人工肱骨头置换术治疗高龄复杂肱骨近端三、四部分骨折

目的 探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗高龄肱骨近端三、四部分骨折的适应证、手术要点及疗效.方法 对12例肱骨近端三、四部分骨折的高龄患者行人工肱骨头置换手术.采用三角肌胸大肌间入路,先复位大小结节,确定假体高度,骨水泥固定假体.术后早期功能锻炼.结果 12例均获随访,时间6～24个月,术后发生关节脱位1例.采用Neer评分系统评定人工关节功能:优3例,满意7例,不满意2例,平均为844分,优良率为85%.结论 在合理选择手术适应证的前提下,人工肱骨头置换术是治疗高龄患者复杂肱骨近端骨折的有效方法,尤其在减轻创伤后肩关节疼痛方面效果尤为明显.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨应用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折的疗效.方法 采用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折19例根据Neer分类:三部分骨折10例,四部分骨折9例.结果 患者均无感染、神经损伤和假体周围骨折,无假体松动、脱位等并发症.按照SSMH综合评分标准所有患者平均为25.9分,优良率为84%.结论 人工肱骨头置换术是治疗老年肱骨近端骨折较满意的方法,手术时间相对较短,术后功能恢复快,能有效减轻肩关节疼痛.近期疗效满意,但应严格掌握适应证.     

人工肱骨头置换在老年肱骨近端复杂骨折中的应用

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的临床疗效。方法2002年2月～2005年3月对18例肱骨近端复杂骨折老年患者进行人工肱骨头置换治疗。结果16例患者获得6～48个月(平均28．5个月)随访。所有患者术后均无感染、神经损伤和假体周围骨折；无假体松动、关节不稳、脱位等并发症。采用Neer疗效评分系统评定疗效：优6例,良8例,可1例,差l例,优良率为87．5%。结论人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年肱骨近端四部分骨折有助于早期功能锻烁、解除疼痛和恢复功能。正确的选择适应证、精细的手术操作、早期合理的康复锻炼是获得满意疗效的保证。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折

目的 探讨老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折行人工肱骨头置换术的适应证、技术要点及术后康复治疗对肩关节功能恢复的影响.方法 对15例老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换.术前测量健侧大结节最低点至肱骨头最高点的距离;术中尽量复位大小结节,合理控制假体高度及后倾角度,尽量修复损伤肩袖;术后分3阶段有计划康复治疗.结果 15例均获随访,时间9个月～6年5个月.11例完全不痛,2例肩峰后下方有压痛,1例肩关节上举运动痛,1例有轻度肩关节不稳.Neer评分:优7例,良6例,可2例.结论 对于老年肱骨近端严重三、四部分骨折、特别是有头部粉碎骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换术,只要严格把握手术适应证,遵循肱骨头置换过程中的关键技术方法,有计划进行术后康复训练,可快速恢复肩关节良好的活动功能.     

老年肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术后的康复训练

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端骨折术后早期功能康复锻炼的效果。方法人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年肱骨近端骨折患者21例。术前、术后进行康复指导及系统的早期功能锻炼,定期随访确定疗效。结果患者术后平均随访14.6个月,均无感染、神经损伤和假体周围骨折及假体松动、脱位等并发症。按照SSMH综合评分标准平均为24.5分,27分以上(优)3例,24～27分(良)14例,优良率为86%。疼痛评分为9.3分,功能评分为8.6分,肌力和运动评分为8.2分。结论老年肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术后早期功能康复锻炼,有助于关节功能的恢复,是防止术后并发症、减轻创伤后肩关节疼痛的有效方法。     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折疗效分析

目的观察并分析人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2014-01—2017-12采用人工肱骨头置换术治疗的17例Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折,术前进行精准测量和设计,术中正确安放假体、牢固固定肱骨大小结节并且完整修复肩袖,术后合理制定并实施康复训练。结果 17例均获得随访,随访时间平均35(18～54)个月。术后X线片显示假体及肱骨大小结节位置良好。随访期间未出现感染、假体松动移位、假体周围骨折、异位骨化等并发症。未次随访时采用Constant-Murley评分系统评定疗效:优2例,良10例,可4例,差1例。结论人工肱骨头置换术可作为老年Neer四部分肱骨近端骨折的首选手术治疗方法,而术中假体正确安放、肱骨大小结节固定良好、肩袖精确重建,以及术后个性化康复训练是确保满意疗效的关键。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折13例

目的观察人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的效果及安全性。方法对13例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折实施人工肱骨头假体置换术,术后早期进行肩关节功能锻炼。观察治疗效果。结果 13例患者均获随访12~16个月,依据肩关节Neer评分标准,总体优良率84.62%(11/13)。无1例发生感染,假体松动等手术并发症。结论严格掌握手术适应证,术后早期进行肩关节功能训练,人工肱骨头置换手术治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,术后功能恢复优良率高,并发症发生率低。     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗复杂性肱骨近端骨折

[目的]探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端复杂性骨折的临床疗效.[方法]35例肱骨近端复杂性骨折患者施行人工肱骨头置换术,手术全部采用骨水泥型人工肱骨头假体.手术前后均对患者的肩关节功能进行UCLA评分.[结果]35例患者随访31～63个月(平均52个月),UCLA评分优(34～35分)10例,良(28～33分)21例,中(21～27分)4例,无差病例.术后肩关节活动范围上举(90.6±8.3)°,外旋(64.5±6.5)°,内旋(72.5±5.3)°.病人主观均较满意.所有病例大小结节均愈合,未发现假体松动、感染、脱位等并发症.[结论]严格掌握手术适应证,重建肱骨近端正常解剖和实现大、小结节骨折块的坚强固定,规范的肩关节功能康复锻炼,是人工肱骨头置换术获得满意疗效的关键.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折11例

目的 分析人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的适应证及肩关节功能恢复效果.方法 对11例合并肱骨近端骨折采用肱骨头假体置换术,并早期开展肩关节功能锻炼.结果 平均随访时间10个月,总体优良率82%.无一例关节再脱位及手术并发症,患者主观均满意.结论 肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折,术中修复肩袖和大小结节,早期关节功能锻炼,可达到满意治疗效果.     

人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年肱骨近段骨折

目的探讨人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折的方法及临床疗效。方法对14例肱骨近端骨折患者(Neer分类三部分骨折3例,四部分骨折11例)行人工肱骨头置换术。术后进行功能锻炼。随访并评价治疗效果。结果患者均获随访,时间12~24个月。按Neer评分系统评价疗效:优9例,良4例,差1例,优良率为13/14。无感染、神经损伤、假体松动和关节周围骨折等并发症发生。假体位置良好。结论人工肱骨头置换术治疗老年肱骨近段骨折疗效可靠,术后能解除疼痛,稳定和重建关节功能,临床疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.