慢性心理应激对小鼠肿瘤新生血管形成影响的观察

目的:通过建立慢性心理应激C57/B6小鼠荷瘤模型,观察应激反应对肿瘤生长、转移和血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平及肿瘤组织MVD、KDR和HIF-1α表达的影响.方法:C57/B6雄性小鼠40只分为A组(16只)、B组(16只)和C组(8只),A组移植肿瘤后每天行束缚应激;B组移植肿瘤后未行应激诱导;C组为正常对照.2周后检测肿瘤大小、质量、肺部和肝脏转移病灶数量,免疫组化(IHC)检测肿瘤新生血管局部CD31阳性细胞,计数微血管密度(MVD);ELISA法检测VEGF水平;蛋白质印迹法检测肿瘤组织局部VEGFR2(KDR)表达水平;RT-PCT检测缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)转录水平.结果: A组荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤质量和体积与B组相比,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;转移病灶数量上A、B组差异无统计学意义,P>0.05.A组肿瘤局部MVD与B组相比,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;血清VEGF水平A组较B组、B组较C组均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义,P<0.01;A、B组肿瘤组织KDR表达水平及HIF-1α转录水平,差异均有统计学意义,P<0.05.结论:长期慢性心理应激能诱导肿瘤新生血管形成,促进肿瘤增长.     

消癌平注射液抗C57小鼠Lewis肺癌肿瘤血管生成的研究

目的 通过观察消癌平对体内小鼠移植瘤生长以及移植瘤肿瘤血管生成的影响,探讨消癌平抗肿瘤的机制。方法以C57BU6 雌性小鼠皮下接种构建Lewis 肺癌小鼠模型。造模1 周后,将45 只Lewis 肺癌小鼠随机分为A、B、C 3组,A 组给予顺铂（0.lmg/ml dl、d4、d7、dl0）作阳性对照,B 组给予消癌平注射液（5mg/ml dl～d21 ), C组予生理盐水（dl～d21）作阴性对照,均腹腔注射。治疗3 周后摘眼球取血,并处死动物,切除瘤体,称瘤重量并计算抑瘤率。应用免疫组化染色检测移植瘤组织中CD34 标记的微血管数目（MVD ) ,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELlSA）检测荷瘤小鼠血清中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）浓度。结果 消癌平组的抑瘤率15．69％、微血管密度（28.41±5. 985）个、血清VEGF (78.305±7.468) pg/ml 和bFGF (14.945 ±3.840) ng/ml,与生理盐水组比较,均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论消癌平注射液具有抗肿瘤血管生成和抑制肿瘤生长的作用,其机制可能通过降低Lewis 肺癌VEGF和bFGF的生成,从而降低肿瘤MVD, 抑制肿瘤血管生成及肿瘤生长。     

CTX小剂量化疗在抗肺癌血管生成中的作用

目的：研究小剂量环磷酰胺（CTX）对肺癌血管生成的影响及其机制。方法：培养人肺腺癌A549细胞，建立裸鼠移植瘤模型，随机分为小剂量CTX组、大剂量CTX组和对照组进行化疗，观察裸鼠体重变化和抑瘤效果，免疫组化检测肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）、缺氧诱导因子-1α（hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha，HIF-1α）和VEGF的表达。结果：小剂量组肿瘤生长缓慢，体重减轻等副作用明显小于大剂量组和对照组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）；与大剂量组、对照组比较，小剂量组MVD、HIF-1α和VEGF表达均明显减少（P〈0．01），且小剂量组移植瘤中HIF-1α和VEGF、HIF-1α和MVD、VEGF和MVD之间均有相关性。结论：与大剂量组和对照组相比，小剂量CTX化疗组能更显著地抑制肺癌血管生成，抑瘤效果更明显，其机制可能与下调HIF-1α蛋白表达有关。     

缺氧诱导因子-1α、VEGF在进展期胃癌中的表达及意义

目的揭示进展期胃癌中缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达规律,分析其与胃癌临床病理特征的关系,以探讨HIF-1α蛋白在胃癌血管形成中的作用.方法应用免疫组化方法检测50例胃癌组织HIF-1α、VEGF蛋白及微血管密度(MVD)的表达.结果胃癌组织HIF-1α蛋白与VEGF阳性表达率分别为68%(34/50)和62%(31/50),MVD平均计数为23.14±11.58;HIF-1α表达与淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05);VEGF、MVD表达与肿瘤浸润深度(P＜0.05)、淋巴结转移(P＜0.05)和PTNM临床分期(P＜0.05)密切相关;HIF-1α与VEGF表达密切相关(x2=4.96,P＜0.05);HI-1α或VEGF表达阳性的MVD值显著高于阴性组(P＜0.05).结论HIF-1α、VEGF是反映胃癌浸润转移等生物学行为的重要指标,HIF-1α诱导VEGF表达从而促进肿瘤血管生成可能参与胃癌的进展.     

地塞米松影响Lewis肺癌小鼠移植瘤生长及微血管生成的研究

背景与目的:近年来研究发现糖皮质激素与多种肿瘤发生、发展密切相关,本研究旨在探讨地塞米松对Lewis肺癌小鼠移植瘤生长及微血管生成的影响.方法:将Lewis肺癌细胞接种于C57BL/6小鼠右腋皮下,按数字表法随机分为3组:对照组、顺铂组和地塞米松组.于接种后第7天起分别连续给药10 d,密切监测皮下移植瘤体积变化.于接种后第17天处死全部小鼠,剥离皮下肿瘤称质量并计算抑瘤率,采用免疫组化法检测肿瘤缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia inducible factor 1α,HIF-1 α)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表达与微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)计数水平.结果:各用药组肿瘤的生长明显受到抑制,瘤质量明显低于对照组(F=11.593,P＜0.05);与对照组比较,各用药组肿瘤组织中HIF-1α、VEGF表达与MVD计数水平显著降低(F值分别为4.788、8.220和12.456,P均＜0.05);而地塞米松组与顺铂组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:地塞米松可通过抑制肿瘤组织中HIF-1 α、VEGF的表达,从而抑制Lewis肺癌的生长和微血管生成.     

黄芪多糖对气阴两虚Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长、转移及细胞周期的影响

目的 观察黄芪多糖抑制气阴两虚Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠的生长、转移及对肺癌细胞周期的影响。方法 体外培养Lewis肺癌细胞,随机分为对照组和中药组,流式细胞术检测细胞周期;C57BL/6J小鼠90只,设空白组10只,余80只刨花烟熏并灌胃温热性的中药,移植Lewis肺癌实体肿瘤建立气阴两虚荷瘤小鼠模型并随机分为8组,比较各组小鼠抑瘤率及q值,计数外周血细胞及骨髓细胞,ELISA测定血清IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-10、HIF-1α、VEGF、MMP-2的含量。结果 黄芪多糖将Lewis 肺癌细胞阻滞于S期,随着药物浓度的增加,细胞凋亡逐渐增加;联合用药各组的抑瘤率高于黄芪多糖各组和顺铂组,q值均在0.85~1.15之间;与顺铂组比较,联合用药中、高剂量组小鼠外周血细胞及骨髓细胞的数量,IL-2、INF-γ、TNF-α均显著升高,IL-10、 HIF-1α、VEGF、MMP-2均显著降低（P<0.05, P<0.01）。结论 黄芪多糖在体外对Lewis肺癌细胞有抑制作用,体内与顺铂联合能抑制气阴两虚Lewis荷瘤小鼠肺癌细胞的生长、转移,提高外周血细胞和骨髓细胞的细胞数量,提高IL-2、INF-γ、TNF-α的含量,减少IL-10、HIF-1α、VEGF、MMP-2的含量。     

白藜芦醇对小鼠Lewis肺癌生长的影响及机制研究

目的:探讨白藜芦醇(resveratrol,Res)对小鼠Lewis肺癌生长的影响及其作用机制。方法:建立C57BL小鼠Lewis肺癌模型,将40只接种Lewis肺癌的C57BL小鼠随机分成4组:对照组、Res低剂量组(2.5mg·kg-1·d-1)、Res中剂量组(5mg·kg-1·d-1)和Res高剂量组(10mg·kg-1·d-1),每组10只。连续灌胃20d,于接种后第22d处死小鼠,检测肿瘤体积及重量,通过免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织微血管密度(MVD),采用免疫组化和RT-PCR分析肿瘤细胞血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达水平,并用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测肿瘤细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果:Res中、高剂量组肿瘤的生长明显受到抑制,瘤重和肿瘤体积明显低于对照组(P<0.01);其抑瘤率分别为39.04%、49.66%,明显高于Res低剂量组(12.33%),差异有显著性(P<0.01)。Res中、高剂量组VEGF表达水平及MVD明显降低,AI则明显升高,与对照组比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.01),但低剂量Res对VEGF表达、MVD及AI无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论:白藜芦醇可明显抑制小鼠Lewis肺癌的生长,其机制可能与抑制VEGF表达、降低微血管密度和促进细胞凋亡有关。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术对兔VX2肝移植瘤HIF-1α和VEGF表达及肿瘤血管生成的影响

目的:探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞术对兔VX2肝移植瘤模型肝癌缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)和血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响及与肿瘤血管生成的相关性.方法:24只VX2荷瘤兔随机分为3组,每组8只.对照组:经肝动脉注入生理盐水2 mL;TAE组:单纯碘油栓塞,UFLP 0.5～0.8 mL;TACE组:碘油抗癌药混悬液栓塞,UFLP0.5～0.8 mL,THP 2 mg.于术后2周应用免疫组织化学法分别检测肿瘤组织中HIF-1α和VEGF的表达,用CD34单克隆抗体标记肿瘤血管内皮细胞,计数肿瘤组织中的MVD.结果:TAE组和TACE组HIF1α及VEGF表达与MVD值均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),HIF-1a和VEGF的表达与MVD值呈显著正相关(r1=0.537,P<0.01;r1=0.423,P<0.05).结论:TACE能明显上调HIF-1α的表达,HIF-1α通过密切调控其下级基因VEGF的表达而促进肿瘤血管的生成,影响肝癌的预后.     

槲皮素联合川芎嗪对小鼠Lewis 肺癌生长的抑制作用

 目的 探讨槲皮素联合川芎嗪对小鼠Lewis肺癌生长的抑制作用及其机制。方法 复制C57BL小鼠Lewis肺癌模型，将40只接种Lewis肺癌的C57BL小鼠随机分成4组：对照组（A组）、槲皮素组（B组）、川芎嗪组（C组）、槲皮素＋川芎嗪组（D组），每组10只。连续用药20日，观察移植瘤生长情况，于接种后第22天处死各组小鼠，采用免疫组化半定量检测肿瘤组织微血管密度（MVD）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及增殖核抗原（PCNA）的表达水平，用原位凋亡TUNEL法检测肿瘤细胞凋亡指数（AI）。结果 （1）B、C、D组肿瘤的生长明显受到抑制，瘤重明显低于A组，其抑瘤率分剐为39．87％、35．45％、54．58％，D组抑瘤率明显高于B、C组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。（2）B、C、D组MVD、VEGF及PCNA表达水平明显低于A组（P〈0．05或0．01），尤其是D组表达最低。B、C、D组AI较A组增高（P〈0．05或0．01），D组最高。结论 槲皮素与川芎嗪联合用药可明显抑制Lewis肺癌移植瘤的生长，其作用机制与抑制微血管生成、抑制细胞增殖和促进细胞凋亡有关。     

缺氧诱导因子-1α、VEGF表达与胃癌肝转移及肿瘤血管生成的关系

[目的]探讨缺氧诱导因子-1α（HIF-1α）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在胃癌组织中的表达及其意义。[方法]采用免疫组化法检测91例胃癌组织（其中32例伴有肝转移）和20例非肿瘤胃黏膜组织中HIF-1α与VEGF的表达。[结果]HIF-1α在伴有和不伴有肝转移胃癌组织中阳性表达率分别为84.4%和50.8%（P=0.002）;VEGF在伴有和不伴有肝转移胃癌组织中阳性表达率分别为81.3%和54.2%（P=0.01）。HIF-1α阳性组微血管密度（MVD）显著高于HIF-1α阴性组（P=0.0001）;VEGF阳性表达与HIF-1α阳性表达呈正相关（P=0.001）。[结论]在伴有肝转移胃癌组织HIF-1α高表达,其可能通过调节其下游基因VEGF表达参与胃癌的血管形成、浸润和肝脏等远处转移。     

裸小鼠人肺癌术后转移模型的建立及动态观察

目的：建立裸小鼠人肺癌术后转移模型,动态观察肿瘤转移情况,为研究肺癌转移机制和术后抗转移治疗提供动物模型。方法：采用组织块法建立裸小鼠人非小细胞肺癌NCI-H460皮下移植瘤模型。4周后,随机挑选25只裸小鼠作为手术组切除肿瘤组织,建立术后转移模型,其余15只裸小鼠作为对照组。每2周两组各处死5只裸小鼠,动态观察其远处各脏器转移情况。动物明显消瘦时结束实验,并采用免疫组化法检测MMP-2、OPN、CD44v6、CD62等蛋白在转移灶及原发灶的表达情况。结果：对照组裸小鼠10周时所携瘤体严重坏死,并出现明显消瘦,解剖发现各阶段均无转移。手术组裸小鼠于10周、12周各发现1例肺转移（1/5）,14周时裸小鼠明显消瘦,肺转移率达100%（5/5）,有肉眼明显可见的肺转移结节,其他脏器未见转移。免疫组化结果表明,MMP-2、OPN、CD44v6、CD62、E-cadherin、TIMP-2在肺转移灶内的表达明显高于原发灶,CD54和MMP-9在转移灶内的表达则低于原发灶。结论：本模型模拟了临床肿瘤根除术后发生远处转移的过程,结果提示肺癌转移的发生可能与部分粘附分子的表达异常相关,同时为研究肺癌转移机制和术后抗转移治疗提供了理想的动物模型。     

基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制因子与神经母细胞瘤侵袭转移的关系

目的　探讨基质金属蛋白酶 (MMP) 2、MMP 9及其抑制因子 (TIMP) 2、TIMP 1与神经母细胞瘤侵袭转移的关系。方法　应用免疫组化SABC法检测 35例神经母细胞瘤标本中MMP 2、MMP 9及TIMP 2、TIMP 1的表达情况 ,并比较其在无转移、局部转移及远处转移患者肿瘤组织中的表达程度。结果　在有局部转移的B组和远处转移的C组患儿中 ,MMP 2高表达者分别为 9例和 10例 ,相对于病灶局限的A组明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。MMP 9表达仅在A组和C组间有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。预后良好的A组TIMP 2的阳性表达程度最高 ,随着肿瘤进展表达程度逐渐减弱。各组间TIMP 1表达差异无统计学意义 (P =0 .36 5 2 )。结论　MMP 2、MMP 9的表达与神经母细胞瘤的侵袭转移有关 ,可促进肿瘤进展 ,而TIMP 2则抑制肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移。     

哈萨克族食管癌组织中microRNA-21的表达及其意义

目的：探讨哈萨克族食管癌组织中microRNA-21（miRNA-21）的表达及其意义。方法收集72例哈萨克族食管癌患者临床样本,采用实时定量PCR检测食管癌组织、周围正常食管组织miRNA-21表达水平;以患者性别、年龄、临床分期、肿瘤部位、分化程度、淋巴结转移、病情是否恶化等作为观察指标,分析miRNA-21与临床资料的关系。再以肿瘤中位生存期作为观察指标,筛选出影响哈萨克族食管癌患者预后的危险因素。结果食管癌组织miRNA-21相对表达量为（7.57±0.14）,周围正常食管组织相对表达量为（1.37±0.08）,食管癌组织相对表达量高于正常组织（P﹤0.05）。72例食管癌患者分为miRNA-21高表达组42例和低表达组30例,miRNA-21表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤进展有关,即淋巴结转移、肿瘤进展及肿瘤临床分期越晚,肿瘤miRNA-21表达也越高（P﹤0.05）;miRNA-21高表达组5年生存率为20.7%,低表达组5年生存率为38.6%,两组5年生存率比较差异具有统计学意义（χ2=4.715,P=0.005）;多因素分析显示,临床分期、肿瘤进展、miRNA-21表达水平是影响哈萨克族食管癌患者预后的独立危险因素（P﹤0.05）。结论 miRNA-21在食管癌组织表达水平高于正常组织,且miRNA-21表达越高,患者预后越差,miRNA-21可以作为哈萨克族食管癌诊断及预后评价的指标之一。     

Significance of Thrombocytosis in Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer

Purpose: We aimed to study the relationship between thrombocytosis and clinical features of gastric cancerfocussing on platelet counts and gastric cancer progression through different TNM stages. Methods: According to the normal range of platelet count in our institution, 1,596 patients were divided to two groups:a thrombocytosis group (120 patients, >400×1000/μL) and a control group (1,476 patients, ≤400×1000/μL). Results: The incidence of thrombocytosis was 7.5%. Higher platelet counts were observed in patients with older age, larger tumor size, deeper invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and advanced TNM stage. In multivariate logistic regression, tumor size, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage were independent risk factors for thrombocytosis of gastric cancer patients. On prognostic analysis, age, tumorsize, tumor location, histologic type, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and TNM stage and platelet count were important factors. Tumor size, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and the platelet count were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion: Thrombocytosis is associated with clinical features of gastric cancer patients and correlates with a poor prognosis.     

Alteration of galectin-1 during tumorigenesis of Opisthorchis viverrini infection-induced cholangiocarcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathology

Galectin-1 is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin to function in cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and might be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. In the present study, the expression kinetics of galectin-1 during the tumorigenesis of a parasite Opisthorchis viverrini infection-induced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) was investigated in model animal hamsters, and the expression was confirmed in human CCA cases. It was found that galectin-1 was overexpressed at mRNA and protein levels with the tumor progression. The mRNA expression was elevated in very early stage during tumorigenesis and the increase was time dependent. Galectin-1 protein expression profiles indicated that the increased expression was mainly located in the epithelium of extensively proliferated and hyperplasia small bile ducts at early stage of CCA development in model animal and mainly in the extensive tumor stroma tissues in both model animals and human CCA cases at later stage. The analysis of correlation of the overexpression with clinicopathology in human cases suggested that high expression of galectin-1 was associated with advanced stage and metastasis and with shorter cumulative overall survival of the patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that galectin-1 expression was of independent prognostic significance for CCA. Our results suggest that galectin-1 is likely involved in the tumorigenesis and expected to serve as a tumor stroma marker in diagnosis and prediction of metastasis and poor prognosis of the opisthorchiasis-associated CCA.     

Heterogeneous metastasis efficiency of isogenic orthotopic colon cancer xenografts reveals distinctive gene expression profiles.

Hepatic and lung metastases are the leading causes of mortality and major indicators of aggressiveness in colorectal cancer. The underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of metastasis are still unclear. Here, we designed a novel approach to explore gene expression profiles associated with metastasis in human colorectal cancer (hCRC). A series of ten isogenic tumors from three different hCRC models were orthotopically implanted into nude mice. In these series, we analyzed the contribution of dynamic heterogeneity, independently of any intrinsic gene expression program predictive of metastasis. When screened for the presence of disseminated tumor cells in the lung and liver, as the most common host tissues for hCRC metastases, both high- and low-metastatic efficient tumors were found among these isogenic orthotopic series. The metastasis-specific cDNA macroarray analysis of 96 genes, in both tumor populations for each of the three hCRC models, characterized a common differential gene expression within a small group of genes. Our results suggest that, independently of a gene expression profile predictive of metastasis, the progressive acquisition of additional alterations occurs during hCRC tumorigenesis. This dynamic process might determine tumor progression, namely the metastasis dissemination.     

p53和nm23杂合性缺失及表达异常在晚期胃肠癌转移中的作用

目的：研究原发胃肠肿瘤及其淋巴结转移癌和肝转移癌中p53和nm23基因的杂合性缺失(loss of heterozygosity,LOH)及其表达情况,探讨基因杂合性缺失和蛋白表达异常在肿瘤细胞转移中的作用,验证转移进展模型的可信性。方法：用多聚酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)银染法和免疫组织化学方法分析21例原发癌、16例淋巴结转移癌和21例肝转移癌中p53和nm23基因的杂合性缺失及其表达状况。结果：原发灶、淋巴结转移组织和肝脏转移组织中,p53位点的LOH发生率分别为37.5%、50.0%和68.8%(P＞0.05)．nm23的LOH发生率分别为26.7%、36.4%和40.0%(P＞0.05)；突变型p53蛋白表达率依次为85.7%、87.5%和90.5%(P＞0.05),nm23蛋白表达率分别为76.2%、50.0%和42.9%(肝转移与原发灶相比,P＜0.05)。结论：肿瘤发展过程中,遗传学异常逐步积累,最终转移发生,本研究结果符合转移进展模型理论；p53和nm23的异常改变促进胃肠癌的发展和转移,是肿瘤发展后期的重要分子事件。     

Cabozantinib inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of a patient-derived xenograft model of papillary renal cell carcinoma with MET mutation

MET plays an important role in the development and progression of papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC). Evaluation of efficacy of MET inhibitors against pRCC has been hampered by limited preclinical models depicting MET abnormalities. We established a new patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of pRCC carrying an activating mutation of MET and tested the ability of cabozantinib, an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases including MET, to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Precision-cut, thin tissue slices from a pRCC specimen obtained by nephrectomy were implanted under the renal capsule of RAG2^?/?γC^?/? mice to establish first generation TSG-RCC-030. Histologic and genetic fidelity and metastatic potential of this model were characterized by immunohistochemistry, direct DNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The effect of cabozantinib on tumor growth and metastasis was evaluated. Whether measurements of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) by allele-specific qPCR could be used as a biomarker of tumor growth and response to therapy was determined. Subrenal and subcutaneous tumor grafts showed high take rates and metastasized to the lung. Both primary tumors and metastases expressed typical markers of pRCC and carried the same activating MET mutation as the parental tumor. Cabozantinib treatment caused striking tumor regression and inhibited lung metastasis in TSG-RCC-030. Plasma ctDNA levels correlated with tumor volume in control mice and changed in response to cabozantinib treatment. TSG-RCC-030 provides a realistic preclinical model to better understand the development and progression of pRCC with MET mutation and accelerate the development of new therapies for pRCC.