硫酸钡血管造影术的优化

目的 试图优化硫酸钡的血管造影效果,使之能替代有毒的氧化铅。方法 45只SD大鼠,应用不同性状的硫酸钡、不同的载体,制备不同配比的溶液。并调整硫酸钡X线造影参数,进行对比试验。结果 筛选出硫酸钡血管造影术的最佳配方为：硫酸钡27 g,乳胶10 ml,水20 ml,温度20℃,灌注量20～30　ml/300 g。结论 优化后的硫酸钡灌注血管造影成像效果有显著提高,可达到氧化铅血管造影的效果,且因硫酸钡无毒,不失为一种安全有效的血管形态学研究途径。     

氧化铅悬浊液灌注法在血管研究中的应用

目的:探讨用氧化铅悬浊液进行动脉灌注造影的方法和效果。方法:在X线透视下,测量不同浓度的氧化铅悬浊液沉降速率及灌注压强,并用Wistar大鼠行动脉灌注,然后行X线照像和血管解剖。结果:氧化铅悬浊液最佳浓度为:氧化铅与生理盐水质量容量比100g:50ml,灌注后的标本在X线下全身动脉显影清晰,动脉解剖显示清楚饱满。结论:氧化铅悬浊液灌注法操作简单、安全、成功率高,是研究器官与组织瓣血管分布的较有价值的方法之一。     

X线填充剂新载体羧甲基纤维素最佳配比的实验研究

目的：研究一种适宜于标本管道灌注后X线摄影和CT扫描三维成像的新型X线填充剂载体。方法：（1）6％、8％、10％、和12％羧甲基纤维素水溶液和4种不同比例的氧化铅／水：50g／L，100g／L，150g／L，200g／L，按正交设计调配成16种氧化铅／羧甲基纤维素水溶液配比悬浮液，做成20ml棒状铸件封装行CT扫描，以获得最佳配比。（2）使用最佳氧化铅／羧甲基纤维素配比悬浮液，进行SD大鼠全身血管灌注后，摄X线片和CT扫描三维成像。结果：SD大鼠X线摄影血管清晰，填充良好，光滑连续；小血管显示良好。血管三维图像主干及大分支饱满清晰，立体感强；边缘连续平滑，无齿状伪影；小血管显示三级以上。结论：最佳氧化铅／羧甲基纤维素配比：羧甲基纤维素的水溶液浓度为12％、氧化铅／羧甲基纤维素的配比为200g／L，羧甲基纤维素／氧化铅水凝胶可作为一种适宜于标本管道灌注后X线摄影和CT扫描三维成像的新型X线填充剂。     

大鼠动脉三维模型的构建和显示动脉精度的测量

目的:寻求快捷方便的动脉系统三维模型的构建方法,并测量其所能显示最细动脉管径,为穿支动脉的空间解剖研究提供条件。方法:选用SD大鼠,采用氧化铅-明胶灌注技术进行动脉灌注,螺旋CT扫描获得原始图像,导入Mimics软件构建大鼠动脉系统三维模型。根据动脉三维模型,定位所能显示的动脉远端,测量其直径,计算其平均值。结果:建立精确的大鼠动脉系统的三维模型,模型所能显示最细动脉直径为(0.65±0.16)mm。结论:通过氧化铅-明胶灌注、CT扫描和Mimics软件处理可精确、快捷的建立大鼠动脉系统的三维模型。该方法能够显示直径0.5～1mm左右的小动脉,为人体穿支动脉的空间解剖学研究提供了技术平台。     

穿支体区血管及其相互间吻合的3D可视化研究

目的　对穿支体区血管及其相互间的吻合情况进行综合分析,为穿支皮瓣的应用提供解剖学依据。 方法　使用改良的明胶--氧化铅血管造影技术,灌注新鲜尸体标本10具。使用螺旋CT进行扫描并通过相应的软件存储扫描得到的图像,选择下腹部和小腿外侧皮瓣供区,应用交互式的医学影像控制系统(Mimics)进行3D可视化研究。 结果　三维重建的各部位层次分明、穿支体区间小血管的清晰度好,穿支体区间的血管吻合有3种类型,2个层次。而且可对不同层次分别进行透明、不同穿支体分别配色或提取等专业化处理。 结论　① 应用Mimics可以非常方便地对穿支体区及其相互间血管的吻合情况进行综合分析;②穿支皮瓣血供方式与传统轴型皮瓣有异。     

过氯乙烯/氧化铅填充剂在兔肾血管铸型中的应用

目的探索一种适用于兔肾血管铸型的过氯乙烯/氧化铅填充材料。方法取20%和25%过氯乙烯溶液各100mL,将20g氧化铅各一份溶于其中,配制成20%和25%的过氯乙烯/氧化铅填充剂,两种浓度的填充剂各选择6只正常家兔进行肾动脉灌注。结果20%过氯乙烯/氧化铅灌注的肾动脉显示过于密集,粗糙,欠饱满,25%过氯乙烯/氧化铅铸型标本管道饱满,粗细、疏密合理,结构显示清晰、连续、完整。结论25%过氯乙烯/氧化铅填充剂进行肾血管灌注,铸型效果好,灌注方法简便,能达到预期效果。     

应用高分辨率显微CT进行大鼠周围神经微血管三维可视化研究

目的 探讨采用高分辨率显微CT（Micro-CT）研究大鼠周围神经微血管三维构筑的可行性,比较两种不同的造影剂对成像效果的影响。
方法 SD大鼠40只,随机分为2组,分别灌注明胶-氧化铅和Microfil,取大鼠两侧坐骨神经行Micro-CT扫描,同时设定电压30kVP、功率40W作为
成像时的最佳能量参数。将扫描得到的断层图像转变为Dicom格式输出至个人电脑,利用Mimics 10.0软件对其进行三维重建。结果 将灌注不同
造影剂后得到的标本图片分别从大体和三维两个方面进行对照,发明明胶-氧化铅的造影效果明显优于Microfil;Micro-CT在扫描重建时呈现出低
耗时、低变化以及高清晰度的特点。结论 Microfil 在灌注微血管造影时存在者灌注压力要求高、成像质量差等缺点,而传统的明胶-氧化铅在
微血管造影上仍有其独到的优越性;Micro-CT不失为一种研究大鼠周围神经微血管三维构筑的好方法。     

人体血管三维可视化

目的:探讨用羧甲基纤维素-氧化铅作填充剂的灌注技术在血管造影及血管的三维可视化的可行性。方法:应用羧甲基纤维素作为氧化铅造影剂的载体,配制成羧甲基纤维素-氧化铅填充剂,选择人体新鲜标本,进行全身动脉灌注,然后进行普通X线摄片和CT扫描。结果:标本经X线扫描可得到清晰的动脉成像。以0·625mm层距行CT连续扫描显示:动脉及大分支显影均匀,血管影像无"毛刺"、"空泡"等现象。利用Mimics 10·01获得非常清晰的血管三维重建图像,边缘光滑、层次分明。结论:以羧甲基纤维素-氧化铅作填充剂的灌注技术可使X线摄影和CT扫描在标本上获得高质量的血管影像。此法简便易行,可为标本血管三维重建提供理想技术支持基础。     

腹壁穿支血管3D可视化模型的构建及意义

目的构建腹壁皮穿支血管3D可视化模型,展示该部位皮穿支血管立体空间结构,从而概括性的评价腹壁及跨区穿支皮瓣的扩展机制,为临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 4例男性新鲜尸体动脉血管聚乙烯醇-氧化铈造影灌注,2例女性新鲜尸体动脉血管明胶-氧化铅一次性全身整体造影灌注,64排螺旋CT无间距扫描采集数据集以DICOM格式储存于计算机中,利用＂交互式医学影像控制系统（MIMICS10.01）＂、3D-Doctor对腹壁穿支血管进行渲染、提取、定位、配准与数字化构建。结果腹壁穿支血管3D可视化虚拟模型形象逼真,立体空间感强,腹壁穿支血管的位置、来源、数量、管径、走行、营养区域、分支及其相互吻合的情况清晰可见。结论构建高清腹壁穿支血管3D可视化模型,在此模型研究基础上可设计截取多种形式的跨区穿支皮瓣。     

应用放射造影术进行血管3D可视化研究初探

目的：探索一种新的、更精细且简便易行的血管3D可视化研究技术。方法：利用改良的明胶．氧化铅血管标识技术更精细的标识动脉血管，CT扫描后应用3D．Doctor（演示版）软件经计算机处理以获得三维数码图像。结果：利用3D．Doctor获得了非常清晰的血管三维重建图像，诸如大脑前动脉的分支，耳前、耳后动脉，耳动脉的三级分支等小血管均清晰可辨。结论：应用氧化铅标识血管后，可非常方便地对血管进行定位，分割与配准等3D可视化研究。较之其它的三维重建方法而言，此法简便易行、快捷，可在几分钟内轻松地完成局部血管的三维重建。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.