Pelvic Congestion Syndrome: Etiology of Pain,Diagnosis, and Clinical Management

Pelvic congestion syndrome is associated with pelvic varicosities that result in chronic pelvic pain, especially in the setting of prolonged standing, coitus, menstruation, and pregnancy. Although the underlying pathophysiology of pelvic congestion syndrome is unclear, it probably results from a combination of dysfunctional venous valves, retrograde blood flow, venous hypertension, and dilatation. Asymptomatic women may also have pelvic varicosities, making pelvic congestion syndrome difficult to diagnose. This article explores the etiologies of pain, use of imaging techniques, and clinical management of pelvic congestion syndrome. Possible explanations for the spectrum of pain among women with pelvic varicosities are also discussed.     

腔内激光处理联合大隐静脉高位结扎治疗下肢深静脉功能不全的疗效评价

目的评价腔内激光处理联合大隐静脉高位结扎治疗下肢深静脉功能不全的疗效。方法下肢浅静脉曲张患者64例75条肢体,根据术前股浅静脉第一对瓣膜反流时间长短分为轻度反流(40条)、重度反流两组(35条)。所有病例均采用浅静脉腔内激光处理联合大隐静脉高位结扎治疗。比较术前与术后4～6个月的反流时间,以临床-病因-解剖-病理生理(clinical-etiological-anatomical-pathophysiological,CEAP)修正法临床症状评分法评价治疗效果。结果术后反流时间的变化:轻度反流组术后反流时间小于0.5s者26例,治愈率65.0%,好转11例,总有效率92.5%。重度反流组术后反流时间小于0.5s者7例,治愈率20.0%,有效24例,总有效率88.5%,无效4例。所有病例临床症状评分均明显下降。结论腔内激光处理联合大隐静脉高位结扎治疗下肢深静脉功能不全疗效确切,但对于深静脉重度反流者应加行深静脉重建手术。     

X线透视引导下下肢静脉曲张泡沫硬化治疗的技术方法和疗效观察

目的 探讨在X线透视引导下使用泡沫硬化剂治疗下肢静脉曲张的技术方法、可行性、安全性和临床效果.方法 16例下肢静脉曲张患者的21条下肢.使用鱼肝油酸钠溶液按Tessari法制作泡沫硬化剂(液体气体比为1∶4)进行硬化治疗.所有患者直接在局部穿刺行曲张静脉造影,在X线透视引导下,见低密度的泡沫硬化剂完全置换曲张浅静脉内的对比剂和(或)泡沫即将进入相交通的浅、深静脉时立即停止注射.术后使用弹力绷带压迫24 h再改穿弹力袜2周.临床疗效评价标准分为治疗成功、部分成功和未成功.并发症分为轻微并发症和严重并发症.结果 所有患者均成功地完成了经皮穿刺泡沫硬化治疗.治疗后平均随访6.0个月(3.0～17.0个月),随访期内17条下肢(81.0%)获得治疗成功,4条下肢(19.0%)获得部分治疗成功.所有患者发生的早期轻微并发症均为自限性,包括术后早期沿曲张静脉走行的条索状硬结(21条)、色素沉着(11条)、局部疼痛(7条)和浅表性静脉炎(1条),未发生严重并发症和全身并发症.结论 X线透视引导下使用泡沫硬化剂治疗下肢静脉曲张是安全、有效的.     

Female Pelvic Vein Embolization: Indications,Techniques, and Outcomes

Until recently, the main indication for pelvic vein embolization (PVE) in women was to treat pelvic venous congestion syndrome (PVC) but increasingly, patients with refluxing pelvic veins associated with leg varicosities are also being treated. A more unusual reason for PVE is to treat pelvic venous malformations, although such lesions may be treated with sclerotherapy alone. Embolotherapy for treating PVC has been performed for many years with several published studies included in this review, whilst an emerging indication for PVE is to treat lower limb varicosities associated with pelvic vein reflux. Neither group, however, has been subjected to an adequate randomized, controlled trial. Consequently, some of the information presented in this review should be considered anecdotal (level III evidence) at this stage, and a satisfactory ‘proof’ of clinical efficacy remains deficient until higher-level evidence is presented. Furthermore, a wide range of techniques not accepted by all are used, and some standardization will be required based on future mandatory prospective studies. Large studies have also clearly shown an unacceptably high recurrence rate of leg varicose veins following venous surgery. Furthermore, minimally or non-invasive imaging is now revealing that there is a refluxing pelvic venous source in a significant percentage of women with de novo leg varicose veins, and many more with recurrent varicosities. Considering that just over half the world’s population is female and a significant number of women not only have pelvic venous reflux, but also have associated leg varicosities, minimally invasive treatment of pelvic venous incompetence will become a common procedure.     

Sinus pericranii: clinical and imaging findings in two cases of spontaneous partial thrombosis

Sinus pericranii is an unusual venous anomaly characterized by communication of pericranial varicosities with an underlying dural sinus. We report two cases of spontaneous partial thrombosis of sinus pericranii presenting as focally tender, nonreducible mass lesions different in character from the baseline venous abnormality. CT, CT angiography, and CT venography (CTV) were performed in both cases. CTV was essential in depicting thrombi within the varicosities. MR (in one case) demonstrated the anomaly well, but the thrombus was not evident. Conservative therapy was instituted in both cases.     

CT findings in splenic hemangiomas in the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome

The Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome consists of cutaneous port wine hemangiomas, superficial venous varicosities, and soft tissue and bony hypertrophy of an extremity. We describe three patients with this syndrome with hypodense lesions in the spleen which in one case became isodense after bolus contrast CT. In one case ultrasound found numerous echopenic and echogenic masses. These lesions are presumed to represent multiple hemangiomata.     

The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: clinical and radiological aspects.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by port-wine hemangiomas, deep venous system abnormalities, superficial varicosities, and bony and soft-tissue hypertrophy. When associated with an arteriovenous fistula, it has been termed Klippel-Trenaunay-Parkes-Weber syndrome. It is imperative that both the radiologist and surgeon be aware of this entity, as incomplete evaluation and inappropriate surgery may be devastating. Radiological workup includes phlebography, angiography, and conventional radiography of the involved extremities. Surgery should be performed only to relieve deep venous obstruction (if present) or to correct inequality in the lengths of legs. Removal of superficial varicosities is contraindicated because it will worsen existing symptoms. Five cases of KTS are presented and the literature reviewed.     

Calcifications of the prostate: a transrectal echographic study

Prostatic lithiasis is a well know phenomenon. It has little clinical significance and is not easily shown by conventional radiography, which has poor sensitivity and specificity. The authors have studied 612 patients with both suprapubic and transrectal US in order to 1) assess US sensitivity and specificity and 2) report the frequency, spatial distribution, number and features of prostatic calcifications with special emphasis on differential diagnosis between prostatic neoplasms and chronic prostatitis. The authors have also studied the relationship between morphology and symptoms and the results agree with those reported in the scanty literature. The authors conclude that the parameters studied are directly related to age, except for a younger group with clear evidence of genital inflammation. The authors emphasize the impossibility to correlate morphology of prostatic calcifications with pathologic conditions: there are no specific symptoms clearly connected with calcification even though the inflammation is often associated with calcifications.     

Functional anatomy of the facial vasculature in pathologic conditions and its therapeutic application

The authors describe the functional anatomy of the facial vascular system, using the anastomoses between the facial, maxillary, transverse facial, lingual, and ophthalmic systems to selectively identify the blood flow to a specific territory for embolization and posttreatment evaluation of hemangiomas. In three patients the specific vascular patterns are described and the usefulness of understanding the regional functional anatomy is illustrated for successful embolotherapy of these malformations.     

The current state of functional knee bracing research. A review of the literature

This paper reviews recent research on functional knee bracing. Research is categorized by subject, approach, or technique. The authors conclude that, while there is a good deal of excellent research available, there is little data to assist the clinician in selecting an orthosis for a specific application. The authors recommend that future investigations address the physiologic aspects of functional knee bracing and that brace manufacturers assume more responsibility in the validation of both existing and future brace designs.     

Interstitial pulmonary involvements in polymyositis and dermatopolymyositis. Apropos of 3 cases. Review of the literature]

The authors report 3 cases of myositis associated with pulmonary lesions that preceded or succeeded the muscular disorder. In one of these cases, which was particularly difficult to diagnose, the patient's serum was positive for the anti-Jol antibody. These 3 cases have encouraged the authors to review the literature with particular attention to the diagnostic approach, the latest physiopathological data and the therapeutic basis of the "specific" pulmonary lesions associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis.     

Primary saphenous venous aneurysms presenting in a child

Venous aneurysms are dilatations of localized venous segments having no connection with varicosities. They are most often found post-traumatically in adults. The case presented here was a rare case of primary saphenous venous aneurysms in an 8-year-old child which were well demonstrated by Tc-99m human serum albumin (HSA) angiography.     

Labyrinthine and extralabyrinthine mechanisms of the development of motion sickness in weightlessness

This paper describes an important problem of aerospace medicine, i. e. space motion sickness. The review surveys relevant Soviet and foreign publications. On their basis, including their own data, the authors discuss possible mechanisms of the sickness symptom-complex in the weightless state. The authors put forth their own ideas concerning current hypotheses of space motion sickness and discuss potential applicability of the theoretical concepts with respect to the prevention of this adverse symptom-complex. The authors describe selected outlines in the study of mechanisms of space motion sickness and in the development of specific countermeasures.     

Gunshot wounds of the urogenital system organs]

The article makes a comparative analysis between Afghan war and previous wars concerning the gunshot injuries of urogenital organs. The authors mark limitations in specific symptoms of gunshot urogenital injuries and emphasize the importance of roentgenological method of examination with application of contrast substances. There are indications for surgical interventions and the analysis of medical errors in secondary surgical care.     

MSCT血管成像对静脉畸形骨肥大综合征的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像对静脉畸形骨肥大综合征影像诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析6例经临床证实的静脉畸形骨肥大综合征的CT血管扫描及三维重建影像学资料。结果:6例静脉畸形骨肥大综合征多层螺旋CT均有浅静脉曲张及肢体长短及粗细差异。4例同时伴有深静脉迂曲畸形或狭窄,2例可见多发静脉石。结论:多层螺旋CT血管成像可以为静脉畸形骨肥大综合征的诊断提供比较确切的影像学诊断支持,为临床诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗提供可靠的影像学依据。     

The characteristics of the staffing of the 40th Army with medical service officers]

The officer procurement for the Medical Service of the 40th Army had some specific features which were predetermined by the character of an active service in Afghanistan. The article describes the screening process and training system of army physicians who were assigned to the 40-th Army. The authors stress the fact that even in peaceful time it is necessary to constitute a reserve of medical specialists for operational activation of units and establishments.     

左精索静脉的X线解剖及其临床意义

对10例尸体20侧精索静脉的解剖和30例X线造影观察,将左精索内静脉(ISV)的X线解剖分为六个基本类型。0型(静脉瓣正常型)占6.7％,I型(I型)占46.7％;Ⅱ型(Y型)占26.7％;Ⅲ型(H型)占13.3％;Ⅳ型(主干分叉型)占3.3％,V型(反F型)占3.3％。其中0～I型为正常X线解剖,占53.3％;Ⅱ～Ⅴ型为解剖变异占46.7％。认为ISV曲张症的栓塞治疗应因型而异。     

Colonic varices demonstrated by technetium-99m red cell scintigraphy

Colonic varices is a rare condition, generally associated with portal hypertension, which normally presents as acute, severe, gastrointestinal blood loss. A case is presented in which the varicosities were observed serendipitously in a patient with a pancreatic tumor, in whom the bleeding was not variceal but due to two small unrelated gastric hemangiomas. The literature is reviewed and scintigraphic features described.     

The nonspecificity of some radiological signs in excretory urography

Two radiological signs have recently been offered as being specific for an infected and obstructed urinary tract and renal infarction, respectively. The authors suggest that these signs suggest certain possibilities but do not indicate a specific diagnosis.     

Diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries to the lower leg and foot

The article provides an overview of specific lower-extremity and foot injuries. The areas of concentration are sinus tarsi syndrome, tendon injuries, stress fractures, ankle sprains, and plantar fascitis. Diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation techniques have been discussed for each injury. The authors have also included biomechanical treatment modalities using orthotics for rehabilitation of these injuries.