颈部高位小切口甲状腺手术的探讨

目的探讨颈部高位小切口甲状腺手术的可行性。方法 2009年3～11月,施行颈部高位小切口甲状腺手术128例,选取活动度较好的甲状腺良性结节,直径2.5～4.0cm,平均3.1cm,在颈前颏下横纹处做小切口,行患侧甲状腺腺叶切除术15例,次全切除术25例,部分切除术88例。结果 128例手术均顺利完成,手术切口平均长度3.3cm(2.5～4.0cm),术中平均出血量25.5ml(5～50ml),平均手术时间42min(26～65min),拆线时间5～6d,无并发症。术后随访1～10个月(平均7个月),切口瘢痕不明显,无切口周围组织肿胀、疼痛,切口隐蔽性较好。结论颈部高位小切口甲状腺手术是可行的、安全的,具有一定的美容效果,适用于活动度较好的甲状腺良性结节。     

经乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术36例报告

目的探讨经乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术的疗效。方法2004年8月～2008年5月甲状腺〈5cm良性结节或腺瘤,经乳沟1.2cm、乳晕0.5cm三孔入路腔镜下使用超声刀游离胸前区、颈前肌群,超声刀处理血管及腺体,完整腺体摘除或腺叶切除。结果35例腔镜下完成手术,1例因术中快速冰冻提示甲状腺癌中转开放手术。手术时间40～120min,平均80min;术中出血量10～60ml,平均40ml。术后6h下床活动,进流质,颈部引流管术后2d拔除。1例术后皮下淤血,2周后消退。术后住院3～5d,平均4d。术后病理：甲状腺瘤28例,结节性甲状腺肿7例,甲状腺癌1例。35例术后随访3～24个月,平均12个月,均无肿瘤复发,乳晕切口无瘢痕形成,美容效果好。结论经乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术近期疗效满意,安全可靠,手术切口隐蔽,颈部无瘢痕,美容效果好。     

剥离法在改良Miccoli术中的应用体会

目的探讨剥离法在内镜辅助下经颈部小切口行甲状腺切除术（改良Miccoli术）中的应用价值。方法对39例甲状腺良性疾病患者采用剥离法内镜辅助下颈部小切口甲状腺切除术。按传统Miccoli术方式切开、建腔、显露,按剥离法要求游离、超声刀离断腺体,切除病灶。甲状腺瘤12例,其中11例行单侧甲状腺部分切除,1例行单纯峡部肿物切除;结节性甲状腺肿27例,其中13例行双侧甲状腺部分切除7,例行一侧腺叶大部切除加一侧肿瘤切除,5例双侧腺叶大部切除,2例单侧腺叶全切。结果 39例手术均顺利完成,手术切口平均2.4（1.5～3.0）cm,无中转开放手术;手术时间平均59.6（30～135）min;术中出血17.6（10～60）ml;术后第1 d引流量平均8（6～10）ml;术后住院时间平均4.2（3～6）d。术后术野皮下炎性肿胀3例,无喉返神经损伤或甲状旁腺功能低下等并发症。术后均获随访,平均10（6～12）个月,患者局部不适感轻微,颈部瘢痕不明显,美容效果好,复查甲状腺超声未见复发。结论在改良Miccoli术中采用剥离法手术策略简便、安全,并发症少,值得推广。     

小切口甲状腺切除术65例

目的 探讨小切口甲状腺切除术的可行性和优越性. 方法 2001年12月～2004年12月,我院对59例甲状腺良性结节与6例原发性甲状腺功能亢采用胸骨切迹上2 cm横行小切口行甲状腺切除. 结果 手术均获成功,无中转传统手术.手术时间60～100 min,平均70 min.术中出血量20～60 ml,平均40 ml.术后3～5 d均痊愈出院,无并发症.56例随访6～24个月,平均10个月,无复发. 结论 小切口甲状腺切除术可行,并具有美容效果,易在基层医院推广.     

内镜辅助的甲状腺切除术(附8例报告)

目的探讨内镜辅助甲状腺切除术的可行性.方法回顾性分析2002年9月～2004年9月我院8例甲状腺良性结节的患者,进行内镜辅助微创甲状腺腺叶切除的临床资料. 结果手术均获成功,手术时间90～150 min,平均120min.术中失血10～30ml,平均20 ml.无并发症,无中转手术.术后3～4 d均痊愈出院.8例随访6～12个月,平均9个月,伤口愈合良好,无感觉不适.结论内镜辅助的甲状腺切除术安全有效,并具有明显美容效果.     

侧方入路小切口甲状腺手术的临床应用

目的探讨侧方入路小切口甲状腺切除术的可行性和手术技巧。方法 2009年5月～2011年10月,对30例单侧甲状腺肿物行胸锁乳突肌内缘肿物表面横行小切口(长2～2.5 cm),经胸锁乳突肌前缘切开带状肌,于甲状腺前外侧开始解剖,完成侧方入路小切口甲状腺切除术。结果 30例手术均顺利完成,甲状腺腺叶切除16例,单侧甲状腺次全切除术14例。切口长2～3 cm,平均2.5 cm,平均手术时间53 min(45～65 min),术中出血量均<10 ml。术后均未出现并发症,患者术后伤口疼痛程度和吞咽不适感均较轻。30例平均随访13个月(1～22个月),切口美观,无复发。结论侧方入路小切口甲状腺切除术可行,美容效果好。     

Miccoli法甲状腺切除术

目的探讨在腹腔镜辅助下用超声刀行甲状腺切除术的可行性及优越性.方法对14例病人在腹腔镜下使用超声刀自颈部小切口行部分或次全甲状腺切除术.结果14例均完成手术.无一例中转手术.手术时间30～70min,平均45 min.术后病理报告均为结节性甲状腺肿.全组病例术后恢复良好,无切口感染及积液,颈部切口仅为2.5cm左右.14例随访3～17个月,均对瘢痕效果满意.结论Miccolli法甲状腺切除术具有操作简单,美容效果明显等优点.     

经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术

目的探讨单孔内镜下甲状腺手术的可行性以及安全性,并对其疗效进行评价。方法 2010年1月～2011年4月,10例甲状腺单发良性直径〈40 mm结节接受经腋窝途径的单孔内镜甲状腺切除术,结节最大直径20～35 mm,平均25.2 mm,均位于甲状腺中下极,均为囊实性结节。在腋窝做一长约2.5 cm的切口并放置单孔入路装置（前2例使用自制单孔入路装置,后8例使用TriPort三通道单孔入路装置）,经此置入30°的5 mm腹腔镜、超声刀以及异型腹腔镜手术器械,建立操作空间,完成甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术。结果 10例均顺利完成单侧甲状腺腺叶次全切除或近全切除手术,手术时间125～180 min,平均153 min,术中出血量5～15 ml,平均9.1 ml,无中转常规三孔内镜手术或开放手术,无气管、喉返神经、甲状旁腺损伤等并发症。术后第1天疼痛评分2～4分,平均3.3分。术后住院时间均为2 d。术后病理均为结节性甲状腺肿。术后3个月复查,10例均获得＂非常满意＂的美容效果,无复发。结论对于单侧甲状腺良性病变,经腋窝途径的单孔内镜下甲状腺切除术是安全、可行的,同时具有很好的美容效果。但病例选择较严格。     

超声刀在小切口甲状腺手术中的应用价值

目的探讨超声刀在低位小切口甲状腺手术中的应用价值。方法 2008年1月~12月对75例甲状腺良性疾病行开放性小切口（2~3 cm）甲状腺切除术,术中利用冷光源拉钩作为光源兼拉钩,超声刀处理甲状腺血管和腺体。结果平均手术时间70 min（40~135 min）,术中平均出血量15 ml（5~20 ml）。术后24 h平均切口引流量25 ml（10~50ml）。无出血、神经、甲状旁腺损伤及其他并发症。75例术后平均随访16个月（14~18个月）,未见病变复发、甲状腺功能减低。结论冷光源拉钩辅助下超声刀应用于开放性小切口甲状腺切除,可以方便手术操作,止血效果可靠。     

锁骨下小切口经胸锁乳突肌颈前肌间隙腔镜辅助甲状腺部分切除术15例报告

目的探讨锁骨下小切口经胸锁乳突肌颈前肌间隙入路腔镜辅助甲状腺部分切除的方法和效果。方法15例单侧甲状腺良性结节，锁骨下小切口2-3cm，经胸锁乳突肌颈前肌间隙入路，腔镜辅助下行甲状腺部分切除。结果15例均获成功，手术时间40—80min，平均50min。术中出血10～50ml，平均20ml，无并发症。术后3-4d出院。15例随访1～12个月，平均7个月，无复发。结论经锁骨下小切口胸锁乳突肌颈前肌间隙入路腔镜辅助甲状腺部分切除手术损伤小，出血少，并发症发生率低，安全，术后恢复快。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.