绵阳市2012年农村环境卫生现状调查

目的调查分析2012年绵阳市农村环境卫生现状,为环境卫生治理提供科学依据。方法采用抽样调查的方法选取绵阳市2个县的40个行政村和200户家庭作为研究对象进行调查。结果居民供水方式以分散式供水为主,家庭户自来水普及率为34．5％;24．8％的村有专职保洁员;卫生厕所占总户厕的75．5％;生活垃圾统一收集占17．5％;生活污水排放方式以明沟为主,主要排入河流。粪便处理以排入下水道为主。土壤中铅含量测定范围为4．99—16．8mg／kg;镉含量测定范围为0．05～3．27mg／kg;pH值测定范围5．50—8．68;蛔虫卵检出率100％,活卵检出率95．0％。结论绵阳市农村自来水普及率不高,垃圾、污水和粪便无害化处理措施有待加强,土壤存在寄生虫污染。     

北京市顺义区农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

为了解北京市顺义区农村饮用水及环境卫生现状,为制定农村环境卫生政策提供依据,于2006年8月至10月随机抽取10个行政村的共10件水样进行水质监测并进行垃圾和污水现状调查。按照《中国农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查方案》要求,饮用水和厕所现状填写统一的调查表。结果显示,全区农村供水方式均为集中式供水,水质监测结果显示,8件水样达到农村一级水卫生标准,2件达到农村二级水卫生标准。使用卫生厕所的户数占60.3%,非卫生厕占39.7%。生活性垃圾处理方式均为填埋,生产性垃圾处理方式中高温堆肥占48.8%,填埋占26.7%。63.1%的生活污水被排入到坑塘中,83.2%生产性污水排放到河流。提示顺义区农村饮用水和环境卫生状况较好,但应加强饮用水消毒和卫生管理,进一步推进农村改水改厕工作。     

2018年重庆市南川区农村环境卫生调查

目的了解重庆市南川区农村环境卫生状况,为政府部门制定改善农村环境卫生的政策提供依据。方法 2018年采用简单随机抽样方法抽取重庆市南川区5个乡镇、20个行政村(非城关)100户家庭开展环境卫生调查,通过国家农村环境卫生监测报告系统收集数据。结果重庆市南川区农村人口垃圾处理和污水处理覆盖率分别为36.9%和34.6%,监测村集中式供水覆盖率为37.9%,以柴、煤为燃料监测户占52.0%,卫生厕所占63.0%(63/100),非卫生厕所粪便处理方式以直接施肥为主(占81.1%,30/37),农药使用率达79.0%,土壤中镉超标率为50.0%(10/20)。结论重庆市南川区农村环境卫生垃圾处理、污水处理和集中式供水覆盖率较低,燃料仍以污染型为主;卫生厕所占比不高,粪便用于直接施肥存在微生物污染风险;农药使用率仍处于高位,土壤中镉超标率较高。建议政府加大环境卫生经费投入,改善环境卫生基础设施及条件,通过宣传教育,促进大众形成健康行为,并加强对土壤中镉的监测。     

2016—2020年广西壮族自治区农村户厕及粪便处理监测结果分析

目的 了解新时期广西壮族自治区农村居民户厕及粪便处理现状,为政府进一步改善农村人居环境提供科学依据。方法 采取分层整群抽样的方法,于2016—2020年选择本区29个县580个行政村的部分农村居民进行户厕及粪便处理情况调查,同时采集农田土壤开展蛔虫卵检测。结果 2016—2020年本区农村卫生厕所普及率从83.54%提高到94.34%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=34 183.773,P=0.00);非卫生厕所从14.10%降低到5.10%;无厕户从2.36%降低到0.56%。各种类型的无害化卫生厕所中,主要以三格式化粪池厕所为主,所占比例从2016年的82.09%提高到89.05%;沼气池式卫生厕所比例则从2016年的16.62%下降到2020年的4.57%。农村户厕粪便排放方式主要是排入沟塘河道,占42.46%;其次是进入排水系统,占26.23%;粪便利用率为31.31%。农田土壤蛔虫卵活卵检出率整体上呈现逐年下降的趋势,从2016年的26.03%降到2020年的9.66%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=19.900,P<0.001)。结论 ...     

兰州市2013年农村环境卫生状况监测分析

目的掌握兰州市农村环境卫生现况。方法按照分层随机抽样的方法从兰州市3个区县中选取5个乡镇60个村600个农户。调查垃圾、污水、厕所及粪便无害化情况,进行病媒生物监测及土壤监测。统计方法采用一般描述性研究。结果调查60个村,31.67%的调查村生活垃圾为随意堆放,83.33%的调查村生活污水明沟排放,使用卫生户厕的占18.11%;调查600户居民,29.67%的农户粪便无害化处理,67.50%的农户房屋周围存在病媒生物滋生地;共检测60份土壤,检出蛔虫卵10份,其中活卵2份;土壤中铅、汞、铬和砷的含量均合格,镉的含量合格率为98.33%,其中有1份样本不合格。结论兰州市农村垃圾和污水处理较差,卫生厕所普及率较低,粪便无害化处理差,病媒生物孳生严重,应加快公共卫生干预措施。     

鄂州市农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

[目的]了解鄂州市农村饮用水、改厕、垃圾、污水排放现状,为制定鄂州市农村发展规划、建设社会主义新农村提供科学依据.[方法]在摸清全市农村饮用水基本情况的基础上,依照不同水源和不同供水方式按比例分层随机抽取3区10个村为水质监测点,水质监测点所在的行政村为环境卫生现状调查村.[结果]鄂州市农村居民饮用水微生物指标超标率为80%;非卫生厕所占76.51%,且以不渗漏旱厕为主;垃圾和污水主要来源于生活性,垃圾均为收集后直接再利用,污水几乎全部排放到坑塘和农田.[结论]鄂州市农村饮用水水质超标严重(尤其是微生物指标),无害化卫生厕所普及率低,垃圾和污水未经任何处理直接排放,农村环境卫生状况较差.     

贵阳市农村环境卫生健康危害因素调查分析

目的:掌握贵阳市农村环境卫生现状和健康危害因素水平。方法:采用现场调查、病媒生物和土壤检测等方法。结果:调查农村卫生厕所覆盖率为66.6%,集中式供水覆盖率为73.1%;63.3%的生活污水随意排放;生活垃圾收集方式为随意堆放的占56.7%;土壤中铅含量二级的占10.0%,镉含量为二级的占63.3%,蛔虫卵的成活率和检出率分别均达90.0%以上。结论:贵阳市部分地区农村环境卫生现状不容乐观,农村家庭生活垃圾和生活污水缺乏管理,农村家庭厨房卫生状况不佳,农村环境卫生状况亟待改善。     

成都市农村环境卫生调查与分析

目的 了解成都市农村环境卫生状况,为改善农村环境提供依据.方法 于2011-07/08分层随机抽取成都市3个县,15个乡镇,60个行政村300户农户进行农村环境卫生学调查并采集土壤样品进行检测.结果 成都市农村无害化卫生厕所覆盖率56.2％;生活污水经处理后排放比例为28.3％,有41.7％的生活污水直接排入河流;86.0％的农户住房周围有病媒生物孳生地;农户厨房及周围病媒生物密度均远高于病媒生物控制标准;土壤中活蛔虫卵检出率43.3％;土壤中铅、镉分别有85.0％和63.3％的样点超过国家土壤环境质量标准1级水平,其中镉有28.3％的样点超过2级标准.结论 成都市农村生活污水和粪便无害化处理率较低,农户住房周围病媒生物孳生地比例较高,土壤中铅、镉含量较高.     

兰溪市农村环境卫生现况调查

目的调查评估兰溪市农村环境卫生现状,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法于2016年采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取兰溪市20个行政村和100户家庭进行访谈和现场观察,对垃圾及污水处理、厕所与粪便无害化、病媒生物防制和土壤卫生等状况进行分析。结果 95.11%的农村居民采用集中式供水,55.00%的村对生活垃圾进行统一处理,5.00%的村生活污水随意排放,75.00%的村生活污水排放到污水处理厂,村卫生厕所普及率为77.78%。19个村未展开过灭蝇、灭蚊、灭蟑和灭鼠工作;49.00%的家庭厨房内发现苍蝇,22.00%的家庭厨房内发现鼠迹,21.00%的家庭厨房内发现蟑螂成若虫;37.00%的家庭周围有积水容器,其中23.00%的积水容器中发现蚊虫幼虫。20份土壤样本平均蛔虫卵数为0.26个/g,活卵个数为0个/g;土壤铅、铬含量合格率均为100.00%,镉含量合格率为30.00%。结论兰溪市农村环境卫生状况总体不容乐观,存在垃圾和污水处理不规范、卫生厕所普及率不高、病媒生物未控制及土壤镉污染等问题。     

吉林省农村环境卫生现状及防治对策研究(以绿园区为例)

目的了解吉林省农村环境卫生现状,为制定本省农村饮用水安全发展规划及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法在绿园区下发全国统一的农村饮用水与环境卫生调查表,组织专业人员在全区农村进行改厕情况调查,并随机选取10个村进行垃圾、污水情况调查。结果全区非卫生厕所占农村总户数98.73%,卫生厕所占1.27%;10个调查村生活垃圾总量719 t月/,污水总量59 883 t月/,生活性污水占污水总量92.35%,生产性污水占7.65%。结论吉林省(以绿园区为例)农村卫生厕所普及率极低;垃圾收集后全部以填埋的方式处理,无回收直接再利用;污水全部以明沟排放至坑塘,10个调查村均无污水处理厂。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.