成都市龙泉驿区2011-2015年手足口病流行特征分析

目的 对四川省成都市龙泉驿区2011-2015年手足口病流行特征进行分析,为今后制定和修改防控策略提供依据.方法 对龙泉驿区2011-2015年手足口病监测资料进行描述性统计分析及时间和空间扫描统计分析.结果 龙泉驿区5年间共报告手足口病病例9 067例,年平均发病率210.83/105;重症病例241例,占病例总数的2.66％,死亡2例.1-3岁散居儿童为该病的高发人群.4-7月和10-12月是发病的高峰月份.EV71是重症病例和死亡病例的主要病原体.聚集性疫情主要集中于幼托机构,市级幼儿园聚集性疫情发生最少.结论 2011-2015年龙泉驿区手足口病发病水平呈逐年增高趋势,应重点加强散居儿童的社区防控力度,落实幼托机构的防控措施.     

2007-2012年北京市手足口病流行病学研究

目的 对2007-2012年北京市手足口病进行流行病学和病原学分析,为手足口病防控提供科学依据.方法 利用2007-2012年手足口病监测数据对其进行流行病学研究.结果 2007-2012年北京市手足口病流行呈现周期性趋势,北京市手足口病高发区域呈环形带分布,中心城区和远郊区县病例数少,近郊区和城区结合部报告病例数多.患者发病时间以4-9月份为主,高峰集中在5-7月份.病例发病年龄以5岁及以下儿童为主;本市户籍和外省户籍手足口病病例比为1.70∶1;散居儿童手足口病例中重症病例构成比和死亡例数高于幼托儿童.EV71和CoxA16为手足口病的主要病原体,CoxA16在重症病例和死亡病例中所占比例较低,而EV71所占比例较高,其他肠道病毒在重症病例中也占较高比例.结论 北京市手足口病发病呈现周期性变化,应加强城乡结合部、流动人口聚居地5岁以下儿童,特别是散居儿童手足口病防病知识宣传.     

湖南省祁阳县2012-2015年手足口病流行病学特征及防制策略研究

目的 分析湖南省祁阳县2012-2015年手足口病的流行病学特征,探索影响手足口病的影响因素,为调整控制策略提供依据.方法 运用SPSS 13.0软件对2012-2015年手足口病数据进行统计分析.结果 祁阳县2012-2015年共报告手足口病病例3 430例,年均发病率80.90/10万.病例发病时间集中分布在5-6月,占病例总数的44.99％.病例年龄最小的为3个月,最大的为17岁,0～5岁年龄组占发病数的94.08％,男女性别比为1.9:1.散居儿童占发病总数的91.05％.乡村高于城镇,其差异有统计学意义.致病病原体EV71、CoxA 16和其他肠道病毒同时存在,以EV71为主,占总数的50.49％.死亡病例2例均为EV71感染.结论 2012-2015年祁阳县手足口病发病水平呈逐年增高趋势,应重点加强对散居儿童的防控力度.     

湖北省宜昌市2008—2012年手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的分析湖北省宜昌市2008—2012年手足口病疫情流行特征,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法,对宜昌市2008—2012年手足口病发病情况和病原检测情况进行分析。结果2008—2012年宜昌市报告手足口病20774例,年均报告发病率为104．80／10万,重症2例,无死亡病例报告。主要集中在0~6岁儿童,占总病例数的92．19％（19152／20774）。男性发病率为121．53／10万,高于女性的86．99／10万,差异有统计学意义（X2=564．423,P〈0．01）。宜昌市5个市辖区年均报告发病率为134．57／10万,高于其余8个农村县市的89．83／10万,差异有统计学意义（x2=843．08,P〈0．01）。职业分布以散居儿童（46．99％）和幼托儿童（46．62％）为主;发病高峰为4—7月,次高峰11—12月。实验室确诊占报告总病例的3．32％（689／20774）,样本检测阳性率60．12％（689／1146）。确诊病例中,EV71型（220例）占31．93％,CoxAl6型（271例）占39．33％,其他肠道病毒（198例）占28．74％。结论宜昌市手足口病发病有明显的季节、地区、年龄、性别差异,发病逐年上升。应加强疫情监测和宣传教育力度,有针对性落实重点季节、重点地区、重点人群、重点环节防控措施是防控手足口疫情的关键。     

2010年广东省云浮市手足口病流行病学分析

目的了解云浮市2010年手足口病流行病学特征。方法对国家疾病监测信息管理系统监测的2010年云浮市手足口病发病情况进行描述性流行病学分析。结果云浮市2010年累计报告手足口病病例为7262例,发病率为299.33/10万。其中城镇发病2938例,发病率为401.58/10万,农村发病4324例,发病率为254.45/10万,城镇发病率高于农村（P〈0.01）;男性发病率为381.39/10万,女性发病率为208.86/10万,男女发病率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;发病以低年龄组为主,5岁以下年龄组发病6047例,占83.27%,各年龄段发病率差异有统计学意义;职业分布以散居儿童为主,共报告散居儿童6050例,占83.31%;3-7月份为发病高峰,共报告3699例,占病例总数的50.94%,10月份有一个次高峰,报告病例数664例,占病例总数的9.14%。结论云浮市手足口病发病率较高,存在明显的季节、地区、性别、年龄差异,防控重点是5岁以内的散居儿童;开展手足口病的流行病学和病原学研究,将有助于制定更好的预防和控制措施。     

北京市2007-2010年手足口病流行特征分析

目的 通过对2007-2010年北京市手足口病流行病学和病原学特征进行分析,为手足口病防控工作提供依据.方法采用描述性流行病学方法,对北京市2007-2010年手足口病监测数据进行分析,率的比较采用x2检验.结果北京市2007-2010年报告病例数分别为11012例、18445例、24483例和45409例,报告死亡例数分别为0例、2例、4例和18例,报告发病率分别为69.65/10万、112.90/10万、144.44/10万、258.74/10万.流动人口聚集区报告发病例数较多;四季均有病例报告,但以夏秋季为主,5-7月份为发病高峰;发病年龄以5岁及以下儿童为主;男性儿童发病高于女性儿童;散居儿童死亡例数高于幼托儿童.EV71和CoxA16为手足口病的主要致病病原体,EV71病毒均为C4基因型.结论北京市报告手足口病病例数早逐年增加趋势.每年夏秋季节,应加强对5岁以下儿童手足口病的防控工作,流动人口聚居区散居儿童是防控的重中之重.     

2012年河北省邢台市手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2012年河北省邢台市手足口病病例流行病学特征,为有效控制手足口病疫情提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学分析方法对2012年邢台市手足口病病例资料进行分析.结果 2012年河北省邢台市累计报告手足口病病例593例,发病率为8.35/10万.城镇人口发病率(0.99/10万)高于农村人口发病率(7.37/10万),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).重症患者73例(12.31％).死亡病例1例,病死率为0.17％.4-5月发病人数占全年患者总数的52.95％.5岁以下患者占97.47％.593份标本中检出肠道病毒阳性 436例,阳性率为73.52％,其中CoxA16阳性137例,EV71阳性228例,其他肠道病毒71例,分别占标本总数的23.10％、38.45％和11.97％.结论 邢台市手足口病发病率农村高于城市,患者主要为5岁以下儿童,4-5月为发病高峰.手足口病在短时期内可造成较大范围的流行,应加强疫情监测和对高危人群的健康教育.     

亳州市2009-2013年手足口病流行病学分析

目的分析亳州市手足口病流行特征,为防控工作提供依据。方法根据中国疾病预防控制信息系统中手足口病发病统计数据,采用描述流行病学方法对亳州市2009-2013年手足口病发病资料进行分析。结果 2009-2013年亳州市共报告手足口病27 088例,年发病率在69.79/10万至109.36/10万之间;全年各月份均有病例报告,发病主要集中在3-6月份（54.60%）;性别比为1.84∶1,1~3岁年龄组占发病总数的80.49%,以散居儿童为主,占95.72%,病原学检测EV71病毒占70.67%。结论亳州市手足口病疫情3-6月份为发病高峰,病原学以EV71病毒为主,加强监测、宣传教育是减少手足口发病的重要措施。     

2007-2015年北京市密云区手足口病流行特征分析

目的 分析2007-2015年密云区手足口病流行病学特征,为调整防控措施提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法,对密云区2007-2015年手足口病监测数据进行分析.结果 2007-2015年密云区手足口病报告发病数及发病率每2-3年有一发病高峰,发病时间以4-9月份为主;手足口病高发地区主要为城区及城乡结合部的平原地区;患者以5岁以下儿童为主;男童病例数高于女童;EV71和CVA16为手足口病的主要致病病原体.结论 密云区手足口病报告发病数及发病率呈周期性波动趋势,幼托儿童和散居儿童为手足口病高发人群,城区及城乡结合部的平原地区是手足口病防控的重点区域.     

东莞市2009-2010年手足口病疫情分析及防治对策探讨

目的了解东莞市2009-2010年手足口病疫情的流行病学特点,为今后的防控工作提出对策。方法对东莞市2009-2010年手足口病疫情资料采用描述流行病学方法进行分析,对患者的咽拭子或粪便标本采用RT-PCR法进行肠道病毒核酸检测和病毒分型。结果东莞市2009年和2010年分别报告手足口病9263例和22721例,发病率分别为127.34/10万和373.28/10万。5岁以下婴幼儿分别占当年报告病例的91.68%和92.15%;散居儿童分别占当年报告病例的78.26%和73.58%;男性分别占当年报告病例的65.29%和65.27%;每年的4月份和10月份有2个发病高峰,前者为全年的发病高峰;暴发疫情均发生在托幼机构;分别有49.30%和53.65%的病例由EV71引起,所有死亡病例均由EV71引起。健康人群肠道病毒隐性感染率为11.67%,感染的主要病原体为其他肠道病毒（95.24%）。结论东莞市2010年手足口病流行强度大于2009年;应重点做好手足口病的病原学监测及5岁以下散居儿童和托幼机构的手足口病防治工作。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.