Oddi括约肌松弛与复发性胆管炎胆结石

目的 探讨Oddi括约肌松弛与返流性胆管炎和结石复发的关系。方法 回顾性研究经手术证实Oddi括约肌松弛,乳头通过1cm以上的胆管探子,术后仍反复胆管炎和/或复发结石52例的病理与治疗。结果 再次手术行横断胆总管的胆管空肠Y型吻合术（29例）或胃改道术（12例）等术式,基本消除或明显减轻胆管返流因素效果良好,单纯再次胆管探查取石T管引流和非手术治疗效果不良。结论 Oddi括约肌松弛可以导致复发性返流性胆管炎和/或结石复发,采用外科手术消除或减轻胆管返流因素后效果良好。     

胆肠内引流术防返流问题的探讨

自 18 8 2年 Winiwarter首次[1 ] 报道用胆囊空肠吻合术治疗胆总管梗阻以来 ,10 0多年来胆肠内引流的术式和径路已有了较大的发展 ,但至今尚无一种理想的术式。胆肠内引流术后由于失去了胆道出口处的括约肌功能 ,不可避免地要发生肠胆返流 ,严重者可引起返流性胆管炎反复发作 ,需再次手术治疗。胆肠内引流术后返流性胆管炎的发生率各家报道不一 ,这可能与原发病变的复杂程度及狭窄是否解除、病灶是否切除及结石取净程度等技术因素有关。因此评价各种胆肠内引流术的远期效果 ,尚难以简单地横向对比 ,需结合病情全面考虑。但不论返流发生率的…     

十二指肠乳头括约肌松弛性病变处理策略

目的提高对十二指肠乳头括约肌（以下称Oddi括约肌）松弛性病变的诊治水平。方法我院从1996年7月～2005年7月，对有反复急性胆管炎发叙及多次胆道手术患者，采用序贯性B超、上消化道造影和纤维胆道镜检测Oddi括约肌关闭径、开放经等措施，诊断Oddi括约肌松弛性病变。诊断明确者行胆管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术（以下称胆肠吻合术）或胃肠吻合术。本文总结48例临床资料。结果本组诊断为Oddi括约肌松弛性病变48例，均有反复多次急性胆管炎发作史，至少1次胆道外引流手术史。行Ⅰ期胆肠吻合术25例，Ⅱ期胆肠吻合术10例；Ⅰ期胃肠吻合术6例。7例放弃胆肠吻合手术。均获I疆访，随访6月～8年，行胆肠吻合术35例中，5例术后第一年发生急性胆管炎1～2次，都经短暂抗感染治疗后获愈。行胃肠吻合术6例中，2例分别于术后3,6月发生吻合口溃疡，经正规制酸治疗后获愈。未行胆道改道手术7例中3例死亡，1例死于胆汁性肝硬化并上消化道大出血，1例死于急性重症胆管炎，1例死于胆管癌。结论Oddi括约肌松弛性病变并不少见，根据病史，配合以纤维胆道镜为主的系统检查可正确诊断，一经诊断，果断行胆肠吻合术。     

胆肠吻合术的现代应用

胆肠吻合术（choledochojejunostomy,CJ）是于修复胆道损伤、肝外胆管病变切除后及治疗胆管结石的胆道重建常用手术方式，基本术式包括：Oddi括约肌切开成形术，胆总管十二指肠吻合术，间置空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术，胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术，胆肠袢式吻合术。     

EST后再发结石的原因分析和治疗对策

目的探讨内窥镜括约肌切开(EST)术后再发胆管结石的原因及最佳处理策略。方法回顾性分析昆明医学院第二附属医院自1999年2月至2009年2月期间收治的EST后再发结石的96例患者的临床资料,根据再发胆管结石的大小(术前MRCP提示结石的直径大小)将其分为手术组(再发结石直径≥1.0 cm)和非手术组(结石直径1.0 cm,再次行EST),比较2种治疗方法的再发胆管结石率。结果手术组79例(82.29%),均采用胆总管切开取石、横断胆总管、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;非手术组17例(17.71%),即再次行EST。非手术组再发胆管结石率为70.59%(12/17),明显高于手术组的2.53%(2/79),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论EST术后再发胆管结石的主要原因是十二指肠乳头切开导致Oddi括约肌舒缩功能受损,引发返流性胆管炎所致。手术治疗是EST术后再发胆管结石的最佳处理方法,效果肯定。术式以胆总管切开取石、横断胆总管、胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合为首选。     

锥形瓣加强胆管空肠Y型吻合术后抗返流

目的 探讨锥形瓣预防Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术(CJ)术后返流性胆管炎的可行性及临床疗效。方法 在CJ术同时施行锥形瓣成形术86例，其中男性33例，女性53例；平均年龄38岁。严格遵循CJ适应证及手术原则。将胆支空肠预作Y型吻合、系膜缘侧1．5cm处向对系膜缘侧前后肠壁作等腰三角形切除，近侧游离断端封闭，远侧游离断端与胃十二指肠支空肠作端端吻合，两支空肠并行固定。胆支空肠下端斜形断面与胃十二指肠支空肠肠壁形成的斜形隔和胆支空肠下端开口处空肠粘膜皱蓑形成锥形瓣。术后因合并症死亡2例，其余84例术后通过碘液胆管造影、钡餐胃肠道造影、随访返流性胆管炎临床表现，观察锥形瓣抗返流情况。结果 锥形瓣引流通畅、排空好、无返流，无返流性胆管炎临床表现。结论 锥形瓣手术安全，无直接手术并发症，抗返流效果确切，缩短了胆支空肠长度。     

锥形瓣加强胆管空肠Y型吻合术后抗返流

目的　探讨锥形瓣预防Roux -en -Y胆肠吻合术 (CJ)术后返流性胆管炎的可行性及临床疗效。方法　在CJ术同时施行锥形瓣成形术 86例 ,其中男性 33例 ,女性 5 3例 ;平均年龄 38岁。严格遵循CJ适应证及手术原则。将胆支空肠预作Y型吻合、系膜缘侧 1.5cm处向对系膜缘侧前后肠壁作等腰三角形切除 ,近侧游离断端封闭 ,远侧游离断端与胃十二指肠支空肠作端端吻合 ,两支空肠并行固定。胆支空肠下端斜形断面与胃十二指肠支空肠肠壁形成的斜形隔和胆支空肠下端开口处空肠粘膜皱襞形成锥形瓣。术后因合并症死亡 2例 ,其余 84例术后通过碘液胆管造影、钡餐胃肠道造影、随访返流性胆管炎临床表现 ,观察锥形瓣抗返流情况。结果　锥形瓣引流通畅、排空好、无返流 ,无返流性胆管炎临床表现。结论　锥形瓣手术安全 ,无直接手术并发症 ,抗返流效果确切 ,缩短了胆支空肠长度     

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胆肠吻合术 (choledochojejunostomy ,CJ)是治疗胆道疾病常用的手术方式 ,自 1888年Riedel成功施行第 1例胆总管十二指肠侧侧吻合术以来 ,至今已有 10 0多年历史。CJ包括Oddi括约肌切开成形术、胆总管十二指肠吻合术、肝外 (肝门 )胆管间置空肠十二指肠吻合术和胆管空肠Roux-en -Y吻合术。使用最广泛的是胆总管十二指肠吻合术和胆管空肠Roux -en -Y吻合术。CJ常用于修复胆道损伤、肝外胆管病变切除后及治疗胆道结石的胆道重建 ,在2 0世纪 90年代以前曾风靡一时 ,几乎成为胆道外科的常规手术和标志性手术。然而 ,经过多年大量的临床病例…     

复发性返流性胆管炎——附9例报告

本文所论返流性胆管炎系指肝内无病变(如肝胆管结石、狭窄,肝叶萎缩等)或虽有肝内病变但已经过较为彻底的处理。在行胆管肠道吻合等内引流手术后,因肠道内容物经常逆流入胆道所引起的急性或慢性胆管炎反复发作。近年来我们遇到症状严重的返流性胆管炎9例。报告如下。临床资料1.性别、年龄:男2例,女7例。年龄42～57岁。2.原术式为胆总管十二指肠吻合术(CDD)8例,Oddi氏括约肌成形术1例。当时手术指征均为胆总管多发结石、胆总管直径2cm以上。其中,合并胆总管下段或Oddi氏孔狭窄6例,因结石所致胆总管十二指肠瘘1例。病程最长1例17年,最短者2年半,平均8年。3.诊断依据:根据1983年肝胆管结石专题讨论会关于返流性胆管炎的定义。本组病例均为胆肠引内流术后,频繁发作严重的胆管炎症状。9例经上     

人工乳头式间位空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术

胆管与肠道内引流为治疗原发性胆管结石及胆管狭窄的常用手术,计有胆总管十二指肠吻合,Oddi氏括约肌成形,胆管空肠Y型吻合及胆管游离空肠袢Y型吻合术等。此等手术均可达到畅通引流,但部分病例由于肠内容物返流入胆道,引起严重返流性胆管炎。为此我们设计一段游离空肠,其远端做一人工乳头,近端与胆管吻合;远端空肠连同人工乳头置入十二指肠后吻合,或置入空肠行Y式吻合的新方法。自1982年11月至1985年2月施行人工乳头式间位空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术13例,人工乳头式游离空肠胆管空肠Y型吻合术4例,全组病例经6～26个月随访,疗效优良。本文重点介绍人工乳头式间位空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术。手术适应证及方法手术适应证原则同胆管空肠吻合术;胆管扩张在2cm以上,须注意肝内病灶应切除,肝总管及左右肝胆管的狭窄及结石阻塞应同时解除,否则可加重肝内     

高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和治疗

目的探讨高位胆管良性狭窄的原因和防治。方法回顾性总结分析高位胆管良性狭窄460例的病因和治疗方法。结果病因依次为肝胆管结石(383例)、高位胆管损伤(54例)、胆囊结石Mirizzi综合征(21例)、单纯良性狭窄(2例)。分别行肝叶或肝段切除；经肝剖开狭窄胆管，肝胆管或肝门胆管空肠吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后与空肠大口吻合；吻合口狭窄切开扩大吻合；肝门胆管狭窄切开整形后T管支撑等手术。效果满意，优良率为90．1％。结论高位胆管良性狭窄的主要原因是肝胆管结石(83．3％)和高位胆管损伤(11．7％)。肝叶或肝段切除，或联合肝内胆管或肝门胆管空肠大口吻合是治疗肝胆管结石并肝胆管狭窄的有效方法。高位胆管损伤初期修复后较易发生胆管或吻合口狭窄，再次修复以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y大口吻合术效果最好。强调重在预防，在行胆道手术时避免胆管损伤。     

肝门胆管良性狭窄的原因和处理

目的：探讨单纯肝门胆管良性狭窄的原因和治疗。方法：回顾性总结分析单纯肝门胆管良性狭窄73例的病因,治疗方法和效果。结果：病因依次为肝胆管结石（48例）,高位胆管损伤（19例）,胆囊结石Mirizzi征（4例）,单纯良性瘢痕性狭窄（2例）,分别施行了肝门胆管空肠吻合,肝门胆管整形,肝门胆管切除等手术87例次,随访1－19年61例次的远期效果,优良77％,好转6．6％,差16．4％,其中,以肝门胆管空肠吻合效果最好,优良达90．7％,结论：肝门胆管良性狭窄的主要原因是肝胆管结石和高位胆管损伤,治疗以肝门胆管空肠大口吻合效果最好。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的诊治体会(附22例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆管损伤的预防和处理。方法 回顾性分析LC胆管损伤22例的特点、诊断、治疗及效果。结果 本组22例均行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，其中8例行肝门部胆管成形术，3例行中肝叶切除。22例于术后1年、3年随访未出现胆管狭窄、黄疽复发及胆管炎症状。结论 预防胆管损伤是关键，其处理应根据发现时间、部位、类型等选择不同的方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤

目的探讨LC胆管损伤的特点及防治。方法回顾性总结分析LC胆管损伤20例的致病因素、临床特点和处理经验。结果全组有肝总管以上部位的高位胆管损伤19例(95％)。其他与电热或钛夹有关的损伤11例(55G)。初次修复后因吻合口狭窄、重症胆管炎死亡2例(10%)。反复胆管炎还需再手术2例(10%)，胆肠Roux-en-Y大口吻合和侧壁缝合治愈16例(80%)。结论LC胆管损伤以高位损伤和电热损伤为其特点。初期修复后较易发生胆管或吻合口狭窄，再次手术修复行胆肠Roux-en-Y大口吻合效果良好。     

Multicentric recurrence of intraductal papillary neoplasms of bile duct in the remnant intrahepatic bile duct after curative resection

IntroductionThere have been few reports on the prognosis of patients with intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPNB). Here we report a case of IPNB in a patient with early-stage carcinoma who had multicentric recurrence in the remnant hepatic bile duct after curative resection.Case presentationA 78-year-old man with hepatic dysfunction and cholestasis was referred to our hospital. Preoperative imaging studies revealed the presence of papillary tumors in the left hepatic duct and common hepatic duct, while no tumor lesions were detected in the right hepatic duct. This patient underwent left hepatectomy, extra-hepatic bile duct resection with biliary reconstruction, and regional lymphnode dissection. On the basis of pathological examination, this patient was diagnosed with multiple IPNB with early-stage adenocarcinoma with negative surgical margin. Postoperative work-up was periodically performed, indicating no evidence of recurrence, while the patient had sustained hepatic dysfunction, cholestasis, and repetitive cholangitis since the early postoperative period. Finally, recurrence in the remnant intrahepatic bile duct of the posterior segment was revealed by double balloon enteroscopy at 29 months after surgery. At 34 months after surgery, internal drainage stents were replaced in both endoscopic and percutaneous manners within the relapsed intrahepatic bile ducts to address repetitive cholangitis. These procedures enabled the patient to remain asymptomatic until death at 41 months after surgery.DiscussionMulticentric recurrence in the remnant intrahepatic bile duct after surgery may occur in IPNB patients with multiple lesions. An endoscopic approach may be useful in such cases, not only in the diagnosis of remnant intrahepatic bile duct recurrence but also for palliation of symptoms.     

Laparoscopic transcystic bile duct stenting in the management of common bile duct stones

Background : The management of patients with common bile duct stones associated with stones in the gall bladder remains controversial. Methods : Over the three‐year period from 1996 to 1999, patients with cholelithiasis and known choledocholithiasis, or choledocholithiasis found at laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were initially treated by placing a stent across the sphincter of Oddi. The stent was pushed along a guide wire through the cystic duct and then down the common bile duct, before the cystic duct was closed. Subsequently, the stent was used to facilitate performance of a needle knife endoscopic sphincterotomy. The stent was then removed, a cholangiography was performed and the common bile duct was cleared. Patients with persistent jaundice usually had a preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangio‐pancreatography. Results : Transcystic stenting was the ‘intention‐to‐treat’ basis of therapy for 56 of the patients. The placement of the stent only failed once when the stent became trapped in the cystic duct. Complications of the operation included: pain and jaundice (n = 2), cholangitis (n = 1), and pulmonary embolus (n = 1). The median postoperative hospitalization was 2 days (range: 1–15). Five further patients had common bile duct stones removed via a choledochotomy; a stent was placed through the choledochotomy before its closure. The selective common bile duct cannulation rate at the first endoscopic retrograde cholangio‐pancreatography, was 98%. A second endoscopic retrograde cholangio‐pancreatography was required in 15% of patients. The only complication of all the endoscopic procedures was a single case of mild cholangitis; there were no cases of pancreatitis. Conclusion : A treatment option open to all surgeons for non‐jaundiced patients with known choledocholithiasis or choledocholithiasis found at operative cholangiogram, is the transcystic stenting of the sphincter of Oddi at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. At a subsequent sitting, the common bile duct can be safely cleared endoscopically using a sphincterotomy facilitated by the stent.     

肝段(叶)切除联合手术治疗肝内胆管结石

目的　探讨肝段 (叶 )切除联合手术治疗肝内胆管结石的效果。方法　对 1992年6月～ 1997年 6月行肝段 (叶 )切除联合手术治疗的肝内胆管结石 85例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 85例肝段 (叶 )切除术中同时行胆管空肠吻合 45例 ,肝断面扩张胆管、肝门胆管与空肠双口吻合 6例 ,T管和U管引流分别为 2 0例和 14例。本组无手术死亡。 76例随访 2～ 8年 ,术后残石率 5 88% ;症状复发率 1 33% ;无再手术者。结论　肝段 (叶 )切除联合手术是当前治疗肝内胆管结石理想而有效的手术方式。     

高位胆管损伤及其处理

目的 探讨高位胆管损伤的原因、类型和处理方法.方法 回顾性总结分析了1998-2005年间对38例胆管损伤的诊治过程,其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术中损伤24例,开腹胆囊切除术（OC）术中胆管损伤14例;高位胆管损伤21例.结果 所有胆管损伤病人均行手术治疗,分别行胆管对端吻合、胆管修补、肝管空肠吻合及胆管空肠吻合术.结论 LC手术发生胆管损伤多为高位胆管损伤,以行肝胆管空肠吻合术作为主要治疗手段,胆管损伤经手术修复后仍有一定术后并发症发生率.     

十二指肠镜、腹腔镜联合治疗肝外胆管结石

目的探讨十二指肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石并胆管结石的临床效果。方法回顾分析7年间106例胆囊结石并胆管结石患者的临床资料。106例均先行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开(EST)取石、鼻胆引流(ENBD)然后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。结果EST取石成功101例(95.3%);并发症包括胰腺炎(高淀粉酶血症)11例(10.4%),出血1例,急性胆管炎2例,均经对症处理治愈。全组病例无死亡,均痊愈出院。85例获平均3.1年随访,术后复发胆管结石5例(5.9%),十二指肠乳突部再狭窄1例;另发生胆管癌2例,其他原因死亡2例。结论联合EST和LC治疗肝外胆管结石是一种安全有效的微创手术方法。     

Management of cholangitis complicated in biliary carcinoma with hilar bile duct stenosis

We reviewed 60 cases of biliary carcinoma with hilar bile duct stenosis which had received percutaneous transhepatic cholangio-drainage (PTCD). Of the 60 cases, nine were complicated with acute cholangitis (AC) and three with segmental acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (S-AOSC). The incidence of cholangitis was 20%. Six patients with AC and three with S-AOSC underwent hepatic resection for carcinoma. As to preoperative management for cholangitis in these 9 cases, conservative chemotherapy was effective in only 2 cases, and additional PTCD or segmental introduction of the drainage catheter under PTCS were useful in 5 cases. The remaining 2 cases with S-AOSC needed urgent hepatic resection including suppurative hepatic segments after various interventional treatments. No significant difference was found in resectability, morbidity and mortality between the cholangitis group and non-cholangitis group. In conclusion, it is emphasized that postoperative outcome of biliary carcinoma with cholangitis will be improved by adequate PTCD and/or urgent hepatic resection.