Questions and Answers in Lecture 12

1.Whatistheregulationofthedistributionoftheauricularpoints?Auricularpontsaredistributedontheadricleinacertainpattern.Theadricleisliketheproectionofaninvertedfetuswiththeheaddownwardandthebuttockupward.Generallyspeaking,thepointslocatedonthelobearerelatedtotheheadandfacialregion,thoseonthescaphatotheupperlimb,thoseontheantihelixanditstwocruratothetrunkandfowerlimb,thoseinthecavumconchaeandcymbaconchaetotheinternalorgans.2.Whatisthereactivepointoftheearacupuncture?Thereactivepointreferstothatth…     

Questions and Answers in Lecture 9

1-StatethelocationandclinicalapplicationofHuatuoJiaiipoints.Location:HuatuoJiajipointsareO.5cunlateraltotheposteriormidlinefromT1toL5,bilaterally34points.ClinicalAPplication:HuatuoJiajipointshavewideclinicalindications,includingdiseasesofthejointsofsPinal…     

Questions and Answers in Lecture Four

1.WhatisthedifferenceofthedistributionordersofthethreefootYinmeridiansbelowandabovetheknee?Belowtheknee,Jueyinisinthefront,TaiyinisinthemiddleandShaoyinisattheback.Abovetheknee,Taiyinisinthefront,JueyinisinthemiddleandShaoyinisattheback.2.PleasesummarizetheindicationsofpointSanyinjiao(SP6).Sanyinjiao(SP6)isusedforthefollowingdiseases:indigestion,diarrhea,abdominaldistensionorpain,irregularmenstruation,dysmenorrhea,amenorrhea,uterinebleeding,excessiveleukorrhea,difficultlabour,impotence,se…     

Questions and Answers in Lecture 3

1. Whick are the treatmental principles of acupuncture ?(1) Reinforcing techniques are used for de-ficiency syndromes and reducing techniques areused for excess syndromes.(2) Clearing method is used for heat syn-dromes and warming method is used for coldsyndromes.     

Questions and Answers in Lecture 21

1 .ＷｈａｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅｉｓＭｅｌａｎｃｈｏｌｙ?Ｍｅｌａｎｃｈｏｌｙｉｓａｇｅｎｅｒａｌｔｅｒｍｆｏｒｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｅｍｏｔｉｏｎａｌｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｎｄｓｔａｇｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｑｉ.Ａｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒｏｆｑｉｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｃａｎｄｉｓｔｕｒｂｔｈｅｂｌｏｏｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｍａｎｙｐａｔｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｗｉｌｌｏｃｃｕｒ.Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｏｎｌｙｈｙｓｔｅｒｉａｉｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ .Ｔｏｔｒｅａｔｈｅａｄａｃｈｅ ,ｉｎｓ…     

Questions and Answers in Lecture 8

1.WhytheRenmeridianiscalled"theseaofYinmeridians"andtheDumeridianiscalled"theseaofYangmeridians"?TheRenmeridiandistributedontheanteriormidlineanditsQiisconnectedwiththeYinmeridiansofhandandfoot.ThethreefortYinmeridiansmeettheRenmeridianatZhongji(CV3)andGu…     

TCM-based new drug discovery and development in China

Over the past 30 years, China has significantly improved the drug development environment by establishing a se- ries of policies for the regulation of new drug approval. The regulatory system for new drug evaluation and registration in China was gradually developed in accordance with international standards. The approval and registration of TCM in China became as strict as those of chemical drugs and biological products. In this review, TCM-based new drug discovery and development are in- troduced according to the TCM classification of nine categories.     

Effect of electroacupuncture and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on anxiety and depression in patients with crohn’s disease in remission

Objective

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion on anxiety and depression in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) in remission.

Methods

Sixty CD cases were randomly allocated into an EA group (n=30) and an herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion group (n=30) using the random number table by the ratio of 1:1. In addition, 30 healthy subjects were included in a control group. Bilateral Tianshu (ST 25), Qihai (CV 6) and Zhongwan (CV 12) were used in the EA and herbal cakepartitioned moxibustion groups. The treatment was done 3 times a week, for a total of 12 weeks. The efficacy was evaluated using self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom scores.

Results

Before treatment, the SAS and SDS scores in CD patients were remarkably higher than those in healthy subjects. After EA or herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion treatment, the SAS and SDS scores were significantly decreased in both groups, showing significant intra-group differences (P<0.05); the symptom scores of abdominal pain (severity, frequency and duration), bowel sounds/flatus and general fatigue were significantly decreased, showing significant intra-group differences (P<0.05); however, there were no between-group statistical differences (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Both EA and herbal cake-partitioned moxibustion can significantly decrease abnormally high SAS and SDS scores in CD patients as well as TCM symptom scores. The two therapies share similar effects in alleviating common symptoms and improving anxiety and depression.

     

Shoulder Pain： Diagnosis and Management in Primary Care

Mixed shoulder disorders are common, and overdifferentiation of diagnostic categories does not alter largely conservative management in primary care.
Self help advice, including relative rest and attemion to occupational, sporting, or other physical contributory factors, should be offered as well as analgesics.
The evidence for common interventions such as steroids and physiotherapy is relatively weak.     

Effects of puerarin on stiffness in myocardium and expression of collagen type Ⅰand Ⅲ in diastole heart failure rat models

目的 研究葛根素对舒张性心力衰竭(distolic heart failure,DHF)大鼠心肌僵硬度和心肌组织Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原表达的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠腹主动脉缩窄法建立DHF模型,术后4周,随机分为4组(n=10),模型组,葛根素高、中、低剂量组(180、120、80 mg/kg),另有假手术组10只.连续给予相应处理4周后,通过十六导生理记录仪测量所得的血流动力学指标计算大鼠心肌僵硬度常数(K),并应用免疫组化法测定心肌组织Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达.结果 与模型组比较,葛根素高剂量组K值无变化(P＞0.05),中剂量组K值显著低于模型组(P＜0.01),低剂量组K值明显低于模型组(P＜0.05).与模型组比较,葛根素高剂量组心肌Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达明显减弱(P＜0.05),心肌Ⅲ型胶原表达明显增强(P＜0.05):中剂量组心肌Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达显著减弱(P＜0.01),心肌Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达显著增强(P＜0.01):低剂量组心肌1型胶原蛋白表达明显减弱(P＜0.05),心肌Ⅲ型胶原表达明显增强(P＜0.05).结论 葛根素中、低剂量能够降低DHF大鼠心肌僵硬度,其作用机制与心肌Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原的表达有关.     

Complementary and alternative medicine in European countries legislative framework

Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)is a set of different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,as well as the use of natural products for the treatment of patients,derived from previously known traditional methods and enriched with modern scientific knowledge.The present article reviews the available data regarding the use of CAM and the legislation behind it in European countries.The use of CAM is recorded in Europe as a whole and varies between 1070%of the population of individual European countries.At least 300,000 registered CAM providers have been identified in the European Union(EU),of which slightly more than half includes non-medical practitioners.The most practiced discipline is acupuncture,followed by homeopathy.CAM regulation and legislation in Europe is not precisely defined and is constantly striving to find a common approach.Since legal frameworks for CAM are not defined,each European country has its own regulations and legislation.In order to define universal legislation for CAM,the EU created the CAMbrella project,a project of the EU designed to find a unique system that would include the treatment of CAM in Europe.According to the data from CAMbrella,from 39 countries in the EU,17 have general CAM legislations.The status of CAM in Europe is characterized by enormous heterogeneity in all aspects,including terminology,methods,prevalence and ultimately,legal status,regulations and legislation.     

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.     

Inhibitory effects of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo

β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin is one of the most abundant naphthoquinones in the root extracts of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (Boraginaceae), which have been reported to have antitumor effects. This study evaluated the antiproliferative activity of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the MTT assay showed that β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in both dose- and time-dependent manners with its 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) at 48 h being 15.01 ± 0.76 μg/mL. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and Hoechst staining detected the characteristics of cell apoptosis in β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin-treated cells and the apoptotic rates of treated groups were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin could block the cell cycle arrest at G2 phase. Furthermore, β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 but up-regulated that of Bax. The cleaved caspase-3 protein was also detected in treated cells. The experiment in vivo showed that β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin significantly suppressed the growth of H(22) transplantable hepatoma, and induced the activation of caspase-3 determined by immunohistochemistry. The results indicate that β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin has significant antitumor effects on hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo.     

The effects of corni fructus extract and its fractions against α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro and sucrose tolerance in normal rats

Corni fructus (Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.) is a traditional medicine exerting multifaceted protective effects against diabetes and its complications. In this study, to further identify the physiological effects of corni fructus against diabetes and its complications, we investigated α-glucosidase inhibitory activities in vitro and employed the sucrose tolerance test as an indicator of the control of the postprandial blood glucose level. In vitro assays showed that corni fructus extract has a higher inhibitory activity than its major components. Then, corni fructus extract was fractionated again to screen the fractions showing a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Of the tested fractions, five showed a rate of α-glucosidase inhibition of over 80%. Next, the four abundant fractions were evaluated their IC(50) values, as well as the inhibition mode in vitro and plasma glucose level after sucrose loading in normal Wistar rats. As a result, the IC(50) values of these fractions were between 1.1-2.1 μg/ml. Among the four fractions, three showed mixed inhibition, while one (Fr. 4-9) showed the competition-independent inhibition of α-glucosidase. In addition, Fr. 4S-1 significantly inhibited the rise in the plasma glucose levels at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight after sucrose loading. These results indicate that Fr. 4S-1 from corni fructus has a potential to control postprandial hyperglycemia by α-glucosidase inhibition.     

Hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant activities of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) in antitubercular drugs and alcohol models

AIM： Hepatotoxicity is a significantly increasing health problem worldwide, and the extent of the problem has stimulated interest in the search for hepatotherapeutic agents from plants. This study investigated the hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant activities of the hydroethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens leaves in antitubercular and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity assays in rats. METHOD： In each of the models used, seven groups were allotted. The different groups received normal saline （10 mL·kg^-1, p.o.）; hepatotoxicant （isoniazid-rifampicin, INH-RIF, 100 mg·kg^-1, i.p. or 20% ethanol 5 g·kg^-1, p.o.） and normal saline （10 mL·kg^-1, p.o.）; hepatotoxicant and extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg·kg^-1 p.o.; hepatotoxicant and silymarin 50 mg·kg^-1 p.o.; and extract at 400 mg·kg^-1 p.o.. On the 21st day of treatment, blood was collected for assessment of serum biochemical parameters and harvested liver samples were assessed for antioxidants. RESULTS： The hepatotoxicants significantly （P 〈 0.05-0.001） increased the levels of alanine transaminase （ALT）, aspartate transaminase （AST）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, bilirubin, and malondialdehyde （MDA）; and reduced the levels of catalase （CAT）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, glutathione peroxidase （GPx）, and reduced glutathione GSH compared to control. M. pruriens significantly reversed （P 〈 0.05-0.001） the elevation in the level of ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin caused by the hepatotoxicants. The extract （200 and 400 mg·kg^-1） significantly reversed （P 〈 0.05） the diminution in the level of in vivo antioxidants and increased the level of MDA produced by INH-RIF. M. pruriens （100-400 mg·kg^-1） elicited significant reduction （P 〈 0.001） in the level of MDA compared to the alcohol group. Silymarin also reversed the deleterious effects of the hepatotoxicants. CONCLUSION： The hydroethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens leaves possesses hepatoprotective activity with enhancement of in vivo antioxidants as a possible mechanism of action.     

Education of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States

Currently, there are four categories of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States of America: 1 ) about 80 CAM schools, 3““-,4 year program focusing on acupuncture and herbal medicine; 4““5 year program for chiropractic. 2) 64% of the US medical schools offer CAM courses, such as acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine and homeopathy. Harvard Medical School has been of fering CAM for 9 years.     

Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture in the Management of Cancer

Acupuncture,as a complementary therapy,has been used to manage the cancer associated symptoms ofcancer patients.Toidentifythe efficacy andsafety of acupunctureinthe management of cancer,this reviewcrit-ically analyses the relevant publicationsincluding both experi mental and clinical studies.The majority of studiessuggest that acupuncture effectivelyrelieves some cancer relatedsymptoms suchas cancer pain,andsome adverseeffects caused by the cancer conventional treatments such as nausea,vomitin…     

New bioactive flavonoids and stilbenes in cubé resin insecticide

Fractionation of cubé resin from Lonchocarpus utilus and L. urucu roots led to the isolation and identification of 11 minor flavonoids and stilbenes containing the gem-dimethylpyran moiety or a dihydrodiol derivative thereof. The eight new compounds were as follows: the isoflavonoid cis-4',5'-dihydro-4',5' '-dihydroxylonchocarpusone (2); four (2S)-6-(gamma, gamma-dimethylallyl)-6',6'-dimethylpyran[2',3':7, 8]flavanones with substituents of 5-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy (3), 5, 3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy (4), 5,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxy (5), and 3', 4'-dimethoxy (6); and three 6',6'-dimethylpyran[2',3':3', 4']stilbenes with 4-hydroxy-5'-methoxy (9), 3,5'-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy (10) and 3,4,5-trimethoxy (11) substitution patterns. Structure-activity relationships for inhibition of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity (bovine heart electron transport particles) and phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity (cultured MCF-7 cells) generally parallel those for cytotoxicity (MCF-7 and Hepa 1clc7 cells).     

Electrochemical Behaviors of Quercetin and Kaempferol in Neutral Buffer Solution

Ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎａｎｄｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒｏｌ,ｆｌａｖｏｎｏｌｓ,ａｒｅｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｉｎｖｅｇｅｔａｂｌｅｓａｎｄｆｒｕｉｔｓ ,ａｎｄａｒｅｃｏｍ ｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｈｕｍａｎｄｉｅｔ .[1] Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｏｂｅｐｏｔｅｎｔａ