 62 5～ 50 0μg/mL时 ,对VEC增殖呈剂量依赖性抑制 ;质量浓量为 12 5μg/mL时 ,对VEC迁移及小管形成均有抑制作用 (P <0 0 5) ;质量浓度为 50 0 μg/mL时 ,对VEC迁移及小管形成均有较强的抑制作用 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :熊果酸对体外血管形成具有抑制作用。     

人胃癌微血管内皮细胞的分离培养及鉴定

肿瘤血管生成是肿瘤增生、扩散和微转移灶发展的重要条件之一。目前,进行肿瘤血管研究所采用的血管内皮细胞技术平台主要有动物血管内皮细胞、人脐静脉内皮细胞、经肿瘤细胞或肿瘤环境诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞,而肿瘤组织特异的内皮细胞则相对较少。尽管血管内皮细胞的特性由于供体种属、来源器官及血管的不同仍有许多共同之处,但是其差异也正被越来越多地研究人员所重视：肿瘤血管生成是肿瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞相互作用的结果,肿瘤环境的微血管内皮细胞发生了表型及生物特性的变化,不同于正常组织内皮细胞;而且,来源于不同肿瘤组织的内皮细胞可能表达特异性的分子,即具有异质性。因此,组织特异性实体瘤微血管内皮细胞的体外培养,是深入研究肿瘤血管问题必须具备的技术平台。我们经过反复实践,