二阶统计量盲分离技术在表面肌电信号分解过程中的应用

采用基于二阶统计量的盲源分离算法对多导表面肌电信号进行处理,实现噪声的分离和表面肌电信号的初步分解.实验结果表明,无论是对仿真表面肌电信号还是真实表面肌电信号,二阶盲分离方法具有良好的处理结果,其中,SEONS算法的分解性能最佳.     

基于HHT变换的SEMG信号中MUAP的数目估计

对表面肌电（SEMG）信号中单位动作电位（MUAP）的数目进行估计可为神经肌肉控制的理论研究和神经肌肉疾病的诊断开辟新途径,本文给出了一种基于Hilbert-Huang变换（HHT）的表面肌电信号中运动MUAP数目估计方法.通过对SEMG信号经验模态分解后的第一内禀模态函数分量进行瞬时频率分析,利用其瞬时频率极值点的计数即可估计出运动MUAP数目.仿真信号与真实信号的实验结果均表明,基于HHT的SEMG信号中MUAP的估计方法是有效的.     

基于改进人工蜂群优化与组合特征提取的手部运动意图识别

为了解决表面肌电信号混迭导致的手部运动意图识别率较低的问题,提出了一种基于改进的人工蜂群优化盲源有序分离算法。本算法以表面肌电信号的规范四阶累积量作为代价函数,使用改进的人工蜂群优化算法代替传统的梯度算法对代价函数进行优化,并以代价函数绝对值的降序逐次提取出源信号;对于肌电信号的非平稳性及易受干扰的问题,采用一种基于小波包变换和样本熵的特征提取方法,并与表征肌电信号细节和强度的特征峰度、偏度、肌电积分值组合构建特征向量,训练二叉树支持向量机分类器。实验结果表明,采用表面肌电信号的盲源分离预处理与组合特征提取的方法识别六种手部运动意图,平均准确率达到93. 33%。     

欠定盲源分离和共空间模式特征的脑电信号分类研究

眼电伪迹和噪声是导致脑电信号低信噪比的重要原因,会降低运动想象任务的分类性能。提出一种改进的基于少通道数的分块欠定盲源分离的滤波方法,通过分块的思想把非平稳的脑电信号变为近平稳的分块信号,利用二阶欠定混合矩阵盲识别方法估计混合分离矩阵,然后通过基于最小均方误差的波速形成器提取源信号,接着通过得分准则自动去除噪声信号并重构信号,最后提取共空间模式特征进行分类。想象运动的真实脑电信号实验仿真结果表明,分块欠定盲源分离方法能很好地恢复源信号并能有效地去除眼电等伪迹和噪声,共空间模式特征则提高了想象任务识别率。     

基于高阶累积量算法的脑电信号中心电伪迹的消除

在脑电信号测量过程中，不可避免的会存在心电信号的干扰，给医生的诊断带来困难。本文将盲源分离理论用于研究脑电信号中的心电伪迹消除，介绍了盲源分离问题的基本模型、基于高阶累积量的独立性判决准则以及联合近似对角化算法。仿真实验表明。该方法能有效去除脑电信号中的心电伪迹干扰。     

基于独立分量分析的生理信号盲源分离

用于盲源分离的独立分量分析（ICA）和扩展ICA算法，基于极大似然估计，给出一个衡量输出分量统计独立的目标函数，最优化目标函数，得到一种用于独立分量分析的迭代算法。扩展ICA算法的优点在于迭代过程中不需要计算信号的高阶统计量，收敛速度快，同时适用于超高斯和亚高斯信号的分离。应用该算法实现了脑电、心电信号以及语音信号的分离，并给了实验结果。     

基于自适应滤波器的表面肌电信号消噪方法研究

目的：应用自适应滤波器消除表面肌电信号中混有的50Hz工频干扰和心电信号干扰。方法：在没有信号特征先验知识的情况下，自适应滤波器能够得到比经典滤波器更好的滤波性能。当输入信号的统计特征未知，或者输入信号的统计特征变化时，自适应滤波器能够根据某种准则的要求自动地调节自身的滤波器参数，从而实现最优滤波。使用Biopac system MP150多导生理记录仪采集人体肱二头肌处表面肌电信号（采样频率为1000Hz）。采用一种新的变步长（LMS）自适应滤波器算法，分别设计自适应陷波器和自适应信号分离器。在MATLAB7．0环境下。编程实现自适应陷波器和自适应信号分离器算法，对采集到的表面肌电信号进行滤波处理。结果：实验表明。变步长自适应陷波器能消除表面肌电信号中的50Hz工频干扰；变步长自适应信号分离器能够将混叠在表面肌电信号中的心电信号分离出来。结论：自适应滤波器能够有效地消除表面肌电信号中混有的50Hz工频干扰和心电信号干扰，得到滤波效果较好的表面肌电信号，为表面肌电信号的进一步分析、处理和评估打下基础。     

基于典型相关分析和小波变换的眼龟伪迹去除

目的针对脑电信号中眼电伪迹去除尚存在的问题，提出一种基于典型相关分析与小波变换的（wavelet—enhanced canonical correlation analysis，wCCA）自动去除眼电伪迹的算法。方法首先，充分利用脑电信号和眼电伪迹的空间分布特征，将基于典型相关分析的盲源分离算法分别应用于左右脑区的混合信号中，从而保证典型相关分析分解得到的第一个典型相关变量（即左右脑区之间的最公共成分），就是眼电伪迹分量。然后为了恢复泄漏在该伪迹分量中的脑电成分，对伪迹分量进行小波阈值滤波，将高于某一阈值的小波系数置零，而保留低于阈值的系数。结果与其他三种基于盲源分离去除眼电伪迹的方法相比较，该方法在有效地自动去除眼电伪迹的同时，很好地保留了潜在的脑电信号，去除效果明显优于其他三种方法。结论由于该算法简单，处理速度较快，因此应用于实时的脑机接口系统中更具优越性，为后续脑电信号的特征提取和分类分析提供了良好的基础。     

基于改进小波阈值算法的ECG肌电信号去噪研究

为了解决传统软、硬阈值算法对肌电信号去噪后心电图（ECG）信号幅值降低和存在局部异常尖峰,导致去噪效果较差的问题。通过研究小波阈值算法的去噪原理和优化规则,基于双曲正切函数构造出一种具有连续性、结构简单、灵活性较高的可调阈值函数和改进的分层阈值,并分析得到小波分解含噪ECG信号的最佳小波基函数和分解层数,提出了一种改进的小波阈值算法。将软、硬阈值算法、相关文献中的阈值算法和本文所提改进阈值算法对含有真实肌电信号噪声的ECG信号进行去噪对比研究。实验结果表明：本文改进阈值算法能较好地去除ECG信号中的肌电信号噪声,并能更好地保持ECG信号波形特征,且Pearson相关系数值大于其他阈值算法。定性和定量结果表明,本文所提改进阈值算法对ECG肌电信号噪声具有较好的去噪效果。     

表面肌电检测系统上位机应用程序设计

表面肌电是反映人体肌肉状态的电信号,是现代医疗中非常有效的诊疗工具。它对医学研究、工效学、运动学等领域的发展有很大影响。本文在Visual C++6.0环境下,设计开发表面肌电(SEMG)检测系统上位机应用程序。程序功能包括利用算法提取表面肌电重要参数、计算SEMG信号功率谱、实时显示SEMG波形、打印计算参数与波形,以及使用MySQL数据库管理记录的SEMG数据。程序开发后期,使用三片电极测试了测试者右手尺侧碗屈肌、桡侧碗屈肌和肱桡肌三个部位,成功获得测试者肌肉静态与动态时的肌电波形和参数。     

基于多尺度最大李雅普诺夫指数的表面肌电信号模式识别

为了提高动作表面肌电信号的识别率,提出一种将最大李雅普诺夫指数和多尺度分析结合的方法。从非线性和非平稳的角度出发,引入多尺度最大李雅普诺夫指数特征,并应用到人体前臂6类动作表面肌电信号的模式识别中。首先利用希尔伯特-黄变换,对原始信号进行经验模态分解,即多尺度分解;然后利用非线性时间序列分析方法,计算多尺度最大李雅普诺夫指数;最后将多尺度最大李雅普诺夫指数作为特征向量,输入支持向量机进行识别。平均识别率达到97.5%,比利用原始信号的最大李雅普诺夫指数进行识别时提高了3.9%。结果表明,利用多尺度最大李雅普诺夫指数对动作表面肌电信号进行模式识别效果良好。     

独立分量分析在表面肌电信号分解中的应用

采用独立分量分析中的信息极大化快速算法初步探讨了表面肌电信号的分解问题。研究结果表明 ,独立分量分析对肌肉轻度收缩力水平下 (<10 %MVC)表面肌电信号的分解有较好的效果 ,可以作为表面肌电信号分解的一种预处理手段     

Automatic identification of motor unit action potential trains from electromyographic signals using fuzzy techniques

A technique is proposed that allows automatic decomposition of electromyographic (EMG) signals into their constituent motor unit action potential trains (MUAPTs). A specific iterative algorithm with a classification method using fuzzy-logic techniques was developed. The proposed classification method takes into account imprecise information, such as waveform instability and irregular firing patterns, that is often encountered in EMG signals. Classification features were determined by the combining of time position and waveform information. Statistical analysis of inter-pulse intervals and spike amplitude provided an accurate estimation of features used in the classification step. Algorithm performance was evaluated using simulated EMG signals composed of up to six different discharging motor units corrupted with white noise. The algorithm was then applied to real signals recorded by a high spatial resolution surface EMG device based on a Laplacian spatial filter. On six groups of 20 simulated signals, the decomposition algorithm performed with a maximum and an average mean error rate of 2.13% and 1.37%, respectively. On real surface EMG signals recorded at different force levels (from 10% to 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction), the algorithm correctly identified 21 MUAPTs, compared with the 29 MUAPTs identified by an experienced neurophysiologist. The efficiency of the decomposition on surface EMG signals makes this method very attractive for non-invasive investigation of physiological muscle properties. However, it can also be used to decompose intramuscularly recorded EMG signals.     

超声多普勒管壁搏动和血流信号的分离研究

本研究提出利用经验模式分解(EMD)算法分解混叠有管壁成分的超声多普勒血流信号来实现管壁搏动和血流信号的分离。该方法首先将混叠有管壁搏动的超声多普勒血流信号分解为少量有限的分量,即内模函数(IMFs),然后根据管壁搏动信号与血流信号的功率比变化曲线,用比值法自动确定并去除低频管壁博动成分。在仿真实验中用提出的方法处理模拟的多普勒信号,对于靠近管腔内壁的血流信号其在频域功率谱上的相对误差为50%,在时域幅度的相对误差为45%,与高通滤波器方法的相对误差95%相比,准确性得到提高。基于个人计算机用C语言编程实现提出的算法,对实际采集的人体颈动脉多普勒信号可实现实时分离处理。结果表明:基于经验模式分解的滤波方法能有效客观地滤除管壁搏动信号,更准确地保留低频血流信号成分。     

Limitations and applications of ICA for surface electromyogram

Surface electromyogram (SEMG) has numerous applications, but the presence of artefacts and noise, especially at low level of muscle activity make the recordings unreliable. Spectral and temporal overlap can make the removal of artefacts and noise, or separation of relevant signals from other bioelectric signals extremely difficult. Individual muscles may be considered as independent at the local level and this makes an argument for separating the signals using independent component analysis (ICA). In the recent past, due to the easy availability of ICA tools, numbers of researchers have attempted to use ICA for this application. This paper reports research conducted to evaluate the use of ICA for the separation of muscle activity and removal of the artefacts from SEMG. It discusses some of the conditions that could affect the reliability of the separation and evaluates issues related to the properties of the signals and number of sources. The paper also identifies the lack of suitable measure of quality of separation for bioelectric signals and it recommends and tests a more robust measure of separation. The paper also reports tests using Zibulevsky's technique of temporal plotting to identify number of independent sources in SEMG recordings. The theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that ICA is suitable for SEMG signals. The results identify the unsuitability of ICA when the number of sources is greater than the number of recording channels. The results also demonstrate the limitations of such applications due to the inability of the system to identify the correct order and magnitude of the signals. The paper determines the suitability of the use of error measure using simulated mixing matrix and the estimated unmixing matrix as a means identifying the quality of separation of the output. The work demonstrates that even at extremely low level of muscle contraction, and with filtering using wavelets and band pass filters, it is not possible to get the data sparse enough to identify number of independent sources using Zibulevs.ky's technique.     

Reduction of heart sound interference from lung sound signals using empirical mode decomposition technique

During the recording time of lung sound (LS) signals from the chest wall of a subject, there is always heart sound (HS) signal interfering with it. This obscures the features of lung sound signals and creates confusion on pathological states, if any, of the lungs. A novel method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique is proposed in this paper for reducing the undesired heart sound interference from the desired lung sound signals. In this, the mixed signal is split into several components. Some of these components contain larger proportions of interfering signals like heart sound, environmental noise etc. and are filtered out. Experiments have been conducted on simulated and real-time recorded mixed signals of heart sound and lung sound. The proposed method is found to be superior in terms of time domain, frequency domain, and time–frequency domain representations and also in listening test performed by pulmonologist.     

An automated ECG-artifact removal method for trunk muscle surface EMG recordings

This study aimed at developing a method for automated electrocardiography (ECG) artifact detection and removal from trunk electromyography signals. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) method was applied to the simulated data set of ECG-corrupted surface electromyography (SEMG) signals. Independent Components (ICs) correspond to ECG artifact were then identified by an automated detection algorithm and subsequently removed. The detection performance of the algorithm was compared to that by visual inspection, while the artifact elimination performance was compared with Butterworth high pass filter at 30 Hz cutoff (BW HPF 30). The automated ECG-artifact detection algorithm successfully recognized the ECG source components in all data sets with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99%. Better performance indicated by a significantly higher correlation coefficient (p < 0.001) with the original EMG recordings was found in the SEMG data cleaned by the ICA-based method, than that by BW HPF 30. The automated ECG-artifact removal method for trunk SEMG recordings proposed in this study was demonstrated to produce a very good detection rate and preserved essential EMG components while keeping its distortion to minimum. The automatic nature of our method has solved the problem of visual inspection by standard ICA methods and brings great clinical benefits.     

MUAP extraction and classification based on wavelet transform and ICA for EMG decomposition

We have developed an effective technique for extracting and classifying motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) for electromyography (EMG) signal decomposition. This technique is based on single-channel and short periodȁ9s real recordings from normal subjects and artificially generated recordings. This EMG signal decomposition technique has several distinctive characteristics compared with the former decomposition methods: (1) it bandpass filters the EMG signal through wavelet filter and utilizes threshold estimation calculated in wavelet transform for noise reduction in EMG signals to detect MUAPs before amplitude single threshold filtering; (2) it removes the power interference component from EMG recordings by combining independent component analysis (ICA) and wavelet filtering method together; (3) the similarity measure for MUAP clustering is based on the variance of the error normalized with the sum of RMS values for segments; (4) it finally uses ICA method to subtract all accurately classified MUAP spikes from original EMG signals. The technique of our EMG signal decomposition is fast and robust, which has been evaluated through synthetic EMG signals and real EMG signals.     

Toward direct biocontrol using surface EMG signals: control of finger and wrist joint models

Increased interest in virtual reality (VR) and telemanipulation has created a growing need for the development of new interfacing devices for measuring controlling actions of the human hand. The objective of the present study was to determine if surface electromyography signals (SEMG) from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) generated during flexion-extension of the human index finger and wrist can be used for controlling the flexion-extension of the finger and wrist of a simple geometric computer model. A simple geometric computer model of finger and wrist joints was developed. Eighteen subjects controlled the computer model using the SEMG signals from their FDS and FCU. The results indicate that the SEMG signals from the FDS and FCU muscles can be used as a direct biocontrol technique for controlling the finger and wrist models. This study establishes the proof of concept for direct biological control of the dynamic motion of the finger and wrist models for use in virtual reality environments and telemanipulation.