与自然灾害相关的肠道传染病的若干研究

近年来自然灾害呈增多趋势,且往往给人类健康、社会和经济带来严重影响.自然灾害后往往导致肠道传染病的发生和流行,因此加强与自然灾害相关的肠道传染病防控至关重要.此文对近年来与灾害相关的肠道传染病的流行现状、危险因素及其防控措施等进行综述.     

灾后流动人口传染病的流行及危险因素研究

近年来自然灾害日渐增多,而灾后往往发生大量的人口流动以及由此导致传染病的发生和流行.了解灾后流动人口的传染病流行特点对预防和控制其发生和流行至关重要.此文对近年来国外灾后流动人口传染病的流行及其危险因素进行综述.     

口岸应对自然灾害中传染病威胁的措施研究

目的探索自然灾害对口岸传染病流行规律和传播风险的影响,提出针对性的防控措施。方法通过分析常见自然灾害对传染病流行的影响,以及给口岸带来的传播风险,提出检验检疫部门应采取的针对性防控措施。结果检验检疫部门应建立和完善国境口岸传染病监测体系,建设预警机制,强化专业人才培养,不断跟踪检疫新技术发展,以适应复杂的疫情形势。结论完善的综合防控体系有助于口岸应对自然灾害中传染病的威胁。     

自然灾害对疟疾的影响研究进展

近年来自然灾害不断增加,导致大量人员伤亡和某些传染病流行,有些地方还出现社会动荡。自然灾害对生物媒介的生长繁殖有重要影响,且与灾后发生疟疾的传播密切相关。了解自然灾害对疟疾的影响,对预防和控制与自然灾害相关的疟疾至关重要。现就近年来自然灾害对疟疾的影响、危险因素及监测等方面的进展进行综述。     

浅议公共卫生事件中医院的应急管理

近年来,自然灾害的频繁发生及传染病等其他各类公共事件的日益增加,促使人们对应急管理的认识不断提高。而医院在突发公共卫生事件中担负着极其重要的角色,笔者就医院在处理应对公共卫生事件中的相关理论及工作定位做了简要分析,并就医院如何提高应急管理能力提出了建议与要求。     

应急医院的发展与应用

应急医院是在战争、重大灾害或重大疫情发生时,现有医疗机构由于各种原因无法对患者实施及时有效的救治,或接诊能力难以满足激增的需求,通过改建或新建的具有接诊、实施救治、甚至隔离功能的医院。不同种类的应急医院在近现代不断发展完善,既有配备了先进装备的模块化、集装箱式的野战方舱医院、野战帐篷医院、医院船等野战医疗机构,也有基于已有公共场所建筑物改建或专门新建的应急医院。在全球各国多次灾情疫情防控救治中,应急医院发挥了至关重要的作用。本文就应急医院的历史、种类以及在不同灾情和疫情中的应用进行综述。     

康复医疗中假肢矫形器技师标准化培训概述

富有专业知识的假肢矫形器技师、外科医师和康复医师三者相结合,可以更好地帮助因自然灾难和疾病造成的带残存活者重获自由活动的能力。     

The burden of acute respiratory infections in crisis-affected populations: a systematic review

Crises due to armed conflict, forced displacement and natural disasters result in excess morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Historically, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) have received relatively little attention in the humanitarian sector. We performed a systematic review to generate evidence on the burden of ARI in crises, and inform prioritisation of relief interventions. We identified 36 studies published since 1980 reporting data on the burden (incidence, prevalence, proportional morbidity or mortality, case-fatality, attributable mortality rate) of ARI, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 and as diagnosed by a clinician, in populations who at the time of the study were affected by natural disasters, armed conflict, forced displacement, and nutritional emergencies. We described studies and stratified data by age group, but did not do pooled analyses due to heterogeneity in case definitions. The published evidence, mainly from refugee camps and surveillance or patient record review studies, suggests very high excess morbidity and mortality (20-35% proportional mortality) and case-fatality (up to 30-35%) due to ARI. However, ARI disease burden comparisons with non-crisis settings are difficult because of non-comparability of data. Better epidemiological studies with clearer case definitions are needed to provide the evidence base for priority setting and programme impact assessments. Humanitarian agencies should include ARI prevention and control among infants, children and adults as priority activities in crises. Improved data collection, case management and vaccine strategies will help to reduce disease burden.     

Natural disasters and girls vulnerability: is child marriage a coping strategy of economic shocks in Indonesia?

Indonesia is a country that is highly prone to natural disasters, while at the same time faces a high child marriage prevalence compared to other Asia Pacific countries. Many studies show that in times of humanitarian crisis, child marriage practices, which heavily affect girls, are increasing. This study then intends to examine quantitatively any association between natural disasters and child marriages in Indonesia by using the 2015 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) and the 2014 Village Potential Census (PODES). By applying logistic regression and controlling the model with several socio-economic conditions such as education, religion and regional characteristics, this study finds that natural disasters are positively associated with the probability of girls entering child marriage. Child marriage could be one of the options for households to reduce the burden when they face adverse welfare effects from natural disasters. Furthermore, disaster mitigation significantly reduces the probability of child marriage because disaster mitigation and preparedness will lessen the devastating shocks of the disasters, reducing the need to then enter into child marriage. The strong relationship between child marriage and natural disasters should attract the attention of policymakers to conduct better disaster mitigation programs, as well as to effectively provide assistance to the most vulnerable members of communities when natural disasters occur.     

Occurrence and overlap of natural disasters, complex emergencies and epidemics during the past decade (1995–2004)

Background  

The fields of expertise of natural disasters and complex emergencies (CEs) are quite distinct, with different tools for mitigation and response as well as different types of competent organizations and qualified professionals who respond. However, natural disasters and CEs can occur concurrently in the same geographic location, and epidemics can occur during or following either event. The occurrence and overlap of these three types of events have not been well studied.     

综合性医院要努力提高应急抢救能力

因自然灾害和人为因素所导致的突发性、群体性意外伤害时有发生，综合性医院负有重要的抢救革命。从急诊学科的角度，就加强急诊科室建设、健全各种规章制度、提高院总值班素质、制定应急抢救预案、认真全面系统总结、强化整体配合意识等多方面加以论述，以促使综合性努力提高应急抢救能力，从而在抢险救灾和救死扶伤中更好地开展工作。     

Epidemics after natural disasters

The relationship between natural disasters and communicable diseases is frequently misconstrued. The risk for outbreaks is often presumed to be very high in the chaos that follows natural disasters, a fear likely derived from a perceived association between dead bodies and epidemics. However, the risk factors for outbreaks after disasters are associated primarily with population displacement. The availability of safe water and sanitation facilities, the degree of crowding, the underlying health status of the population, and the availability of healthcare services all interact within the context of the local disease ecology to influence the risk for communicable diseases and death in the affected population. We outline the risk factors for outbreaks after a disaster, review the communicable diseases likely to be important, and establish priorities to address communicable diseases in disaster settings.     

郴州市1992-2006年自然疫源性传染病分析

目的了解郴州市近15年来自然疫源性传染病的流行特征,为有效制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,运用Excel进行数据整理,分析甲乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病的三间分布特点及其变化规律。结果该市15年来共报告甲乙类自然疫源及虫媒传染病7种共4747例,年平均发病率为7.06/10万,死亡530例,年平均死亡率为0.79/10万,年平均病死率为11.16%。该类传染病发病率总体呈下降趋势,除狂犬病稍有上升外,其他均有不同程度的下降。结论该类传染病在法定传染病中发病率较低,但病死率较高,防治工作不容忽视。狂犬病占此类传染病死亡构成的71.32%,狂犬病的控制尤其重要。该类传染病有明显的季节特点和人群特征,应做好重点地区高危人群的防治干预。该类传染病经过多年的防治,基本得到控制,但应高度警惕新发传染病的发生。     

自然灾害多发地区小学生自救互救及健康知识行为现状调查

目的 了解自然灾害多发地区小学生自救互救和健康知识行为情况,为今后进一步针对性健康宣教提供科学依据。方法 采用随机抽样,对四川省德阳市什邡市、泸州市泸县、凉山州越西县等3县小学四至五年级学生进行问卷调查。结果 本研究共调查1667人,健康行为方面,49.3%的学生从不喝生水,74.6%的学生饭前洗手,44.5%的学生洗手方式正确;健康知识方面,呼吸道传染病知识知晓率为4.1%,消化道传染病知识知晓率为12.5%,急救电话知晓率为16.2%;灾害自救互救知识方面,地震室外安全做法知晓率为38.0%,地震室内安全做法知晓率为32.5%,洪水逃生技巧知晓率为24.6%。结论 四川省小学生对自然灾害自救互救及健康知识行为存在问题,应该加强小学生健康素养和自救互救知识方面的宣传教育,提高应对灾害能力,减少灾害健康风险。     

急性呼吸道传染病症状监测及预警技术的现状与展望

人类对于呼吸道传染病的认识仍有限, 尤其是新发、突发的急性呼吸道传染病。然而这类传染病一旦大流行, 可对健康、政治、经济和社会产生巨大的危害。人们希望通过监测及早发现传染病异动并及时发出预警。症状监测作为传统监测的有效补充, 已在公共卫生界得到越来越多的关注。本文概述了国外传染病监测系统的现状, 对我国的急性呼吸道传染病症状监测体系及应用进行了综述, 并对未来急性呼吸道传染病症状监测预警技术的发展进行了探讨。     

2012-2016年毕节市自然疫源及虫媒传染病流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2012-2016年毕节市自然疫源及虫媒传染病流行病学的特征及其变化趋势,为有效制定防控策略提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对毕节市自然疫源及虫媒传染病报告病例进行统计分析。结果 (1)毕节市2012-2016年自然疫源及虫媒传染病共报告发病7种268例,年均发病率0.62/10万(0.47/10万～0.88/10万);总体呈下降趋势,发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);发病数居前3位的病种依次为:乙脑、出血热和布病;(2)地区分布,发病数居前三位的是金沙县67例(25%)、威宁县42例(15.7%)、黔西县37例(13.8%);(3)时间分布,每月均有病例报告,每年发病高峰集中在7-9月份,8月发病高峰;(4)人群分布,重点发病人群年龄小于15岁;男性发病数占比明显高于女性(P<0.001),在职业分布以农民、散居儿童为主,近5年自然疫源及虫媒传染病职业分布存在差异(P<0.001);结论 毕节市自然疫源及虫媒传染病的流行病学疫情分布总体呈现下降趋势,发病有地区聚集性特点、季节性特点和人群分布特征。     

洪涝灾害期间饮用水污染及防制对策研究

本文报道了1991年江苏洪涝灾害期间饮用水污染现状,探讨了预防控制对策及其效果。结果表明,灾区各类饮用水水源遭受严重的生物性污染,超标率显著高于1986～1990年同期平均水平,部分水源检出多种肠道致病菌。受灾初期,全省制订了对策预案,灾期强化的健康教育、水源保护、水质监测、饮水净化消毒和应急供水措施等一系列预防控制对策,使灾区饮用水细菌学质量显著好于1986～1990年同期平均水平,全省及重灾区水性肠道传染病罹患率分别比80年代最高发病年同期下降50.65％和12.27％;饮水消毒与腹泻病控制经济效益显著,投入与产出之比为1:12.24。     

常见危重病患者人群并发创伤后应激障碍研究进展

既往对创伤后应激障碍(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,PTSD)的研究主要集中于战争、自然灾害和人为灾害相关的创伤事件。近年来,人们逐渐开始认识到危及生命的疾病同样可视为导致PTSD的应激源。一些危重病并发PTSD不仅不利于患者危重病自身的治疗,还严重影响其生存质量。为尽可能降低危重病并发PTSD的可能性,提高危重病患者的生存质量,本文就一些常见危重病诱发PTSD进行初步探讨,以期对危重病患者并发PTSD进行早期预警及早期干预。     

深圳市宝安区1994～2004年法定传染病流行病学特征分析

目的探索深圳市宝安区主要法定报告传染病的流行趋势和流行病学特征,为制定法定传染病的防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述性研究的方法对深圳市宝安区1994-2004年主要法定传染病的资料进行系统的统计分析。结果1994-2004年深圳市宝安区法定报告传染病发病率总体呈下降趋势,而死亡率呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中淋病、肺结核、肝炎、梅毒和痢疾的发病率较高。血源及性传播疾病的发病率最高,其他传染病（主要包括自然疫源性疾病及虫媒传播疾病）的发病率较低。结论1994-2004年深圳市宝安区法定报告传染病发病率总体呈逐年下降趋势,死亡率有所下降。目前防制的重点传染病为淋病、肺结核、病毒性肝炎、梅毒和痢疾。     

某区部队野外驻训地域疾病调查与循征预防决策研究

[目的]了解部队野外驻训地域传染病流行特征,为卫生防病决策提供科学依据。[方法]选择某区部队野外驻训的地（市）为调查点,收集和检索近年的疫情资料、卫生防病专题资料及相关信息资料,进行整理、统计分析。[结果]调查结果表明,野外驻训地域传染病多达20余种,其中潜在传染病4～7种,新发传染病3种,发病数以肠道传染病为主,呼吸道传染病和性传播疾病有上升的趋势,自然疫源性和虫媒传染病潜在危害较大,前5位疾病分别为病毒性肝炎、细菌性痢疾、肺结核、流行性出血热和淋病。并针对当地疾病流行特征,提出行之有效的循征预防对策。[结论]部队进入野外驻训地域疾病预防控制应以肠道传染病、自然疫源性和虫媒传染病为重点,并重视呼吸道传染病的预防和性传播疾病的社会综合治理,以及防范新发传染病的防控策略。