子宫内膜异位症与卵巢上皮性癌的关系

目的 探讨子宫内膜异位症（异位症）与卵巢（卵巢癌）的关系。方法 对３７１例卵巢癌中的２０例合并异位症的病列进行了回顾性分析,并与３５１例未合并异位症的病例（其中内膜样癌３８例,透明细胞癌３９例）进行对照研究。结果 ２０例合并异位症者中,内膜样癌１１例,透明细胞癌７例,腺癌和浆液睡性乳头腺癌各１例。合并异位症的卵巢癌与未合并异位症的同型卵巢癌相比较,前者细胞分化较好;应用Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ法计     

卵巢透明细胞癌合并盆腔子宫内膜异位的预后:临床病理评估

卵巢透明细胞癌常合并盆腔子宫内膜异位症(EM),为评价卵巢透明细胞癌与盆腔子宫内膜异位之间临床病理的相关性,对1984～1995年间Keio大学医院妇产科收治首次治疗的原发性卵巢癌日本患者325例,其中卵巢透明细胞癌53例平均年龄51,1(39～76)岁。所有患者首次手术时均行卵巢癌细胞减灭术,残留肿瘤大小均小于2cm。术后除2例外均接受含顺铂的联合化疗。本研究中,合并盆腔子宫内膜异位的卵巢透明细胞癌指:①同一卵巢组织病理证实同时存在卵巢透明细胞癌及异位的子宫内     

子宫内膜异位症恶变

子宫内膜异位症是一种良性病变，但具有恶性行为，近来不断有子宫内膜异位症恶变的报道。子宫膜异位症恶变的发生率约0.7％--1.0％左右，病例中以卵巢子宫内膜异位症恶变最为多见，卵巢外子宫内膜异位症恶变好发部位依次为：肠道、盆腔、阴道直肠膈、阴道外阴、剖宫产疤痕及会阴切口、膀胱、腹股沟、脐部、胸膜、输尿管等处。子宫内膜异位症恶变的组织学类型以子宫内膜样癌与透明细胞癌居多。卵巢子宫内膜异位症恶变与卵巢癌相比早期患者较多。     

卵巢子宫内膜样癌及其合并子宫内膜异位症的临床及病理分析

目的探讨卵巢子宫内膜样癌及其合并子宫内膜异位症患者的临床、病理特征及预后。方法对中国医科大学第二临床学院和解放军202医院1990年1月至2004年12月40例卵巢子宫内膜样癌患者病理蜡块进行分析,16例为子宫内膜异位症恶变（EM组）,24例为原发卵巢子宫内膜样癌（NEM组）,同期50例原发卵巢浆液性囊腺癌为对照组。比较分析3组一般特征、临床表现、病理特点及预后。结果EM组较NEM组年轻9岁,较对照组年轻5岁,临床主要表现为盆腔包块及下腹胀痛,盆腔包块持续半年以上患者多见。NEM组主要为下腹胀痛及阴道不规则流血。EM组5年存活率为75.0%,NEM组为62.5%。结论子宫内膜异位症恶变患者发病年龄较轻,临床医生要认识子宫内膜异位症恶变为卵巢子宫内膜样癌的临床及病理特点,提高早期诊断率。     

子宫内膜异位症恶变

子宫内膜异位症是一种良性病变,但具有恶性行为,近来不断有子宫内膜异位症恶变的报道.子宫内膜异位症恶变的发生率约0.7%～1.0%左右,病例中以卵巢子宫内膜异位症恶变最为多见,卵巢外子宫内膜异位症恶变好发部位依次为:肠道、盆腔、阴道直肠膈、阴道外阴、剖宫产疤痕及会阴切口、膀胱、腹股沟、脐部、胸膜、输尿管等处.子宫内膜异位症恶变的组织学类型以子宫内膜样癌与透明细胞癌居多.卵巢子宫内膜异位症恶变与卵巢癌相比早期患者较多.     

卵巢子宫内膜异位症恶变与卵巢癌的相关性研究及预后分析

目的:探讨不同原因所致卵巢癌,尤其是是否由卵巢子宫内膜异位症(EMT)恶变而来的卵巢癌的临床病理及预后特征。方法:纳入2006年1月至2011年8月在四川大学华西第二医院病理检查确诊的有随访资料(术后随访时间2~89月)的EMT恶变者所致原发性卵巢癌患者49例为EMT恶变组,其病理类型为透明细胞癌、子宫内膜样腺癌及混合性腺癌;另选择非EMT恶变所致卵巢癌并与EMT恶变者具有相同组织学类型的卵巢癌患者188例为非EMT恶变组,比较两组卵巢癌的临床病理特征及预后特征。结果:1与非EMT恶变组比较,EMT恶变组在40岁人群中所占比例较大、CA125更多表现为正常而非升高、FIGO分期早期病例比例更多、透明细胞癌及子宫内膜样腺癌这两种病理类型的比例较高,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2单因素预后分析:EMT恶变所致透明细胞癌的生存率明显高于非EMT恶变所致透明细胞癌(P=0.010),是否由EMT恶变对子宫内膜样腺癌及混合性腺癌的预后影响不确切(P0.05)。3多因素COX回归分析:EMT恶变、手术满意度及FIGO分期是影响预后的独立危险因素。结论:EMT恶变所致卵巢癌病理类型主要包括透明细胞癌和子宫内膜样腺癌,EMT恶变是卵巢癌预后的独立影响因素,EMT恶变患者年龄相对较年轻、FIGO分期相对较早,尤其对透明细胞癌而言,EMT恶变的患者可能拥有更好的预后。     

卵巢透明细胞癌70例临床分析

目的:探讨卵巢透明细胞癌的临床特点、预后及与子宫内膜异位症的关系.方法:对70例原发性卵巢透明细胞癌患者回顾性分析其治疗方法、对化疗的敏感性和生存率,以及合并子宫内膜异位症患者对化疗的敏感性和生存率.结果:根据FIGO分期,70例中工期44例,Ⅱ期13例、Ⅲ期13例.70例总的5年生存率为48.97%.患者全部进行手术,其中满意肿瘤细胞减灭术62例,占88.6%(62/70);不满意肿瘤细胞减灭术8例,占11.4%(8/70).两组5年生存率分别为61.52%和7.69%(P＜0.05).术后5例放弃化疗,65例于术后1～2周内进行了以PT、PAC等共3至8个疗程化疗.是否合并子宫内膜异位症对化疗的敏感性和生存率无统计学差异.结论:卵巢透明细胞癌临床特点不同于其他的卵巢上皮性恶性肿瘤,其临床分期早,化疗不敏感,易复发,预后差.伴有子宫内膜异位症与否与预后无相关性.     

透明细胞癌的一、二线化疗方案[日]

欧美妇科肿瘤大规模临床试验中，把紫杉醇加卡铂（TJ）疗法作为治疗卵巢癌的一线化疗方案。但其中大半为浆液性腺癌和子宫内膜样癌．透明细胞癌为3．9％，黏液性腺癌占2．4％。所以TJ疗法仅可作为卵巢未分化腺癌、子宫内膜样腺癌、浆液性腺癌的一线化疗方案。而TJ疗法能否作为透明细胞的一线化疗方案呢？     

子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌研究进展

子宫内膜异位症相关性卵巢癌(EAOC)是指组织学上与子宫内膜异位症(EMs)密切相关,并可能由EMs恶变而来,以卵巢透明细胞癌及卵巢内膜样癌为主要病理类型的一类上皮性卵巢癌。EAOC的发病机制尚未阐明,但研究显示,EMs尤其是非典型子宫内膜异位症(aEM)与EAOC有共同分子遗传学改变,提示以上病变共享相同的分子致病途径。本文基于国内外临床及基础研究,重点针对EAOC的发病机制、EMs恶变生物学标志物及其易感人群筛查方法的研究进展做以总结,并对其研究方向进行展望。     

伴有子宫内膜异常的盆腔子宫内膜样癌9例分析

目的　探讨伴有子宫内膜异常的盆腔子宫内膜样癌的临床病理特征。方法　对９ 例子宫内膜样癌（包括８ 例卵巢与１ 例阔韧带子宫内膜样癌）进行临床病理分析。结果　４０％ 的盆腔子宫内膜样癌伴有子宫内膜异常,其中半数内膜病变为癌。子宫内膜与卵巢同时合并癌者在子宫内膜癌中占６．１％ 。双癌病人平均年龄较单癌年轻,且更常见异常阴道出血。多数盆腔子宫内膜样癌为部分实性或以实性为主。肿瘤中的纤维性间质显著。结论　卵巢子宫内膜样癌常伴子宫内膜异常,其中半数为同时或单独发生的卵巢与子宫内膜双原发癌。双原发癌组的临床表现与单癌组有所不同     

卵巢子宫内膜异位症与卵巢恶性肿瘤的相关性分析

目的卵巢子宫内膜异位症（EM）是常见的妇科良性疾病,具有潜在的恶变可能。本研究通过对卵巢EM恶变、合并EM及未合并EM的卵巢恶性肿瘤病例的分析,了解卵巢EM恶变与卵巢恶性肿瘤的关系。方法 回顾性分析新疆医科大学第一附属医院2003年1月至2010年12月经病理确诊的原发性卵巢恶性肿瘤患者共362例,根据卵巢EM恶变诊断标准及病理结果,将EM恶变的17例患者分为A组,其他仅合并卵巢EM的卵巢恶性肿瘤16例患者分为B组,未合并卵巢EM的卵巢恶性肿瘤329例为C组,从卵巢恶性肿瘤的临床病理资料对三组进行对照分析。同期在本院经手术确诊的卵巢EM患者共1 946例。结果A、B组临床症状多以腹痛为主,其次为盆腔包块;从临床分期来看,A、B组以Ⅱ期居多,分别占70.6%、56.5%,C组以Ⅲ期为多,占47.7%;从组织类型来看,A、B组多为透明细胞癌（分别为70.6%、56.2%）,而C组则以浆液性腺癌（50.2%）为主。三组在一般特征、临床分期及病理组织分类的分布差异均有统计学意义。结论卵巢EM恶变的临床症状以腹痛为多,其次为盆腔包块,肿块直径超过9 cm,且CA125水平多在200 U/ml以上;卵巢EM恶变及卵巢恶性肿瘤合并EM病例中早期患者比例较高,具有年轻化（尤其是卵巢内异症恶变患者）的特点,且多为卵巢透明细胞癌和子宫内膜样癌;卵巢EM恶变的诊断与组织病灶程度、临床分期可能有关,卵巢EM病灶恶变可能来源于透明细胞癌和子宫内膜样癌,因此卵巢EM可被认为是卵巢恶性肿瘤的危险因素。     

Prognosis of Japanese patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma associated with pelvic endometriosis: clinicopathologic evaluation

OBJECTIVE: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is commonly associated with pelvic endometriosis. We retrospectively evaluated clinicopathological data on the association between ovarian clear cell carcinoma and pelvic endometriosis. METHODS: Between 1984 and 1995, we evaluated clinicopathological data on 53 Japanese patients with primary ovarian clear cell carcinoma who had been initially treated at Keio University Hospital. The clinical backgrounds and 5-year survival rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty (37.7%) of the 53 patients had carcinoma accompanied by pelvic endometriosis. These 20 cases were classified as FIGO stage I (n = 13, 65%), stage II (n = 1, 5%), stage III (n = 6, 30%), or stage IV (n = 0). The other 33 cases of ovarian clear cell carcinoma had no evidence of association with endometriosis and were classified as stage I (n = 19, 57.6%), stage II (n = 2, 6.1%), stage III (n = 9, 27.2%), or stage IV (n = 3, 9.1%). The incidence of a positive intraperitoneal cytology in stage Ic was significantly less in the group with endometriosis than in that without the endometriosis (n = 1, 14.3% vs n = 9, 64.3%, P = 0.03). The 5-year survival rate of stage I patients was significantly greater in ovarian clear cell carcinoma with pelvic endometriosis (100%) than in that without it (60%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients having ovarian clear cell carcinoma with pelvic endometriosis exhibited a better prognosis than those without endometriosis, especially those patients with stage I cancer.     

Ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis

Objectives

Previous studies have suggested an association between endometriosis and development of ovarian cancer. A study was performed to evaluate the cases of ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis.

Study design

The study includes patients with ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis diagnosed between 2000 and 2010 at Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. A total of 1086 patients who underwent surgical staging for ovarian carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively for the presence of histologically documented endometriosis. The clinical and pathological characteristics of 45 ovarian carcinoma patients associated with endometriosis were evaluated including histologic subtype, stage and grade.

Results

Ovarian carcinoma was found to be associated with endometriosis in 4.1% (45/1086) of the cases. Of them, 17 patients (37.8%) had clear cell, 15 (33.3%) had endometrioid, 6 (13.3%) had serous papillary, 4 (8.9%) had mucinous and the remaining 3 patients had an undifferentiated subtype of ovarian carcinoma. Twenty-three (51.1%) patients had stage I, 4 (8.9%) had stage II and 18 (40.0%) had stage III disease. The frequency of coexistence of endometriosis was 20.4% (17/83) for clear cell carcinoma and 9.3% (15/161) for endometrioid cell carcinoma.

Conclusions

Only a small proportion of ovarian cancer cases were found to be associated with endometriosis. Endometriosis was most frequently associated with clear cell and endometrioid types of ovarian carcinoma. Ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis seems to represent a distinct disease entity with different histological subtypes, early presentation and a relatively favorable outcome.     

A clinicopathologic study on the association of endometriosis and carcinoma of the ovary using a scoring system

Two-hundred and thirty-five cases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma were studied with a newly devised scoring system for endometriosis consisting of both clinical and histopathologic findings, in order to evaluate the association with endometriosis. Fifty cases (21.3%) of all carcinomas evaluated were judged to be associated with endometriosis. The patients with endometriosis were younger and their clinical stage was significantly earlier than those without endometriosis. The predominant histologic subtype was clear cell carcinoma and the histologic grade was mostly 1 or 2 in the tumors with endometriosis. No prognostic difference was noted between the cases associated with endometriosis and those without endometriosis in stage 1 and 2 disease. In conclusion, the actual frequency of the association of endometriosis with ovarian carcinoma is higher than supposed and almost half of clear cell carcinomas are definitely related to endometriosis, and the cases of ovarian carcinoma associated with endometriosis occur in younger patients, and are of earlier stage and lower histologic grade, but the association of endometriosis does not seem to otherwise influence prognosis.     

Ovarian endometriosis associated with ovarian carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the incidence, the histopathological characteristics, and the proliferation activity of endometriosis and atypical endometriosis associated with ovarian carcinoma. METHODS: Microscopic slides of primary lesions from 127 patients with primary ovarian carcinoma were reviewed. The presence or absence of endometriosis and the transitions from typical endometriosis to atypical endometriosis and from atypical endometriosis to carcinoma were also histologically evaluated. Ki-67 immunoreactivity of typical and atypical endometriosis and carcinoma was examined. In addition, endometrial metaplasias were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients, 37 had endometriosis: 70% (30/43) had clear cell adenocarcinoma, 43% (3/7) had endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 7% (4/60) had serous adenocarcinoma, and none (0/17) had mucinous adenocarcinoma. Thirty-three cases showed typical endometriosis and 29 cases had atypical endometriosis (25 cases had both). Tufting and the stratification of the lining epithelium were observed in 25 and 23 cases, respectively. The transition from typical endometriosis to atypical endometriosis was observed in 22 cases, and the transition from atypical endometriosis to carcinoma, in 23 cases. Only one case showed a direct transition from typical endometriosis to carcinoma. The mean Ki-67 indices were as follows: ovarian carcinoma, 23.1; atypical endometriosis, 9.9; typical endometriosis, 2.7. In 18 cases with metaplasia in endometriosis, eosinophilic metaplasia and ciliated metaplasia were the most common types. Five cases had two types of metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian carcinomas, especially clear cell and endometrioid adenocarcinomas, are highly associated with endometriosis. Atypical endometriosis shows proliferation activity intermediate to those of typical endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma, suggesting it is a precancerous status.     

Evidence that endometriosis behaves in a malignant manner

It is well known that certain aspects of endometriosis are similar to those of malignant disease. For example, like cancer, endometriosis can be both locally and distantly metastatic; it attaches to other tissues, invades, and damages them. Endometriosis is a common disease that does not create a cachectic or catabolic state, and is rarely fatal. There are, however, numerous reported cases of malignancy arising from endometriotic deposits and substantial histologic evidence that endometriosis is associated with endometrioid carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. A large review article by Mostoufizadeh and Scully investigated the association between endometriosis and endometrioid carcinoma, noting that women who had both diseases tended to be younger [1]. They found no association between endometriosis and serous or mucinous carcinoma of the ovary, and reported that malignant transformation of endometriosis was rare and associated with the use of exogenous estrogens. An epidemiological study of Swedish women reported a higher incidence of breast and ovarian cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in women with endometriosis compared with controls [2]. Vercellini and colleagues also reported a higher incidence of endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma in women with endometriosis compared with controls [3]. Mutations in genes associated with galactose metabolism have been identified as one possible mechanism for this association. These mutations are more common in ovarian cancer and have been reported to be more common in women with endometriosis. We compared 78 women with endometriosis with 248 controls and were unable to demonstrate an increased frequency of these mutations in any of these groups.     

Recent advances in endometriosis with emphasis on pathogenesis, molecular pathology, and neoplastic transformation.

This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of endometriosis with special reference to its pathogenesis, recent molecular studies, and relationship to neoplasia. Pathogenetic factors include familial predisposition, immunological factors, cell adhesion factors, angiogenic factors, and hormonal factors. Recent molecular findings in endometriosis include the monoclonality of endometriotic cysts and loss of heterozygosity in the majority of cases associated with adenocarcinoma. Women with a long-standing history of endometriosis have an increased risk of ovarian cancer, most commonly endometrioid and clear cell adenocarcinomas. In these cases, there is a high frequency of atypia in the endometriosis, and the endometriosis and the associated ovarian carcinoma may show identical PTEN mutations.     

The role of p53 mutation in the carcinomas arising from endometriosis.

To probe the mechanism of the development of ovarian cancer from endometriosis, which is a multistep process that involves the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, we evaluated p53 mutations in solitary endometriosis and endometriosis coexisting with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCA) and ovarian endometrioid carcinoma (OEC). We examined 7 cases of solitary ovarian endometriosis, 13 cases of OCCA, and 9 cases of OEC. Cancer tissue specimens that also contained endometriosis without atypia were chosen. Using a laser microdissection system, epithelial cells from the areas of endometriosis were isolated, and DNA was extracted. We amplified exons 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the p53 gene, and direct sequencing was performed. p53 mutation was observed in 4 (30.8%) of 13 specimens of endometriosis coexisting with OCCA, whereas no mutations were detected in solitary endometriosis or endometriosis coexisting with OEC. We thought that some genetic alterations, which induce p53 mutations in endometriosis, may affect malignant transformation of endometriosis into OCCA.     

A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from endometriosis of the ovary

Ovarian endometriosis sometimes develops into ovarian cancer, especially clear cell adenocarcinoma and endometrioid adenocarcinoma. However, endometriosis rarely develops into squamous cell carcinoma. We present a case of squamous cell carcinoma arising from endometriosis. A 47-year-old Japanese woman was given a diagnosis of ovarian squamous cell carcinoma arising from endometriosis. She was treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of paclitaxel and carboplatin once every three weeks. Four months after the initial chemotherapy, multiple liver tumors appeared, and her treatment was changed to palliative therapy. Based on this case, in which ovarian squamous cell carcinoma arose from endometriosis, endometriosis should be followed-up strictly.