广州地区8138名大学生不同吸烟行为阶段转变的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响大学生不同吸烟行为阶段转换的因素。方法采用整群抽样法抽取广州地区某大学1～3年级在校大学生8138名,以自填式结构问卷调查学生所处的吸烟行为阶段及其相关影响因素。以尝试吸烟者和从未吸烟者作为“病例组”与“对照组”、不规律吸烟者和尝试吸烟者作为“病例组”与“对照组”、规律吸烟者和不规律吸烟者作为“病例组”与“对照组”,分别做多因素logistic分析,筛选影响不同吸烟行为阶段转变的因素。结果调查的8138名大学生中,尝试吸烟率、不规律吸烟率和规律吸烟率分别为19．6％、2．0％和1．1％,且三种吸烟行为流行率均随着年级的增加而增长。人大学后,仍有学生尝试吸烟或成为规律吸烟者。在男大学生,由不吸烟发展为尝试吸烟的影响因素有大学生的生源、父亲文化程度、吸烟相关知识和信念水平、室友吸烟;由尝试吸烟转变为不规律吸烟的影响因素是非医学生、吸烟相关信念、室友和同学吸烟;由不规律吸烟转变为规律吸烟的影响因素包括父亲文化程度、家庭人均收人。在女大学生,由不吸烟发展为尝试吸烟的影响因素是母亲文化程度、吸烟相关信念、室友吸烟;由尝试吸烟转变为不规律吸烟的影响因素为父亲文化程度、室友吸烟和同学吸烟。结论大学生不同吸烟行为阶段转变的影响因素是不同的,应根据他们所处的吸烟行为阶段,采取有针对性的措施预防或控制吸烟行为的形成和发展。     

心理压力及疲劳对大学生不同吸烟行为的影响

目的研究心理压力及疲劳对大学生不同吸烟行为的影响。方法采用整群抽样法抽取某大学1～3年级在校大学生8138名，以自填式结构问卷调查学生的心理压力、自身和同伴吸烟情况及社会经济学指标，Chalder疲劳量表测量其躯体和精神疲劳。以“从未吸烟者”作为对照组，分别以“尝试吸烟者”和“现吸烟者”作为病例组，进行Multinomial logistic回归分析心理压力及疲劳对大学生不同吸烟行为的影响。结果进入大学后仍有学生尝试或形成吸烟行为。调整社会经济学指标和同伴吸烟行为的影响后，躯体疲劳（OR=1．044，95％CI：1．013～1．075）、对学业和未来工作的担心（OR=1．020，95％CI：1．001～1．040）是男生尝试吸烟的危险因素；学习压力（OR=1．063，95％CI：1．012～1．117）是女生尝试吸烟的危险因素；人际与环境压力（OR=1．152，95％CI：1．012～1．312）是女生现吸烟的危险因素。结论心理压力及疲劳和大学生吸烟行为存在一定程度的关联，且对不同性别和不同吸烟行为的影响是不同的。     

长沙市医学专业与非医学专业大学生吸烟行为及影响因素研究

目的：了解长沙市在校大学生的吸烟行为发生状况、烟草危害知识知晓程度和对吸烟行为的态度,探讨大学生吸烟行为的主要影响因素。方法在长沙市某综合性高校中,以分层随机整群抽样方法获取2092名大学生样本,采用自填式结构问卷了解大学生吸烟行为状况、烟草危害知识知晓程度以及对吸烟行为的态度。结果在2061名有效调查样本中,尝试吸烟率为16．5％（男39．4％,女6．1％）,偶尔吸烟率为14．8％（男33．8％,女6．0％）,每日吸烟率为1．8％（男5．6％,女0．1％）,其中男生的各项吸烟率均高于女生（P＜0．01）;医学生与非医学生各类吸烟行为发生率的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,但医学生烟草危害知识知晓程度和拒绝吸烟的意愿均高于非医学生（P＜0．01）;男性、对吸烟的态度和室友吸烟是影响大学生发生尝试吸烟行为的重要因素。结论大学生吸烟行为与是否为医学专业无显著性关联,但与性别、拒绝烟草的态度、室友的吸烟行为有显著性关联;应制定有效措施对大学生群体的吸烟行为进行预防与干预。     

中学生吸烟行为危险因素研究

目的：为了预防与控制中学生的吸烟行为，降低中学生吸烟及尝试吸烟率，在河南省新乡市4所中学进行了中学生吸烟行为危险因素的调查分析和中学生控烟模式的研究。方法：采用整群随机抽样方法，对2763名学生通过自填问卷的方式进行了调查。结果：学生的吸烟率为6．6％，有8．7％的学生以前尝试过吸烟。年龄阶段10～12岁为中学生开始吸烟的主要阶段。吸烟容易与他人接近是引起学生吸烟的主要原因。多因素分析表明，母亲吸烟，同学或朋友吸烟是中学生吸烟行为的主要相关危险因素，学校对吸烟持否定态度是防止学生吸烟的重要保护因素。结论：中学生吸烟是一个复杂的行为，行之有效的控烟干预措施应从多方面入手。     

大学生吸烟现状及其对烟草相关知识态度行为的调查

[目的]调查某市高校大学生吸烟现状及其对烟草相关知识态度行为（KAP）,为高校开展大学生控烟工作提供科学依据。[方法]选取某市3所高校（医学院校1所、非医学院校2所）的在校大学生,按照年级分层整群抽样,使用统一问卷进行有关吸烟与控烟知识、态度和行为的调查。[结果]共调查2500名,获得有效问卷2472份,应答率为98．9％。大学生吸烟率为21．9％（542名）,其中男生吸烟率为34.8％（506名）,女生吸烟率为3．5％（36名）,男生吸烟率高于女生（P〈0．001）。烟草相关知识的了解情况、吸烟与控烟态度等与吸烟行为相关（P〈O．05）。多因素分析显示,男性、年龄增长、非医学专业、城镇、对烟草危害知晓率低、对被动吸烟态度忍让、对他人吸烟持赞成态度的均是吸烟行为的危险因素。[结论]大学生对烟草相关知识、对吸烟和控烟的态度与吸烟行为有关。     

高年级大学生性相关问题态度、行为状况研究

目的：了解大学生性相关问题态度、行为状况,探讨性别因素与其关系。方法：对广东某医学院303名年龄在20－25岁的大三学生（其中男195人,女108人）进行问卷调查。结果：男生对偶尔婚外性行为及婚前性行为持较宽容态度,92％的学生认为卖淫嫖娼应受遣责和法办。同学间男生比女生更多地谈到性问题。女生恋爱比例高于男生,婚前性行为男女比例无差别。学生最需要的性教育内容依次为性心理知识、安全性行为、性传播疾病等。女生偏向由专家教授提供性知识,而男生偏向由同学、朋友提供性知识。男生吸烟、饮酒比例均高于女生。结论：高年级男女大学生的性相关问题态度、行为状况有较多不同,在性教育的方式方法上,应注意男女生的差别。     

北京某高校大学生尝试吸烟行为及影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市高校大学生烟草流行现状及其影响因素,为有效控制大学生吸烟提供科学依据.方法 方便抽取北京市某高校680名学生进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 18.0进行统计分析.结果 大学生对烟草危害知识的总知晓率为94.0％,对禁烟的总正向态度持有率为63.4％.大学生尝试吸烟率为24.2％,其中男生为37.4％,女生为14.2％,差异有统计学意义(x2 =50.114,P=0.000).学生尝试吸烟原因的前3位分别为好奇(59.0％)、跟着别人吸(10.8％)、无聊(9.0％).关于香烟的来源中,从同学朋友那里得到的比例最高,为31.9％;其次是从家长那里得到,为22.7％.尝试吸烟年龄集中在15 ～ 17岁(28.6％),其次为12 ～14岁(21.7％).大学男生、同学吸烟、不拒绝朋友劝自己吸烟、近1个月家人在自己面前吸过烟、近1个月见过教师在学校吸烟等是影响大学生尝试吸烟行为的危险因素.结论 北京高校大学生吸烟行为影响因素较多,在大学生中开展有效的健康教育和行为干预措施具有重要的意义.     

芜湖市大学生吸烟行为及影响因素分析

[目的]了解芜湖市在校大学生吸烟行为发生状况、烟草危害知识知晓情况及对吸烟行为的态度,分析大学生吸烟行为影响因素,为定制有效干预措施提供参考。[方法]多阶段分层整群抽取芜湖市3所高校2232名1~3年级学生进行吸烟行为及相关知识态度调查,并对数据进行单因素和多因素分析。[结果]在2029名有效调查样本中,大学生尝试吸烟行为、现在吸烟行为、每日吸烟行为发生率分别为34.9%(男生52.1%,女生13.2%)、9.8%(男生16.3%,女生1.5%)、2.1%(男生3.5%,女生0.2%),首次尝试吸烟行为主要发生在小学阶段(48.8%)。农村学生尝试吸烟率、现在吸烟率均高于城市学生;吸烟者烟草危害知识知晓度和拒绝吸烟的意愿均低于非吸烟者(P0.05)。多因素分析显示:男生、农村生源、独生子女、吸烟态度得分低、母亲吸烟、密友吸烟、室友吸烟是大学生尝试吸烟的危险因素;男生、吸烟态度得分低、母亲吸烟、室友吸烟、密友吸烟是大学生现在吸烟的危险因素。[结论]芜湖市大学生吸烟行为处于较高水平,对烟草危害认知度不容乐观。学校需加强大学生控烟知识的宣传教育力度,同时应结合家庭成员和同伴的参与,促进知识内化为信念,进一步影响行为。     

杭州市大学生吸烟状况及社会心理因素分析

目的了解大学生的烟草使用现状，探讨吸烟行为的相关社会心理因素，为建立青少年预防和控制吸烟新模式提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，在杭州市的大学中抽取大学生375名进行问卷调查。结果大学生吸烟率为12．3％，男生吸烟率高于女生。吸烟者中开始吸烟的年龄主要分布于9～20岁。尝试吸烟动机主要有：不想拒绝别人递烟、解乏提神、摆脱烦恼、显示自主性。吸烟者的烟草依赖症状较轻。绝大部分吸烟者对戒烟持消极的态度。性别、零用钱、同伴压力、饮酒．焦虑情绪是大学生吸烟的影响因素。结论应针对大学生吸烟行为的社会心理影响因素，建立综合性的控烟模式。     

临湘市中学生吸烟状况及影响因素调查分析

目的了解我市中学生的吸烟状况，研究和探讨其吸烟行为的影响因素，为建立适合的、科学的、行之有效的青少年预防和控制吸烟提供可靠依据。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法，在临湘市的中学生中抽取所需要的样本量。对研究对象的一般情况进行描述性统计分析，对吸烟影响的单因素分析采用扩检验。结果学生的吸烟率为6．6％，有8．7％的学生以前尝试过吸烟。年龄阶段10-12岁为中学生开始吸烟的主要阶段。吸烟容易与他人接近是引起学生吸烟的主要原因。多因素分析表明，父母吸烟，同学或朋友吸烟是中学生吸烟行为的主要相关危险因家，父母、学校对吸烟持否定态度是防止学生吸烟的重要保护因素。结论中学生吸烟是一个复杂的行为，行之有效的控烟干预措施应从多方面入手。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.