异基因造血干细胞移植后细胞嵌合状态动态监测的临床意义

目的 研究异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后各系细胞嵌合状态与移植物植入、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)、移植物被排斥和疾病复发的关系.方法 对65例患者进行allo-HSCT,在移植后定期采集所有患者的外周血和骨髓.用流式细胞术分选了65例患者的CD3+T淋巴细胞,52例分选了CD3-CD56+CD16+NK细胞,32例分选了CD15+粒细胞,20例分选了CD19+B淋巴细胞.进行PCR扩增短串联重复序列检测各系细胞嵌合状态.结果 移植后NK细胞早期植入比例(55.5%)最高,T细胞最晚(+21 d)达到完全供者嵌合状态.+7 d T淋巴细胞供者嵌合比例(DC)≥70%和+14 d T淋巴细胞DC≥95%属aGVHD发生的高危患者.除急性淋巴细胞白血病外,出现移植物被排斥的分子生物学征象者和疾病复发者,都以T淋巴细胞供者嵌合状态下降为主.在过继免疫治疗中,动态检测嵌合状态可以判断疗效和指导进一步的治疗.结论 allo-HSCT后T淋巴细胞嵌合状态动态检测可以早期预测发生aGVHD的高危患者、判断移植物植入、发现移植物被排斥和疾病复发并指导免疫调节治疗的时机和疗效.     

单倍体相合造血干细胞移植后细胞免疫重建的动力学的临床研究

异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)属于造血免疫细胞移植,NK细胞是HSCT后最早开始恢复的淋巴细胞亚群.NK细胞受体分子(KIR)在HSCT中与移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生以及与移植后复发的关系引人注目[1].异基因供者移植物中的CD4+ CD25+细胞群(Tmg)细胞比例与GVHD发生有关[2-3].我们前期的实验研究发现供者未成熟DC细胞可以防止骨髓移植后GVHD发生而不减弱移植物抗白血病(GVL)效应[4].这些与GVHD密切相关的细胞在单倍体相合移植后免疫功能恢复状况及其与临床表现的关系值得深入研究.我们以相关不相合HSCT患者为研究对象,探讨移植后DC亚群、CD16+ CD158b+细胞和CD4+ CD25+细胞等免疫细胞造血恢复与GVHD发生和复发的关系.     

淋巴细胞输注的临床应用及研究进展

移植物抗宿主疾病 (GVHD)和复发是干细胞移植后的两个主要死因。最有效的防止GVHD的方法是去除移植物中的T细胞 ,但这又增加了复发危险 ,因为缺乏移植物抗白血病 (GVL)效应 ,GVL效应被认为是干细胞移植后抗白血病的重要效应 ,尤其在慢性髓细胞性白血病 (CML)中。GVL效应和原始T淋巴细胞的作用被证实后 ,研究者就把供者淋巴细胞输给干细胞移植后的CML复发患者 ,于是供者淋巴细胞输注 (DLI)得到发展。现对DLI在临床上的应用和最新研究进展作一综述。     

IL-2和IL-15激活供者自然杀伤细胞在异基因造血干细胞移植应用的实验研究

目的 探讨IL-2和IL-15激活的供者自然杀伤(NK)细胞在异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)中减轻移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发挥移植物抗白血病效应方面的作用.方法 采用免疫磁珠分选小鼠脾NK细胞,采用添加IL-2和IL-15的培养基扩增NK细胞并测定NK细胞杀伤活力.C57BL/6小鼠作为供鼠,BALB/c小鼠作为受鼠,部分小鼠移植前8天静脉接种EL9611白血病细胞.异基因移植小鼠输注骨髓细胞5×106 和脾细胞5 × 106.NK细胞治疗组输注骨髓细胞和脾细胞各5×106 以及激活的NK细胞1 × 107,并且给予腹腔注射IL-2和IL-15.移植后观察GVHD发生、生存期、嵌合度、免疫重建.结果 分选NK细胞纯度为95.7%～97.1%.培养后NK细胞杀伤活力较静息时增加3倍.单纯异基因骨髓细胞输注组小鼠未见GVHD发生,异基因骨髓及脾细胞移植对照组移植后1周起开始出现GVHD表现.实验组小鼠发生GVHD的严重程度明显低于脾细胞输注小鼠(P＜0.05).单纯全身照射预处理小鼠生存期9.5～14.0 d.白血病模型中对照组移植后100 d生存率10%,其余死于白血病;实验组80%生存期超过100 d,实验组生存期明显长于对照组(P＜0.01).实验组小鼠移植后2周外周血NK细胞占4.8%,对照组外周血NK细胞占2.8%,实验组NK细胞恢复早于对照组(P＜0.05).实验组TRBV基因重建比对照组快,而且TRBV家族基因表达数比对照组多,对照组小鼠多见单克隆及寡克隆表达.结论 IL-2和IL-15在体外可以有效促进NK细胞增殖与激活.allo-HSCT时给予激活的供者NK细胞输注以及相关细胞因子处理可以促进免疫重建、减轻GVHD发生、降低白血病复发.     

不同移植策略治疗成人急性淋巴细胞白血病的初步观察

目的:对于急性淋巴细胞白血病尤其是Ph 者的造血干细胞移植,为了减少移植后复发,移植时机、移植方案以及移植后的过继免疫治疗至关重要.实验拟观察清髓性与非清髓性移植后供者淋巴细胞输注以及非清髓性移植后采用低剂量环孢素A的效果.方法:选择1998-12/2007-05广州市第一人民医院血液科进行异基因造血干细胞移植的5例成人急性淋巴细胞白血病患者.患者对治疗知情同意,并经医院伦理委员会批准.1例采用传统的白消胺联合环磷酰胺方案做清髓性预处理;4例采用非清髓性造血干细胞移植,其中1例采用以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白为基础减低白消胺联合环磷酰胺强度的预处理,移植后行供者淋巴细胞输注,3例以氟达拉滨为基础的非清髓性移植,采用低剂量环孢素A治疗.移植物抗宿主病的预防均采用短程的甲氨蝶呤联合环孢素A.观察患者治疗后造血、嵌合状态、移植物抗宿主病、感染等移植相关的并发症.结果:所有患者均获得供者细胞的成功植入.①以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白为基础的非清髓性移植获得混合性嵌合体,进行8次淋巴细胞输注后逐渐形成完全供者嵌合体,并发肝脏和皮肤的急性移植物抗宿主病,无病生存.②以氟达拉滨为基础的非清髓性移植获得完全供者嵌合体,1例复发无并发移植物抗宿主病,2例消除BCR/ABL融合基因阳性细胞并发急、慢性移植物抗宿主病.③清髓性移植1例复发、并发急、慢性移植物抗宿主病.结论:①传统的预处理、以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或者氟达拉滨为基础的非清髓性预处理移植治疗成人急性白血病均可获得供者细胞的成功植入,非清髓性移植后的过继免疫治疗均获得了移植物抗白血病效应.②3种移植策略的疗效、并发症有待进一步观察.     

供者纯化的CD34＋细胞治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后移植物功能不良的疗效观察

本研究旨在评价供者纯化的CD34＋细胞在治疗异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后继发性移植物功能不良（poor graft function,PGF）的疗效及安全性.2009年1月至2011年12月10例allo-HSCT后继发PGF的患者,均给予G-CSF动员后的供者纯化CD34＋细胞治疗,观察输注后相关并发症及患者生存情况.细胞分选采用cliniMACS系统,计算并统计分析分选纯度和CD34＋细胞回收率.结果表明：纯化后的CD34＋细胞纯度为（89.31±1.73）％,回收率达到（93.27±8.14）％,在10例患者输注过程中未发生严重的不良反映,均获得造血恢复,没有加重感染和GVHD等合并症的发生.结论：利用CliniMACS系统进行供者外周血CD34＋细胞分选,所得CD34＋细胞纯度、回收率均满意.供者纯化的CD34＋细胞是治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后植入功能不良的一种安全、有效手段.     

G-CSF动员供者外周血单个核细胞输注治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后复发白血病的临床研究

目的观察重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)动员的供者外周血单个核细胞输注治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后,白血病复发的有效性及安全性。方法对2009年7月至2011年2月该科20例异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的白血病患者,予以输注G-CSF动员后供者外周血单个核细胞。其中5例急性淋巴细胞白血病-CR2,8例急性髓系白血病-CR2,2例急性髓系白血病-CR3,3例急性混合细胞白血病,2例加速期慢性髓系白血病。在异基因造血干细胞移植后,半年内,20例患者均复发,予G-CSF动员后,供者外周血单个核细胞输注,每次输注细胞量按1×105/kg、2×105/kg、4×105/kg逐级增加,每次输注间隔4周。结果 12例患者再次完全缓解,8例患者未缓解。输注后,3例患者发生了Ⅰ~Ⅱ度急性移植物抗宿主病,12例患者发生了慢性移植物抗宿主病,5例未发生并发症,未观察到输注相关的全血细胞减少。结论 G-CSF动员供者外周血单个核细胞输注治疗异基因造血干细胞移植后,白血病复发有较好的疗效,不良反应小,值得临床进一步推广。     

同种异基因造血干细胞移植后基于血细胞嵌合状态的个体化免疫治疗

目的:研究同种异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后血细胞嵌合率变化与复发的关系;观察根据血细胞嵌合率变化给予个体化免疫抑制剂治疗和供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)的疗效。方法:106例供者细胞顺利植入的allo-HSCT患者,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增短串联重复序列的方法,动态检测移植后T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞的嵌合率。根据血细胞嵌合率的变化调整免疫抑制剂剂量和DLI的使用。结果:6例患者在移植后2个月,供者T细胞嵌合状态一直为混合嵌合(MC),将免疫抑制剂减量后均达到完全供者嵌合(FDC)。12例患者在移植后1～5个月,发生供者T细胞嵌合率下降,予免疫抑制剂减量后转为FDC。24例患者血液学复发或髓外复发(进展),有6例在复发前共发生10例次血细胞嵌合率下降,经免疫抑制剂减量或停药后一度回升至FDC,但最终血液学或髓外复发。12例患者在复发或疾病进展后停用免疫抑制剂,共给予DLI23例次,其中8例在DLI前或后给予化疗,最终5例再次达到完全缓解,其余患者最终均因疾病复发死亡。Ⅱ度及Ⅱ度以上急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生率为28.3%。慢性GVHD发生率为55.7%。中位随访期为17(1.5～90.0)个月,无病生存65例,死亡41例。67例标危患者预期3年生存率为59.0%;39例高危患者预期3年生存率为44.7%。结论:T淋巴细胞、NK细胞和B淋巴细胞的嵌合状态可作为血液恶性肿瘤复发的预测指标;基于血细胞嵌合率的个体化免疫治疗可以推迟甚至避免临床复发,且不增加急性GVHD的发生。     

自体纯化CD34~+细胞移植治疗中/高危淋巴细胞来源恶性肿瘤的临床研究

目的分析自体纯化CD34+细胞移植治疗中/高危淋巴细胞来源恶性肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 10名中/高危组淋巴细胞来源恶性肿瘤患者行自体纯化CD34+细胞移植治疗,细胞分选采用cliniMACS系统。计算并统计分选纯度和CD34+细胞回收率,观察移植相关并发症及患者生存情况。结果纯化后CD34+细胞纯度为(87.79±3.73)%,回收率达到(65.74±10.37)%。10名患者全部顺利造血重建,感染发生率50%(5/10例),复发率为20%(2/10例)。结论利用CliniMACS系统进行外周血CD34+细胞分选,CD34+细胞纯度、回收率均满意,自体移植后造血功能重建顺利,近期疗效满意。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后白血病复发伴活动性移植物抗宿主病患者的临床研究

目的 探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后白血病复发伴活动性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)患者GVHD与GVL效应的分离.方法 分析11例接受allo-HSCT后在白血病复发时存在活动性GVHD的患者其原发病、疾病状态、复发时GVHD类型、供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)疗效及转归等对GVL效应的影响.结果 11例患者包括急性淋巴细胞白血病5例,急性髓系白血病6例,其中5例曾行预防性DLI,复发时伴有活动性DLI后GVHD,包括2例Ⅱ度急性GVHD(aGVHD),1例原局限型慢性GVHD(cGVHD)加重+新发Ⅱ度aGVHD,2例广泛型cGVHD;这5例患者复发后,2例行化疗+治疗性DLI,DLI后在广泛型cGVHD反复加重情况下,1例达完全缓解(CR)后再次复发,1例未达CR.另6例患者复发前未行预防性DLI,白血病复发时亦均存在活动性GVHD,包括3例广泛型cGVHD、1例Ⅰ度aGVHD及2例Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD,复发后行化疗+治疗性DLI,之后2例达CR后再次复发,4例未达CR.结论 allo-HSCT后活动性GVHD不一定伴随可抑制白血病复发的有效GVL效应.     

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell RCC is the most common type of RCC that occurs in adults. It has the worst prognosis among the common epithelial tumors of the kidney. Histologically, a wide range of morphologic patterns can be encountered. Those cases with a multi-locular cystic architecture are considered to be a distinct subtype because of the clinicopathologic features.     

Tumor cell growth and cell kinetics

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways, but most importantly by not responding to normal growth-control mechanisms. Whereas the growth and division of normal cells is carefully regulated to meet the needs of the body, tumor cells proliferate autonomously and continually, eventually interfering with and destroying the functions of normal tissue. Knowledge of molecular cell biology has grown exponentially over the last decade. Yet much remains to be understood before there can be a significant impact on our ability to design more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, thereby decreasing mortality.     

Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and histologic subtypes, pathophysiology, recognition, and treatment options for basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, and the molecular biology of sunlight-induced carcinogenesis. DATA SOURCES: Journal and review articles, research studies, textbooks, and clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma will occur in more than one million cases annually in the United States, and are highly curable when detected and treated early. During the last decade, significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis and in identifying newer approaches for the management and treatment of these keratinocyte cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses can play crucial roles in decreasing the morbidity and mortality from the skin cancer epidemic by identifying and referring patients with lesions suspicious for basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.     

White cell related red cell antibodies

Occasional sera react weakly with a few red cells in the antiglobulin phase but without a recognizable pattern. We sought to identify the nature of such antibodies in 27 samples referred to our HLA laboratory for lymphocytotoxin testing. All samples were tested against a panel of 15 red cells by a capillary tube antiglobulin technique developed to conserve sera. This technique correlates well with tube antiglobulin tests, and can be performed with either fresh or thawed red cells. Of 27 sera, 14 contained anti-HLA B7, B17, or A28, since they reacted only with red cells from donors whose lymphocytes were B7, B17, or A28. Eight further sera probably contained anti-B7, -B17, or -A28, but reacted with one or two additional red cells. Two samples agglutinated all panel red cells so the presence of anti-B7, B17, or A28 could not be determined. In three additional sera, lymphocytotoxin testing suggested that specificity other than anti-B7, B17, or A28 was present. Of 27 sera containing weak unidentified red cell antibodies, 22 (81%) contain definite or probable anti-B7, -B17, or -A28. The identity of these troublesome antibodies can be determined by maintaining red cell panels of donors whose HLA phenotypes are known.     

Red blood cell storage and cell morphology

Aim: In this study, we performed weekly assessment of morphology‐related parameters through monitoring of CPD‐SAGM leuco‐filtered erythrocyte concentrates from blood withdrawal until the 42nd day of storage. Background: Liquid storage of red blood cells (RBCs) delivers a blood‐derived therapeutic, which is safe, available, effective and affordable for most patients who need transfusion therapy in developed countries. However, a growing body of accumulating controversial evidences, from either biochemical or retrospective clinical studies, prompted safety concerns about longer stored RBCs. Methods: Statistical image analysis through scanning electron microscope was coupled to osmotic fragility and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Results: We could observe that by day 21 more than 50% of RBCs displayed non‐discocyte phenotypes. This observation was related to an increase in osmotic fragility, which was totally overlapped in day 0 controls and day 7 RBCs while only slightly augmented in day 14 samples. Cation dysregulation (pH internal/external alteration and potassium) might both reflect and trigger a negative feedback loop with metabolic fluxes and membrane cation pumps. Conclusion: Morphology parameters suggest that significant alterations to RBC morphology over storage duration occur soon after the 14th day of storage, as to become significant enough within the 21st day.     

Human mononuclear cell modulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Endothelial cell proliferation is a histologic characteristic of several forms of nephritis characterized by infiltration of the glomerulus with mononuclear cells. To investigate the mechanism mediating this event, human endothelial cells isolated from umbilical veins and cultured in vitro were incubated with supernatants of cultured human mononuclear cells. Supernatants from mononuclear cells exerted a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on endothelial cell proliferation. The stimulatory effect of supernatant was almost entirely removed by prior depletion of mononuclear cells of monocytes by adherence, suggesting that a monocyte product was responsible for the activity. To investigate the nature of the ligand responsible, partially purified human interleukin I added to endothelial cell cultures was found to stimulate cellular proliferation.     

Dendritic cell vaccine strategies for renal cell carcinoma

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are an important experimental immunotherapy for renal cell carcinomas. DC vaccines have proven safe, but only minimal clinical efficacy has been observed to date. DC vaccine strategies reflect the continually evolving understanding of DC biology. The use of mature DCs is particularly important to avoid the induction of regulatory T cells. Better defined sources of immunizing antigens and more efficient antigen-loading will contribute to DC vaccines of better quality. Improved clinical efficacy may also be achieved using DCs that secrete biologically active IL-12, which fosters innate immunity and polarizes T helper type 1 responses that contribute to optimal antitumor immunity. Furthermore, combination therapies that treat systemic immune suppression will be crucial for obtaining improved clinical responses to DC vaccines in patients with advanced disease.     

胰岛细胞移植过程中细胞受损的提示

背景:胰岛移植后可能发生有害的组织不相容性反应,影响细胞的存活及功能.目的:探讨胰岛细胞移植中早期胰岛细胞的损害程度及原因.方法:采用脑死亡自愿捐赠器官供者的胰腺,采用胶原酶P进行消化分离胰岛细胞,测定不同冷缺血时间下胰岛细胞损害程度.将胰岛细胞与血液进行分组培养,HLA匹配组:受者全血+胰岛细胞,受者全血+胰岛细胞+肝素:错配组:受者全血+胰岛细胞,受者全血+胰岛细胞+肝素;对照组:受者伞血+RPMI1640.观察移植早期可能出现的胰岛细胞损害.结果与结论:胰腺切取顺利,在冷缺血5 h以内胰岛细胞活性率都在80%以上,超过8 h活性胰岛细胞数量只有19%甚至更低.人胰岛暴露于未经抗凝的人血液中,胰岛将诱发一个迅速血细胞消耗.血小板、中性粒细胞和单核细胞计数显示,无论HLA错配还是匹配与对照组相比较血细胞都发牛明显的消耗:加入肝素后HLA错配组及HLA匹配组血细胞消耗反应明显减轻;HLA匹配组胰岛细胞体外培养24 h活性胰岛细胞数量高丁HLA错配组(P<0.05),说明良好组织相容性有利于胰岛细胞存活.结果提示冷缺血时间对胰岛细胞活性的影响很大,在冷缺血时间小于5 h的情况下获取的胰腺可以用于临床胰岛细胞移植的胰腺获取;移植到血液的胰岛细胞会有普遍性的炎症性损害及HLA相关性损害.     

CEUS鉴别诊断肾透明细胞癌和嫌色细胞癌

目的 探讨CEUS对肾透明细胞癌（CCRCC）和嫌色细胞癌（ChRCC）的鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集接受肾脏CEUS检查并经术后病理证实为CCRCC的患者75例及ChRCC的患者26例。观察CCRCC和ChRCC的增强方式、增强程度、增强形态、假包膜征及病灶对局部淋巴结、肾包膜及肾静脉的侵犯情况,并绘制时间-强度曲线,获得校正的始增时间（ΔAT）、达峰时间（ΔTTP）和峰值强度（ΔPI）,进行统计学分析。结果 CCRCC多表现高增强（41/75,54.67%）、弥漫性增强（54/75,72.00%）和不均匀增强（58/75,77.33%）,56.00%（42/75）有假包膜征。ChRCC多表现为低增强（19/26,73.08%）、向心性增强（14/26,53.85%）和均匀增强（17/26,65.38%）,61.54%（16/26）有假包膜征。CCRCC与ChRCC增强程度、增强方式及增强形态的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,假包膜征检出率的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。CCRCC的ΔAT和ΔTTP与ChRCC比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,而CCRCC的ΔPI明显高于ChRCC（P<0.001）。以ΔPI=0.05%为阈值鉴别诊断CCRCC和ChRCC的准确率最高,其敏感度为82.70%,特异度为100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.969。CCRCC出现肾周和（或）肾窦脂肪受累和肾门和（或）腹膜后淋巴结转移的百分率均高于ChRCC（P均<0.05）。结论 CCRCC和ChRCC具有不同的CEUS特征,有助于二者的鉴别诊断。