内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检诊断上消化道壁外占位性病变的价值

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)在上消化道壁外占位性病变(胰腺、纵隔、腹膜后占位)诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾性总结行EUS-FNA检查的33例胰腺占位、25例纵隔占位和13例腹膜后占位患者的临床资料,以手术病理或6个月临床随访结果作为最终诊断,统计EUS-FNA对不同分类上消化道壁外恶性占位诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率.结果 EUS-FNA诊断上消化道壁外恶性占位的总体敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率分别为82.2％(37/45)、100.0％(26/26)、100.0％(37/37)、76.5％(26/34)、88.7％(63/71),且分别诊断胰腺、纵隔、腹膜后恶性占位的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率均较高.病灶直径＞3 cm恶性占位EUS-FNA诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为81.0％(17/21)、100.0％(13/13)、100.0％(17/17)、76.5％(13/17)、88.2％(30/34),病灶直径≤3 cm恶性占位的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为83.3％(20/24)、100.0％(13/13)、100.0％ (20/20)、76.5％ (13/17)、89.2％(33/37),两者比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).71例患者均未出现出血、穿孔、胰腺炎、胰瘘及感染、胸痛、气胸等并发症.结论 EUS-FNA是一种安全、准确、有效地诊断上消化道壁外占位性病变的方法,且诊断准确率不受病灶大小的影响.     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术在纵隔病变诊断中的应用

目的 初步探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术(EUS-FNA)在纵隔肿大淋巴结、纵隔不明原因占位定性诊断及肺癌N分期中的应用价值.方法 应用22 G穿刺针对61例患者经食管行EUS.FNA,穿刺物均行病理及细胞学检查.结果 EUS·FNA诊断阳性率为93.4%(57/61),细胞学及病理诊断阳性率分别为85.2%(52/61)和83.6%(51/61).100.0%(26/26)临床疑诊肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移而经支气管镜等检查未能提供病理或细胞学证据者均通过EUS-FNA得到诊断,其中21例诊断为肺癌、5例排除肺癌诊断为良性疾病;86.4%(19/22)纵隔不明原因占位明确定性;85.7%(6/7)有恶性肿瘤病史影像学检查疑诊纵隔淋巴结转移者,EUS-FNA病理及细胞学结果 支持转移;6例经支气管镜检查已获得明确病理细胞学诊断的肺癌病例但影像学提示纵隔淋巴结肿大,为明确N分期行EUS-FNA,结果 均为阳性,改变了原计划治疗方案.本组无一例EUS-FNA相关并发症发生.结论 对于明确纵隔肿大淋巴结、纵隔不明原因占位定性诊断及肺癌N分期,EUS-FNA是一种较为安全、有效的诊断方法.     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学及囊液癌胚抗原分析诊断胰腺囊性病变的价值

目的探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）细胞学检查、囊液癌胚抗原（cEA）分析对区分胰腺囊性病变良恶性的诊断价值。方法对27例胰腺囊性病变患者行EUS-FNA细胞学检查和囊液CEA分析,绘制囊液CEA受试者工作特征曲线并通过Youden指数确定诊断临界值,以手术病理诊断为金标准,统计分析EUS、EUS-FNA细胞学及囊液CEA分析鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率。结果手术病理确诊良性病变14例、潜在恶性／恶性病变13例。EUS鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为77．8％（21／27）、69．2％（9／13）、85．7％（12／14）、81．8％（9／11）、75．0％（12／16）;EUS-FNA细胞学上述指标分别为85．2％（23／27）、76．9％（10／13）、92．9％（13／14）、90．9％（10／11）、81．3％（13／16）;以囊液CEA值22．24ng／ml为诊断临界值,上述指标分别为74．1％（20／27）、84．6％（11／13）、64．3％（9／14）、68．8％（11／16）、81．8％（9／11）。结论EUS-FNA细胞学鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性具有较高的准确率和特异度,而囊液CEA分析（诊断临界值22．24ng／m1）鉴别诊断胰腺囊性病变良恶性的敏感度较高,选择合适的胰腺囊液CEA分析诊断临界值结合EUS-FNA细胞学检查可以基本满足临床鉴别胰腺囊性病变良恶性的需要。     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检术对影像学拟诊肝脏恶性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 评价内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检术(EUS-FNA)在影像学拟诊为肝脏恶性肿瘤患者中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾29例经影像学拟诊为肝脏恶性肿瘤行EUS-FNA检查患者的临床资料,总结细胞学、组织学、病理学诊断结果以及随访并发症发生情况.结果 29例共穿刺29处肝脏占位(尾状叶8处、左叶19处、右叶深部2处),穿刺32处非肝脏占位(胰腺9处、胆囊2处、胃壁1处、肺1处、右肾上腺1处、淋巴结18处).61处(100.0％)均能行细胞学检查,56处(91.8％,56/61)能行组织学检查,48处(78.7％,48/61)能行免疫组化检查.病理学诊断为原发性肝癌8例,其中1例肝脏病灶细胞学和组织学均无阳性发现,经同时肝门淋巴结细胞学明确诊断,其余7例(87.5％,7/8)肝脏病灶细胞学和组织学均为阳性;病理学诊断为转移性肝癌21例,肝脏病灶细胞学、组织学和病理学阳性率分别为76.2％(16/21)、85.7％(18/21)和100.0％(21/21),所有病变部位(包括肝脏、原发病灶和肿大淋巴结)的病理学阳性率达98.0％(48/49).所有患者未发生明显的并发症.结论 基于深部肝脏与贲门、胃和十二指肠的局部解剖关系,EUS-FNA对于肝脏尾状叶、左叶和右叶深部的恶性肿瘤有肯定的诊断价值,是经皮肝脏穿刺活检的重要补充,应受到临床重视.     

超声内镜引导不同型号细针穿刺胰腺占位病灶的前瞻随机对照研究

目的 通过分析EUS-FNA获得的细胞量及细胞学诊断结果,比较3种不同型号穿刺针在胰腺实性占位诊断中的差异.方法 纳入2010年12月至2011年5月期间两家医院胰腺实质性占位病灶长轴直径大于2 cm并进行EUS-FNA的病例.根据穿刺途径将患者分为经胃壁穿刺组(19 G或22 G或25 G)和经十二指肠壁穿刺组(22 G或25 G),分别按事先设置的随机表随机选择穿刺针型号进行EUS-FNA.穿刺过程中,固定穿刺次数、吸引负压、穿刺针在病灶内移动次数和移动距离,穿刺内容物送液基细胞学检查,由同一位细胞学医生制片及诊断对EUS-FNA获得的细胞量及细胞学诊断结果进行比较.结果 研究共纳入病例52例,经胃壁穿刺组42例,经十二指肠壁穿刺组10例.所有病例均成功完成穿刺操作并未出现与EUS-FNA操作相关的并发症.两个穿刺组中不同型号穿刺针所获得的细胞总量、细胞学诊断之间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但在两组中25 G穿刺针的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率均稍高.结论 EUS-FNA在胰腺实质性占位中具有较高的诊断价值,尽管25 G穿刺针对胰腺病灶的诊断略显优势,但3种不同型号的穿刺针获得的细胞量及细胞学诊断并无显著差异.     

内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术诊断消化道周围占位性病变的临床价值及影响因素研究

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术（EUS-FNA）诊断消化道周围占位性病变的价值及其影响因素。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2016年5月行EUS-FNA的171例患者的临床资料,纳入病灶部位、大小、性状,穿刺次数、穿刺时抽吸负压、穿刺针型号、医师操作经验等因素进行分析。 结果 EUS-FNA诊断消化道周围恶性占位性病变的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为78.3％（83／106）、100.0％（65／65）、86.5％（148／171）。单因素logistic回归分析示,EUS-FNA诊断恶性占位性病变穿刺阳性率的影响因素有病灶部位、性状、大小。多因素logistic分析示,病灶大小（OR=1.029,95％CI：1.011～1.047,P=0.001）、病灶性状（实性及囊实性/囊性,OR=5.098,95％CI：1.324～19.633,P=0.018）是EUS-FNA诊断恶性占位性病变穿刺阳性率的独立影响因素。171例患者中,术后2例出现发热,1例出现急性胰腺炎,并发症发生率为1.75％（3／171）,经保守对症处理后均好转。 结论 EUS-FNA是一项安全有效、敏感度和准确率高的细胞组织病理诊断手段,在鉴别消化道周围良恶性占位性病变中起重要作用。EUS-FNA诊断恶性占位性病变穿刺阳性率与病灶大小呈正相关,诊断实性恶性占位性病变的穿刺阳性率显著高于囊性病变。     

胰腺超声内镜细针穿刺活检组织中粘蛋白表达检测辅助诊断胰腺癌的价值评价

目的 检测粘蛋白（MUCl、MUC2、MUC5AC）在胰腺超声内镜细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）组织标本中的表达，评价其对胰腺癌辅助诊断的价值。方法 收集54例胰腺占位病变的EUS-FNA组织标本，采用S-P免疫组化法检测粘蛋白（MUCl、MUC2、MUC5AC）的表达，根据临床综合判断的诊断，与细胞学检查结果比较，评价其诊断价值。结果 54例患者最后确诊为胰腺癌38例，胰腺良性肿瘤6例，慢性胰腺炎10例。细胞学和组织学的诊断敏感性分别为31．6％和47．4％。MUC1、MUC2、MUC5AC在胰腺癌EUS-FNA标本组织中的阳性表达率为81．6％（31／38）、10．5％（4／38）、84．2％（32／38），在胰腺良性疾病组织标本中分别25％（4／16）、31．3％（5／16）、43．8％（7／16），其中MUCl和MUC5AC两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。MUCl的表达与胰腺癌的临床分期、淋巴结转移呈正相关。将细胞组织学检查结合MUCl和MUC5AC表达检测诊断胰腺癌的敏感性可提高至89．5％。结论胰腺EU$-FNA组织标本中MUCl、MUC5AC的检测对胰腺癌有临床辅助诊断价值，且MUCl还能预测胰腺癌的临床分期及淋巴结转移。     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检对纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核的诊断价值

背景:结核病在中国的发病率居高不下,纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核由于临床表现的非特异性以及活检取材困难,确诊难度较大。目的:探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)对纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核的诊断价值。方法:选取襄阳市中心医院2013年7月至2014年1月疑诊淋巴结结核、肿大淋巴结位于纵隔或腹膜后的患者12例行EUS-FNA。穿刺物行组织学和细胞学检查,根据病理诊断结果予患者相应处理并随访。结果:肿大淋巴结回声呈多样性;12例患者经穿刺均得到理想的组织标本并获得组织学和(或)细胞学诊断,其中7例诊断为结核,4例为转移性腺癌,1例考虑孤立性纤维性肿瘤。无患者发生穿刺相关并发症。7例结核患者行抗结核治疗后疗效确切,4例转移性腺癌患者进一步检查均有阳性发现,1例孤立性纤维性肿瘤经手术证实。结论:EUS-FNA对纵隔和腹腔淋巴结结核是一种安全、有效的诊断方法,对淋巴结结核与转移癌的鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检组织中S100A6mRNA水平对胰腺癌的诊断价值

目的 研究对超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)胰腺癌(PDA)组织进行S100A6基因mRNA表达水平检测的可行性和其对PDA的诊断价值.方法 收集18份PDA患者手术切除胰腺标本及22份相对正常胰腺标本,抽提标本RNA进行逆转录,行荧光定量PCR测定S100A6基因表达水平,通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析确立S100A6 mRNA表达水平用于检测PDA的诊断界值.选取28例因胰头占位行EUS-FNA的患者,前瞻性评价EUS-FNA标本中S100A6 mRNA表达水平对PDA的术前诊断价值.通过免疫组织化学染色观察S100A6蛋白在PDA中的表达情况.结果 PDA患者EUS-FNA标本和手术标本中S100A6 mRNA表达水平(0.05023±0.10120,0.02083±0.02848)显著高于相对正常胰腺组织(0.00164±0.00202),差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).22例PDA患者EUS-FNA标本的S100A6表达水平显著高于6例胰腺良性疾病穿刺标本(0.00193±0.00278,P=0.0009),6例胰腺良性疾病穿刺标本与相对正常胰腺手术标本中S100A6表达水平无差异(P=0.6143).以EUS-FNA标本中S100A6 mRNA表达水平＞0.00525为阳性诊断标准,前瞻性检测PDA的敏感度、特异度、准确度分别为90.01％、100％和92.85％.结论 EUS-FNA标本中S100A6基因mRNA在PDA中高水平表达,具有良好的术前诊断价值.     

超声内镜引导细针穿刺活检对胰腺占位性病变的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检(EUS-FNA)对胰腺占位性病变的诊断价值。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2010年1月间行EUS-FNA的35例胰腺占位病例,与CT、B超、临床表现等进行对比分析,依病理学和细胞学检查或随访结果确诊。结果在所有35例患者中,最后确诊胰腺癌23例、慢性胰腺炎9例、导管内黏液性乳头状瘤1例、胰腺假性囊肿1例、浆液性囊腺瘤1例。B超共检出胰腺病变22例,CT29例,EUS发现35例可疑胰腺病变。对所有患者均行EUS-FNA检查,获得满意标本34例,取材满意率97.14%。EUS-FNA诊断胰腺癌17例,敏感性为73.91%,EUS-FNA总准确率为82.86%。5例患者EUS-FNA后出现淀粉酶及脂肪酶轻度升高,治疗后很快恢复正常。结论 EUS-FNA是病理学诊断胰腺占位性病变安全而有效的方法,应作为首选。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.