基于TOPSIS法的湖南省基层医疗机构医疗服务能力评价研究

目的:了解湖南省基层医疗机构医疗服务能力状况。方法:运用TOPSIS法对2008—2018年湖南省基层医疗机构医疗服务状况进行综合评价研究。结果:以相对贴近度的大小,对湖南省2008—2018年基层医疗机构医疗服务能力进行排序,从高到低依次为:2017年、2018年、2015年、2016年、2013年、2012年、2014年、2011年、2010年、2009年、2008年。结论:湖南省基层医疗机构医疗服务能力在10年间整体呈良好发展趋势,但基础设施和医疗服务水平还有待提高。     

目标与关键成果法在提升医联体基层卫生服务能力中的实践与探索

目的在医联体管理中引入目标与关键成果法（OKR）,以提升基层医疗卫生服务能力和水平。方法在天津某区域医联体内实施OKR,基于OKR标准实施流程,构建基层医疗服务能力评价标准体系,制定相关的考核指标,发挥沟通优势,并做好监督和持续改进。结果基层医疗机构在基本医疗服务、公共卫生服务能力和患者满意度方面均取得了显著提升。结论OKR模式可丰富医疗机构管理手段,为提升医疗机构精细化管理水平,实现高质量发展提供了工具。     

我国基层医疗机构服务能力弱化的体制探源

看病难看病贵源于越级诊疗,越级诊疗源于基层医疗服务能力弱化。新医改以来,国家的大量投入,反而导致基层医疗服务能力弱化。探索基层医疗服务能力弱化的体制根源,才能寻找到增强基层医疗机构服务能力的现实路径。增强基层医疗机构服务能力,是实施分级医疗的必由之路。医疗机构行政化制约着基层医疗机构服务能力提升,行政化根源在于现行的医疗卫生体制。只有从体制改革入手,实现基层医疗机构去行政化,才能增强基层医疗机构服务能力。     

成都市各级医疗机构主要就诊病种分析

目的通过分析成都市各级医疗机构门诊患者常见病、多发病就诊情况,了解当前成都地区的诊疗现状,为完善分级诊疗制度提供依据。方法依据ICD-10国际疾病分类标准采用随机抽样方法,对成都市2家市级医院和6个区的区级、基层医疗机构的门诊病案进行抽样分析得到2016年成都市各级医疗机构主要就诊病种情况。结果成都市各级医疗机构就诊常见病主要以高血压、Ⅱ型糖尿病、上呼吸道感染等为主,市、区级医院功能定位不明确,基层医疗机构服务能力低下。结论明确各级医疗机构功能服务定位,切实提高基层医疗机构服务能力,重视杠杆作用可促进疾病病种合理分布。     

基于速度特征的动态评价方法对我国基层医疗卫生服务能力综合评价研究

目的 对新医改以来我国基层医疗服务能力发展状况进行总体评价,推进我国基层医疗服务能力发展。方法 从基层医疗机构的基础条件、医生能力和服务效果等角度遴选10项评价指标。首先运用熵值法-Topsis综合评价法得到2010—2018年各年度我国各省基层医疗服务能力静态评价值;其次,利用构建的具有速度特征的动态评价方法,得到各省基层医疗服务能力动态评价值。结果 我国基层医疗服务能力动态评价值排名前十的省份有:安徽、湖北、广东等地区,这些省域的动态评价值为正值,表示这些区域的基层医疗服务能力趋于优化;而上海、天津、浙江、北京等地区排名后六,且动态评价值为负值,表示这些区域的基层医疗服务能力具有退化趋势。结论 融合速度特征的动态评价方法能够较为客观的评价出一段时间内我国基层医疗结构服务能力的变化趋势,得到的结果可为决策层制定相关政策,促进医疗资源的合理布局及基层医疗服务能力提升,提供重要参考。     

广西推进分级诊疗存在的问题与对策

目的了解广西市、县、乡、村四级医疗机构分工协作情况,为进一步推进分级诊疗工作提供建议。方法现场调查四级医疗机构卫生资源分布、医疗服务能力、单病种费用、新农合报销情况。结果基层医疗机构卫生资源不足,基层医疗机构服务能力不适应分级诊疗的需要,各级医疗机构费用相差较大。结论实行基层首诊,双向转诊制度,通过加强基层医疗机构建设,提升基层医疗机构服务能力,明确各级医疗机构功能定位,改革支付方式和调整医疗服务价格,以经济手段引导病人首诊在基层。     

紧密型医联体提升基层医疗服务能力的实践与探索

目的探索紧密型医联体下提升基层医疗机构服务能力的方法和途径。方法对紧密型医联体医疗集团成立以来,全面提升基层医疗机构服务能力的具体实践探索活动进行总结、分析和提炼。结果经过3年多的改革实践,取得了留住基层人才、增强服务能力、提升医疗质量、赢得群众满意的初步成效。结论紧密型医联体为基层医疗机构发展提供了机遇,通过健康服务共同体建设、医保打包付费、优势资源下沉、绩效考核和信息化平台建设等举措,可以有效提升基层医疗机构服务能力。     

成都市某医联体内基层医疗机构发展现状研究

目的分析医联体内基层医疗机构的实际效果,为成都市医联体的进一步发展提供参考依据。方法运用TOPSIS法对医联体与非医联体的各11家基层医疗机构的相关情况进行综合对比分析。结果基层医疗机构在加入医联体后综合效益(0.6295)有所提升,超过了非医联体(0.6262)。结论医联体对基层医疗机构的发展有一定的促进作用,但未做到精准帮扶,相关政策配套措施有待完善。     

基层医生视角下贵州省基层医疗机构服务能力提升路径探讨*

目的基于贵州省基层医疗机构医生的视角,探讨基层医疗机构服务能力提升的政策建议。方法采用分层随机抽样方法对贵州省基层医疗机构医生进行问卷调查。结果 50.5%的医生认为基层医疗机构的医疗服务水平不能满足患者健康需求,86.1%的医生对提升基层医疗机构服务能力有很高的认同度,86.6%的医生认为基层医疗机构非常或比较有必要接受上级医院的帮扶,84.7%的医生认为上级医院的帮扶极其有利;还有部分医生认为现阶段基层医疗机构仍存在基础服务设施和医疗设备难以满足患者需求、医疗人才数量和质量均不高以及医务人员积极性不高等问题。结论建议从人才培养、财政扶持、上级医院帮扶、政策和制度落实等方面入手提升基层医疗机构服务能力。     

分级诊疗背景下成都市不同圈层医疗资源分布与利用分析

目的:通过分析成都市三圈层医疗资源分布与利用的历年变化情况,探讨分级诊疗政策的效果以及影响因素,为促进该市分级诊疗政策的有效实施提供政策建议。方法:利用近年四川省卫生统计年鉴等数据,以三个圈层人口医疗机构数以及总诊疗人次、院均诊疗人次、诊疗人次相对比作为分析指标,进行相应统计学分析。结果:成都市医疗资源分布呈"波浪形",优质医疗资源分布尤为不均衡;各圈层间医疗资源利用程度差异明显,第二圈层利用度相对最低;医疗机构间资源利用度不平衡,基层医疗卫生机构"受冷落"加剧;成都市分级诊疗实施效果有待提升。建议:在优化顶层设计、转诊激励机制、基层医疗服务能力、信息化建设等问题的基础上,结合成都市实际情况,进一步规范各级医疗机构功能定位,将中心圈层和第二圈层的医疗资源统筹合并发展,深化打造第三圈层"县域龙头"和"健康守门人",进一步推动"小病就近看,大病不出县"的实现。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.