单臂外固定支架治疗地震致胫腓骨骨折152例

目的探讨单臂外固定支架在治疗地震致胫腓骨骨折中的临床应用效果。方法对152例地震致胫腓骨骨折患者行一期闭合复位单臂外固定支架固定。结果单臂外固定支架对胫腓骨骨折治疗效果良好,固定可靠。结论该术式简便快捷,软组织损伤小,适合短时间内对大批胫排骨骨折伤员进行固定治疗,方便转运,利于二期进一步处理。     

单侧多功能外固定支架治疗下肢骨折42例

我院自 1993年开始应用单侧多功能外固定支架 (以下简称单侧支架 )治疗下肢各类骨折 42例 ,取得了满意效果。现报道如下。1　临床资料本组 42例 ,男性 34例 ,女性 8例 ;年龄 16～ 5 5岁。骨折部位系胫腓骨 33例 ,股骨干 9例。2　治疗方法与结果2 1　新鲜闭合性骨折　 6例 ,股骨 2例 ,胫腓骨 4例。除股骨与胫腓骨各 1例采用小切口复位骨折外 ,其余 4例均在Ｃ型臂电视监察下闭合复位 ,单臂支架固定。 6例骨折复位满意 ,骨性愈合。2 2　陈旧闭合性骨折　 3例 ,胫腓骨骨折均为 3个月内 ,一例对位力线良好 ,一例成角畸形手法矫正 ,一例切开复位…     

外固支定架在Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折分期治疗中的应用

目的 探讨外固定支架在严重胫腓骨开放性骨折分期治疗中的临床价值. 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年5月收治的34例GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨开放性骨折患者资料,男22例,女12例;年龄18 ～65岁,平均34.2岁.按照Gustilo分型:ⅢA型13例,ⅢB型18例,ⅢC型5例,其中胫前、后动脉均断裂2例,胫前动脉断裂3例.所有患者采用分期治疗,早期行清创、外固定支架临时固定,修复软组织,经7～22 d伤口稳定后二期更换为钢板或髓内钉内固定.末次随访时按Johner-Wruhs标准评定疗效.结果 2例患者行截肢术,其余32例患者术后获18～24个月(平均21.4个月)随访,肢体最终存活恢复.2例患者住院治疗期间出现针道感染,去除外固定支架清创,待稳定后更改为内固定后愈合良好;其余30例患者二期改内固定后均愈合良好.无深部感染、畸形愈合及骨不连发生.末次随访时按Johner-Wruhs标准评定疗效:优18例,良12例,差2例,优良率为93.8％. 结论 在GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨开放性骨折的分期治疗中,一期外固定支架固定能维持骨端的相对稳定,便于软组织损伤的修复及骨折的二期处理.     

外固定支架结合有限内固定和植骨治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合有限内固定和植骨治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法36例Pilon骨折患者,7例开放性骨折者行急诊清创有限内固定加外固定架治疗;29例闭合性骨折者中26例肿胀消退后行切开复位有限内固定和植骨结合外固定架治疗,3例骨筋膜室综合征者二期行同样术式。结果36例均获随访,时间6～46个月。骨折临床愈合时间14～26周,患肢力线正常。4例伤口感染,4例皮肤坏死,6例踝关节功能障碍;无针道感染和松动,未见骨折不连或畸形愈合,无窦道形成及骨髓炎。临床疗效按美国足与踝关节协会（AOFAS）踝与后足功能评分：优19例（90～100分）,良11例（75～89分）,可5例（50～74分）,差1例（〈50分）。结论正确评估局部软组织条件,根据Pilon骨折的类型和软组织损伤程度选择合适的手术方式和手术时机,合理使用外固定支架结合有限内固定维持骨折复位和下肢力线,干骺端缺损区充分植骨,整复关节面,适当功能锻炼,晚负重,术后可达到良好的临床效果。     

组合式外固定架治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的探讨组合式外固定支架治疗胫腓骨骨折的临床意义、疗效及指征。方法回顾分析自1996年1月至2001年11月间采用组合式外固定支架治疗的胫腓骨骨折152例,其中开放性骨折63例,闭合性骨折89例。采用小切口直视下解剖复位45例。改良了螺纹半针代替拉力螺钉治疗斜形、螺旋形或蝶块分离较大的不稳定性骨折。结果随访3～32个月,平均12个月,146例骨性愈合,占96%。骨折愈合时间2～8个月,平均5个月。其中解剖复位螺纹半针折块间加压组2.5个月,功能复位组5.3个月。带外固定架时间2～9个月,平均4.7个月。术后17例针道轻度感染,3例胫腓骨远端重度开放性骨折术后骨髓炎,无其它严重并发症发生。6例骨折不愈合的患者改为带锁髓内钉固定后愈合。结论组合式外固定架适用于严重开放性、粉碎性及邻近关节面的骨折。小切口直视下解剖复位有利于骨折的早期愈合。     

中西医结合治疗胫骨Pilon骨折

胫骨P ilon骨折是指涉及胫骨远端负重关节面的骨折,常合并腓骨骨折,因其骨折多呈粉碎性且局部软组织损伤较重,残率较高。自2007-06~2009-06我们采用中西医结合治疗P ilon骨折25例,效果满意。现报告如下。1资料与方法1.1临床资料本组25例,男17例,女8例,年龄26~55岁。高处坠落伤6例,车祸伤19例。闭合骨折16例,开放骨折9例。按Rued i-A llgower分类[1]:II型14例,III型11例。软组织损伤中度6例,重度3例。受伤至手术时间2h~16d。1.2手术方法闭合骨折受伤时间<6h内软组织损伤较轻者,行急诊切开复位锁定接骨板内固定。对受伤时间>6h软组织损伤肿胀较重的闭合骨折,则在C臂透视下行闭合复位跨关节外固定支架外固定。开放骨折急诊彻底清创闭合伤口,C臂透视下复位骨折跨关节外固定架外固定,必要时结合有限内固定以维持肢体长度和力线。待局部软组织肿胀消退和伤口愈合良好无感染迹象时,一般需要1周以上,行二期手术切开复位锁定接骨板内固定。对合并腓骨骨折的应先行复位腓骨骨折并用1/3管型钢板或解剖钢板内固定。重视胫骨远端关节面的解剖复位,重点复位内踝骨块、前外侧骨块和后唇骨块。...     

超关节可动外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的体会

目的 探讨超关节可动外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的临床疗效.方法 对56例胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折采用超关节可动外固定支架(orthofix)结合有限内固定术治疗.结果 56例均获随访.据临床骨折愈合标准评估骨愈合率为89.3%.据Helfer踝关节功能评估标准:优36例,良15例,差5例,优良率为91%.结论 超关节可动外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折有安全有效、创伤小、并发症少等优点.     

超踝关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折

目的探讨胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的治疗方法。方法应用单边外固定架跨踝关节超关节外固定结合有限内固定治疗13例胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折伴踝关节骨折或脱位,结合软组织处理。结果经8个月~5年随访,疗效满意,预后优良率达90%以上。结论本治疗方法解决了胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的固定困难,可使肢体恢复接近正常长度,另外对踝关节起到弹性固定作用,有利于踝关节骨折、关节周围韧带损伤的功能重建。该治疗方式是治疗伴有踝关节稳定系统破坏的胫腓骨远端开放粉碎性骨折的可采用手段之一。     

VSD结合外固定支架治疗Gustilo Ⅲ型胫腓骨开放性骨折

目的探讨早期清创负压引流结合外固定支架固定治疗GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨开放性骨折的疗效。方法2012年6月至2013年12月采用以上技术治疗36例GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨开放性骨折患者。所有患者均行急诊清创、骨折复位后行有限内固定结合外固定支架固定,并应用负压封闭引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)技术暂时覆盖创面,拆除VSD装置后行游离植皮或皮瓣转移覆盖创面。结果 36例患者术后获14~32个月(平均18个月)随访;创面经VSD治疗平均1.5次(1~3次)后肉芽组织生长良好,分别行游离植皮或局部带蒂皮瓣转移覆盖修复。34例骨折均愈合,愈合时间为8~24个月(平均10.2个月)。2例发生骨不连,拆除外固定支架二期植骨钢板螺钉内固定,最终骨折愈合。末次随访时按照Johner-Wruhs评分标准评定膝、踝关节功能恢复情况,优22例,良12例,差2例,优良率为94.4%。结论早期清创负压引流结合外固定支架固定治疗GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨开放性骨折,能有效的预防感染,促进创面愈合,维持骨折端的相对稳定,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经腓骨前方外侧入路治疗GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨远端骨折

目的:探讨经腓骨前方外侧入路结合外固定架治疗GustiloⅢ型胫腓骨远端骨折的方法及其疗效。方法:自2007年至2010年治疗9例GustiloⅢ型开放性胫腓骨远端骨折,男7例,女2例;年龄29～51岁,平均40岁。所有患者I期急诊清创后钢板内固定腓骨,外固定支架跨踝关节固定胫骨,待小腿内侧植皮成活后拆除外固定架,Ⅱ期采用I期腓骨切口经腓骨前方入路固定胫骨。早期行功能锻炼,观察骨折愈合及踝关节功能恢复情况。采用AOFAS踝-后足评分系统进行疗效评价。结果:所有患者均获随访,时间8～37个月,平均21个月。9例患者均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间24周,均无钢板断裂及螺钉松动。根据AOFAS踝-后足评分系统,优3例,良4例,中2例。结论:经腓骨前方外侧入路治疗GustiloⅢ型开放性胫腓骨远端骨折,复位质量高,可早期恢复踝关节功能,提高疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.