阴道分泌物的细菌培养及耐药性分析

目的探讨细菌性阴道炎患者阴道分泌物中的病原菌分布及对抗生素的耐药情况。方法对阴道分泌物进行细菌培养和药敏试验,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果从145例阴道分泌物中共检出细菌115株,阳性率为79.3%(115/145)。其中以表皮葡萄球菌27.0%(31/115)、中间葡萄球菌20.9%(24/115)和金黄色葡萄球菌13.0%(15/115)的构成比最高。药敏结果显示:葡萄球菌对万古霉素全部敏感,对磷霉素、阿米卡星和利福平的耐药性最低,对青霉素、四环素、红霉素和苯唑西林的耐药性最高。结论阴道分泌物中病原菌种类较多,以葡萄球菌为主且耐药性较强。病原菌检查和药敏试验对临床诊断和治疗具有重要作用。     

老年慢性细菌性前列腺炎病原菌及耐药性检测

目的探讨老年慢性细菌性前列腺炎的病原菌分布与耐药性，为临床提供疾病诊断及治疗依据。方法采集老年慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液进行细菌培养和体外药敏试验，并进行统计分析。结果216例老年慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液中共检出病原菌140株，其中革兰阳性菌84株，占60．0％，以金黄色葡萄球菌为主；革兰阴性菌56株，占40．0％，以大肠埃希菌为主；前列腺炎病原菌对常用抗菌药物已产生了耐药性，检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）24株，占葡萄球菌属总数的34．8％；产ESBLs病原菌占肠杆菌科细菌总数的35．6％。结论老年慢性细菌性前列腺炎具有难治性和迁延性，应加强病原菌耐药性检测，提高治愈率。     

慢性细菌性前列腺炎病原学调查

目的：了解慢性细菌性前列腺炎与病原菌的关系及细菌耐药性，为前列腺炎提供诊断及治疗依据。方法：对慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液进行细菌培养和药敏试验，并进行分析。结果：198例中有124例培养出细菌，阳性分离率为62．6％。共检出病原菌124株，细菌种类分为8种，革兰阳性球菌占69．4％，以金黄色葡萄球菌为主；革兰阴性杆菌占30．6％，以大肠埃希菌为主。药敏试验结果表明：前列腺炎病原菌对常用抗生素耐药率较高，葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的分离率分别为38．9％和45．8％，肠杆菌科细菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）细菌分离率为31．8％。结论：应重视前列腺炎病原菌及耐药性的监测，才能针对性进行治疗。     

男性泌尿生殖道感染的病原菌分析

目的为了解本地区男性泌尿生殖道感染的病原菌分布状况及耐药性，为合理使用抗菌药物，有效控制感染提供依据。方法分析2004年1月～2006年8月本院就诊的307例男性生殖道感染患者分离所得病原菌175株，总结其种类分布及对常用抗生素的耐药性。结果307份男性泌尿道分泌物标志中，共检出致病菌175株，阳性率57．0％，其中葡萄球菌检出率最高，占80．0％。药敏结果显示，此类细菌对临床常用抗生素呈现耐药，对万古霉素，阿米卡星敏感率较高，分别为100％，97．3％。结论男性泌尿生殖道感染的病原菌主要为葡萄球菌，万古霉素和阿米卡星可作为治疗高耐药性葡萄球菌感染的首选药。     

外科感染常见的病原菌及其耐药性

目的了解外科感染病原菌的种类及耐药性。方法取外科感染分泌物，用美国德灵公司生产的细菌鉴定／药敏分析仪Microscan Wat RA way-40系统鉴定及作药敏试验。结果半年中共分离到411株病原菌，分属于10个种属，以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、变形杆菌检出率为最高；药敏结果显示对抗生紊有多重与交叉耐药性，万古霉素对G^＋菌仍保持有良好的抗菌作用。结论外科感染的病原菌种类呈上升趋势，并对多种抗生素有较高的耐药性，应努力加以预防与控制。     

外科送检伤口分泌物的细菌培养及药敏分析

目的对外科病人送检的伤口分泌物标本细菌培养分离出的阳性菌株的种类和药敏进行分析,为临床合理的抗感染治疗用药提供依据。方法使用DL-96细菌测定系统对伤口分泌物中病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验,对实验结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果在送检的伤口分泌物检出病原菌中,革兰阳性球菌比率最高的是金黄色葡萄球菌（31.4%）;革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌（14.3%）、铜绿假单胞菌（8.6%）、阴沟肠杆菌（6.6%）为主。结论伤口分泌物的细菌培养中的阳性菌种类的多样化及其耐药性较严重,临床医生应在使用抗生素前或根据病情及时进行细菌培养,根据药敏实验结果合理选用有效抗生素,降低感染率的发生。     

413例细菌性感染患者痰液病原菌分离及耐药性分析

目的了解细菌性感染患者痰液标本的病原菌检出情况及耐药性。方法收集我院门诊和住院患者痰液标本，按照《全国临床检验操作规范》进行常规微生物病原菌分离培养及药敏试验。结果从413例痰液标本中共分离出病原菌181株，阳性检出率为43.8％。其中：革兰氏阳性球菌34株，占病原菌总数的18．9％；革兰氏阴性杆菌139株，占病原菌总数的76．8％；真菌8株，占病原菌总数的4．4％。检出阳性率较高的病原菌依次为：肺炎克雷伯氏菌48株（26．5％）、金黄色葡萄球菌21株（11．6％）、铜绿假单胞菌19株（10．5％）、大肠埃希氏菌16株（8．8％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌9株（5．0％）、阴沟杆菌8株（4．4％）、白色念珠菌6株（3．3％）。引起肺部感染的病原菌革兰氏阳性球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素的耐药率最低，均为0。革兰氏阴性杆菌中肺炎克雷伯氏菌对亚胺培南，阿米卡星耐药率较低，分别为0、16．7％；铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星、亚胺培南耐药率较低，分别为15．8％、21．1％。大肠埃希氏菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星耐药率较低，分别为0、12．5％。结论痰液分离培养病原菌结果以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主，占76．8％，革兰氏阳性球菌次之，占18．9％，真菌最少，占4．4％。革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低；未发现耐万古霉素和替考拉宁的葡萄球菌；从总体的药敏结果来分析，病原菌多重耐药现象严重。因此，病原菌耐药性监测对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物非常重要。     

PICU呼吸机相关性肺炎病原分析

目的探讨PICU吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原菌的流行分布及耐药特点。方法对本院重症监护病房（PICU）实施机械通气〉48h的212例患儿,临床诊断49例VAP,并行下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养及抗菌药物敏感性分析。结果发生VAP36例,发生率为73．5％;49例VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物培养出病原菌41株。其中革兰阳性球菌12株（29．3％）,革兰阴性杆菌22株（53．7％）,白色念珠菌7株（17．0％）。各类病原菌混合感染者68．3％,病原菌药敏试验结果,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南总敏感性最高,其次为哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、阿米卡星。金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现象严重,对青霉素的耐药率分别达100．0％,但对万古霉素、利福平敏感。结论VAP的主要病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌且存在较严重的耐药现象,混合感染现象严重,应引起临床高度重视。     

医院感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 调查医院感染病原菌的分布和耐药性情况，为控制医院感染提供依据。方法 对医院2002年1月-2005年12月，培养分离出的1163株医院感染病原菌的分布和耐药性进行统计和分析。结果 发现G^＋球菌感染占32．3％，G杆菌占40．8％，其中G^-杆菌逐年增高；G^＋球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主，MRSA检出率平均达82．5％；G^-杆菌以大肠埃希菌（9．9％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（7．1％）、阴沟肠杆菌（5．4％）和铜绿假单胞菌（5．2％）为主；医院感染病原菌耐药率高并有继续增高趋势；2005年铜绿假单胞菌耐药性变化最大，对头孢他啶和亚胺培南耐药率从前3年的0增至48．9％。结论 医院感染菌中G^-杆菌呈逐年增高趋势，且对常用抗菌药物耐药性高，临床应根据病情及时作病原菌检测，结合药敏试验结果，正确合理使用抗菌药物。     

180例滴虫性阴道炎患者支原体检测及结果分析

目的通过对180例滴虫性阴道炎（TV）患者宫颈分泌物支原体的检测,探讨其混合感染状况及临床耐药性,以指导临床合理用药。方法先取阴道分泌物进行涂片、镜检,找到阴道毛滴虫,诊断为滴虫性阴道炎,同时取宫颈管分泌物进行支原体培养及药敏试验。结果在180例滴虫性阴道炎患者中,支原体阳性150例,阳性率83．33％,其中解脲支原体（UU）、人型支原体（MH）及UU＋MH混合感染的阳性率分别为28．0％、60．0％、12．0％,药敏试验结果显示94．7％支原体有不同程度的耐药。结论女性滴虫性阴道炎患者存在合并支原体感染,有必要进行常规的检查,为恰当治疗提供依据。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.