大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞视网膜下移植观察

目的：鉴定骨髓间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)在体外不诱导的条件下视网膜下移植后的定位。方法：体外培养雄性大鼠MSCs，直接作为细胞供体视网膜下移植于成年雄性大鼠视网膜下，4周后将动物处死，取眼球做石蜡切片，用Y染色体鉴定，为做进一步验证，将MSCs用重组腺相关病毒AAV－gfp感染后移植，分别于4、8周取动物眼球作冰冻切片，于荧光显微镜下做绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescence protein，GFP）表达观察。结果：培养的MSCs集落生长迅速，均一性好；Y染色体原位杂交鉴定表明来源于MSCs的阳性细胞融合入了原来的视网膜结构，在光学显微镜下可分布于视锥，视杆细胞层，双极细胞层及节细胞层；在荧光显微镜下可见GFP标记的阳性细胞存在，分布于视网膜色素上皮层、视锥，视杆细胞层，双极细胞层及节细胞层，细胞形态与结构同周围的视网膜相似；2种标记方法检测到的视网膜结构完整，未见到玫瑰花结样结构。结论：MSCs可在视网膜下移植后4周与原视网膜结构相融合，2种方法检测到的阳性细胞分布于视网膜色素上皮层，视细胞层，双极细胞层及节细胞层。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在视网膜色素变性大鼠视网膜下的分化

目的 研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)在视网膜色素变性(RP)大鼠体内的分化. 方法 Lewis大鼠腹腔注射3%NaIO3 100mg/kg,建立大鼠RP模型,将体外培养的MSCs植入视网膜下腔,用免疫荧光标记法对MSCs进行追踪,并观察术后第1、2、3、4、5周MSCs在该微环境中的分化.结果 术后第1周即可见MSCs位于视网膜色素上皮(RPE)层与光感受器细胞层,但全角蛋白(PCK)及Rhodopsin标记阴性,第3周开始可见MSCs在体内表达PCK及Rhodopsin.结论 MSCs植入RP模型大鼠视网膜下腔后可存活,主要分布于RPE层和视锥、视杆细胞层,并表达RPE细胞和光感受器细胞的表面标志.     

小鼠实验性视网膜脱离后光感受器细胞的凋亡

目的 研究小鼠实验性视网膜脱离后光感受器细胞的凋亡情况。 方法 将成年C57Bl/6J小鼠36只分为2组：实验组小鼠18只左眼视网膜下注射1.4%透明质酸钠造成视网膜脱离，对照组小鼠18只左眼仅作巩膜穿刺。分别于手术后1、3、7和28 d摘除眼球，视网膜切片进行组织化学、免疫荧光染色，共聚焦显微镜检查。抗视锥和抗视杆细胞的抗体分别标记视锥和视杆细胞，dUTP缺口末段标记法(TUNEL)标记凋亡细胞。通过计数存活和凋亡的视锥和视杆细胞来定量光感受器细胞的凋亡和细胞丢失。 结果 凋亡细胞只存在于脱离部分视网膜的外核层，凋亡细胞在视网膜脱离后1 d即可检测得到，3 d时达到高峰，7 d后陡然减少。视网膜脱离后视杆和视锥细胞的死亡呈现同样的时程。 结论 凋亡是视网膜脱离后光感受器细胞死亡的主要病理改变。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2006, 22: 124-127)     

骨髓间充质干细胞在视网膜色素变性大鼠视网膜下的分化

目的:研究骨髓间充质干细胞（MSC）在视网膜色素变性（RP）大鼠体内的分化。方法:Lewis大鼠腹腔注射30g/L NaIO₃ 100mg/kg,建立大鼠RP模型,将体外培养的MSC植入视网膜下腔,用免疫荧光标记的方法对MSC进行追踪,并观察术后第1,2,3,4,5wk MSC在该微环境中的分化。结果:术后第1wk即可见MSC位于视网膜色素上皮（RPE）层与光感受器细胞层,但全角蛋白（PCK）及rhodopsin标记阴性,第3wk开始可见MSC在体内表达PCK及rhodopsin。结论:MSC植入RP模型大鼠视网膜下腔后可存活,主要分布于RPE层和视锥、视杆细胞层,并表达RPE细胞和光感受器细胞的表面标志。     

鼠光感受器细胞层移植的方法及观察

目的 研究视锥和视杆细胞与周围组织间在解剖结构及是生理等方面的关系。方法 取２０只同龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ和ＲＣＳ鼠作为供体和受体,利用视见解发削技术取得视锥及视杆细胞层,并植入ＲＣＳ鼠眼视网膜下。术后２周时摘除术眼,于光镜下观察交摄影。结果 术后２周,在视网膜完全复位的受体眼,移植的纯视锥和视杆细胞成活,可见移植细胞位于网膜下腔的视网膜色素上皮（ｒｅｔｉｎａｌ ｐｉｇｍｅｎｔ ｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉｕｍ,ＲＰ     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞治疗大鼠变性性视网膜病变

目的 观察视网膜下腔移植大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rMSCs)治疗碘酸钠诱发的变性性视网膜病变的效果.方法 Brown-Norway(BN)大鼠120只,分为碘酸钠注射模型组、rMSCs移植治疗模型组、正常对照组,每组各40只大鼠.模型组大鼠通过尾静脉注射碘酸钠建立变性性视网膜病变模型,正常对照组大鼠给予生理盐水注射.通过视网膜眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影、视网膜电图(ERG)和组织学方法鉴定视网膜色素上皮(RPE)和神经视网膜损伤,进一步使用原位凋亡检测(TUNEL)的方法对碘酸钠诱导视网膜变性的细胞病理学变化进行观察.原代分离rMSCs后进行流式细胞术鉴定,将CM-DiI荧光染料标记的rMSCs移植到受体动物的视网膜下腔,采用临床检查手段结合组织学检查方法对细胞疗法进行评估.在移植手术后14～60 d,检查rMSCs的存活,整合和分化情况.结果 在碘酸钠注射14 d内,模型组大鼠视网膜的功能逐渐衰竭,呈现时间依赖的关系.模型组大鼠RPE细胞破坏后,光感受器细胞外节出现断裂、缩短的变化直到核同缩.细胞核形态变化和TUNEL标记的结果表明光感受器细胞的死亡主要是凋亡.经过rMSCs移植.供体细胞能够存活并散在分布于视网膜下腔,分化为RPE细胞.ERG检查结果显示,60 d后模型组ERG b波改善率为27.80%,模型组ERG震荡电位(Ops)改善率为59.38%;表明rMSCs移植治疗模型组大鼠视网膜功能得到明显保护.结论 经过rMSCs移植,碘酸钠诱发的视网膜变性可以得到有效地治疗,移植后的rMSCs能够存活,分化为RPE细胞.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在碘酸钠注射大鼠视网膜下的分化

目的 研究骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSCs)在视网膜色素上皮(RPE)受损的大鼠模型眼中的分化情况.方法 体外培养Wistar大鼠的BMMSCs,用病毒上清液转染EGFP,移植到经静脉注射NaIO3破坏RPE细胞的大鼠的视网膜下腔,用免疫荧光标记的方法 对BMMSCs进行追踪并观察术后5周的分化情况.结果 BMMSCs的EGFP转染比例可达到76.9%,术后第5周可见BMMSCs位于视网膜下区域,未整合入神经视网膜层,并表达角蛋白(CK)、视紫红质(rhodopsin)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP).结论 BMMSCs植入RPE受损伤的大鼠视网膜下腔后可存活,并表达RPE细胞、光感受器细胞和星形胶质细胞的特异性标志.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞在脉络膜新生血管微环境中的分化

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）在大鼠脉络膜新生血管（CNV）微环境中的分化。方法将体外培养的BN大鼠MSCs植入经氩激光诱导建立的CNV模型大鼠视网膜下腔,用免疫荧光标记的方法对MSCs进行追踪并观察术后1、2、3、4、5周MSCs在CNV微环境中的分化。结果术后第1周即可见MSCs位于CNV表面,但CD31标记阴性,第2周始可见MSCs在CNV内表达CD31阳性,第5周可见移行于光感受器的MSCs表达视紫红质。结论MSCs植入CNV模型大鼠视网膜下腔后可存活,并可向内皮细胞和光感受器细胞方向分化。     

光感受器移植治疗视网膜色素变性的近期随访

本文报告了视网膜光感受器移植治疗重度视网膜色素变性的近期治疗效果。作者选取 8例 (8眼 )视网膜色素变性患者施行同种异体光感受器移植 ,对侧 8眼作为对照。入选标准 :年龄 18～ 65岁、Goldmann视野 (视标V4e)中央半径≤ 2 0°、视力≥ 0 0 5(采用“糖尿病性视网膜病变早期治疗研究”的标准 )、全视野ERG视杆细胞反应呈熄灭型、视锥细胞反应b波振幅 >1μV或黄斑局部ERGb波振幅 >0 1μV ,无其它眼科疾病。移植用的光感受器片层来自成人尸体眼 (选自距离中心凹 4～ 5mm、视杆细胞丰富的区域 )。在死亡后 2 4小时内 ,将神经网膜从供眼…     

视网膜视细胞的成片移植

目的 探索用准分子激光切削技术制备视网膜单层细胞植片,经内入路视网膜下腔的单层视细胞成片移植。方法 用准分子激光对大鼠视网膜进行切削,制取单层视细胞植片,此后,按内入路手术方法进行了兔视网膜下腔的异种移植。结果 切削后所得视细胞植片由单层视细胞组成,结构完整,包括外丛状层、外核层和外节层;视细胞植片经明胶包埋后被准确植入宿主视网膜下腔中,移植术后第1,2天宿主观视网膜未能复位,呈脱离状态,移植物没能与视网膜色素上皮层相贴;移植后10天,宿主视网膜复位,视细胞移植片平铺于宿主视网膜下腔中,植片视细胞外节也宿主视网膜色素上皮层相贴;移植后10天,宿主视网膜复位,视细胞移植片平铺于宿主视网膜下腔中,植片视细胞外节与宿主视网膜色素上皮层相贴,未见明显免疫排异现象。结论 准分子激光制备单层视细胞植片方法简单、可行;初步观察到内入路单层视细胞成片移植后,视细胞植片能够在宿主视网膜下腔中以正常生理位置存活;视网膜下腔为理想的视网膜移植的受位。     

Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cell in the microenviroment of retinitis pigmentosa

AIM: To access the differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) in the microenvironment of retinal degeneration induced by the administration of sodium iodate. METHODS: In-vitro cultured Lewis rat MSC were injected into the sub-retinal space of NaIO3 induced retinal degeneration rat eyes (30g/L NaIO3 100mg/kg). To observe the trace and differentiation of MSC by immuno-fluorescent method successively in 5 weeks after the surgery. RESULTS: The majority of the transplanted cells stay in retinal pigment epithelium layer and cones & rods layer. From the 2nd week after transplantation, the engrafted MSC express PCK and rhodopsin under fluorescent microscope. CONCLUSION: MSC can survive mainly in the outer layer of retina in the microenvironment of retinal degeneration and differentiate forward the RPE cell and photoreceptor.     

Differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate-injected rats

Purpose: The differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated in a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage model induced by the administration of sodium iodate. Methods: Cultured rat MSCs were transfected with enhanced green fluorescent protein and transplanted into the subretinal space of rats injected 4 days earlier with sodium iodate. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed 5 weeks later. Results: The transduction efficiency was 99.9%. Viable MSCs were detected 5 weeks after transplantation, mainly in the subretinal space. The cells expressed pan‐cytokeratin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and rhodopsin. Conclusions: Bone marrow MSCs transplanted into the subretinal space of sodium iodate‐injected rats have the ability to differentiate into RPE, photoreceptor and glial lineage cells.     

Short-term study of retinal pigment epithelium sheet transplants onto Bruch's membrane

The purpose of this study is to investigate the survival and behaviour of retinal pigment epithelium sheets transplanted onto hydraulically debrided Bruch's membrane. Uncultured retinal pigment epithelium sheets obtained from male cats and sandwiched between two gelatin sheets were transplanted onto the tapetal area of female cats after native retinal pigment epithelium was debrided. For controls, the gelatin carrier was transplanted after debridement. Each transplant or control specimen was analyzed histologically and immunohistochemically. Transplanted male retinal pigment epithelial cells were identified by in situ labelling of the cat Y chromosome. Over half of the transplants appeared as retinal pigment epithelium multilayers in the subretinal space. Retinal pigment epithelium pigment dispersion into the subretinal space was seen in most of the transplants, and retinal pigment epithelium pigment infiltration into the neural retina was seen in all 7-day survival transplants. A few condensed darkly stained retinal pigment epithelium nuclei and Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling-positive retinal pigment epithelium cells were observed in all transplants. Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein was present up to day-7 in most transplanted RPE cells. In both transplant and control specimens, the antibody against the Ki-67 nuclear antigen labelled a few retinal pigment epithelium cells at day-3. Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labelling-positive outer nuclear layer nuclei were most frequently observed at day-1 but were much less frequent at day-3 in both transplants and controls. The survival and effectiveness of retinal pigment epithelium sheet transplants appeared similar to the retinal pigment epithelium microaggregates transplants conducted previously in this model.     

Monoclonal antibody-recognizing cone visual pigment

Monoclonal antibodies were raised to a crude photoreceptor-membrane suspension from chicken retinas. Clones producing antibodies against cone outer segments were selected by screening with immunocytochemistry on semithin sections of the retina. One monoclonal antibody, called COS-1, specifically labelled outer segments of double cones and one type of single cones; outer segments of rods and several single cones were not stained. On immunoblots of retinal photoreceptor membranes, this antibody recognized a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 33,000. The visual pigment character of the 33,000 protein was indirectly established by another monoclonal antibody, OS-2, which labelled all outer segments on semithin sections and four bands (33,000-, 36,000-, 38,000-40,000- and a composite band between 66,000-72,000 MW) on immunoblots. Of these, the 36,000- and the 72,000 MW protein bands were identified with an anti-rhodopsin polyclonal antibody as rhodopsin monomer and dimer. Monoclonal antibody OS-2 is assumed therefore to represent an antibody against a common epitope of all visual pigments of the chicken. The monoclonal antibody COS-1 was found to bind to certain cone outer segments of many other vertebrate species as well.     

Identification of the RPE65 protein in mammalian cone photoreceptors

PURPOSE: The protein RPE65 plays a critical role in retinoid processing in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Previous studies have identified the RPE65 mRNA in salamander cones, but not in rods. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether RPE65 is expressed at the protein level in mammalian cones, as well as in those of amphibians. METHODS: The specificity of the anti-RPE65 antibody was demonstrated by Western blot analysis. RPE65 cellular localization was determined using immunohistochemistry on flatmounted retinas and retinal sections. RESULTS: RPE65 protein was detected in cones in flatmounted retinas of the mouse, rabbit, and cow, in addition to Xenopus laevis. The morphology and location of labeled cones in the retina were confirmed by double staining of mouse retina sections with the anti-RPE65 antibody and peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin, which is known to label both types of cones in mouse. The double staining in the flatmounted retinas demonstrated that RPE65 was expressed in both types of the cones in the mouse retina. Under the same double-labeling conditions, however, cones in homozygous RPE65-knockout mouse were labeled by PNA lectin, but not by the anti-RPE65 antibody, indicating that the protein recognized by the anti-RPE65 antibody is encoded by the RPE65 gene rather than by another homologous gene. No RPE65 was detected in rods of any of the species tested. CONCLUSIONS: RPE65 is expressed in mammalian cones, but not in rods. These results provide further support for physiological observations that cones may have an alternative retinoid cycle.     

大鼠的两种干细胞向光感受器细胞和视网膜色素上皮细胞分化的实验研究

目的研究大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞（ MSCs ）和脂肪干细胞（ ADSCs ）体外向光感受器细胞和RPE细胞分化的可能性,为临床治疗视网膜病变提供物质基础。方法经贴壁筛选法连续传代纯化细胞,流式细胞仪检测CD45、CD90、CD49d、CD106鉴定MSCs和ADSCs。用视网膜细胞提取液、EGF、牛磺酸和视黄酸分别诱导MSCs和ADSCs;流式细胞仪定量检测细胞的视紫红质、CK和S-100的表达,计算诱导效应。结果传代纯化MSCs和ADSCs,传1代至传5代,MSCs中CD45阳性率是1．8％～7．5％,CD90是83．8％～95．7％,CD49d是6．6％～24．8％,CD106是15．7％～32．2％;ADSCs中CD45阳性率是0．8％～9．3％,CD90是84．7％～94．8％,CD49d是16．8％～31．0％,CD106是8．3％～22．2％。 MSCs和ADSCs 均为CD45阴性和CD90阳性。各代MSCs和ADSCs比较,MSCs低表达CD49d,高表达CD106;而ADSCs高表达CD49d,低表达CD106。不同的诱导方法,MSCs的视紫红质的诱导效应是55．9％～70．0％,CK的诱导效应是49．5％～72．0％,S-100的诱导效应是25．4％～34．0％;ADSCs的视紫红质的诱导效应是19．6％～31．1％,CK的诱导效应是31．0％～79．3％,S-100的诱导效应是27．3％～50．7％。结论 MSCs和ADSCs均具有向光感受器细胞和RPE细胞分化的潜能,可能成为干细胞移植治疗的来源。