胸三角皮瓣预扩张术后防止扩张囊移位的方法探讨

目的:探讨如何有效预防胸三角皮瓣预扩张术后扩张囊移位。方法:本组患者60例,均行胸三角皮瓣预扩张术,术前设计选用合适大小的扩张器,术中注意剥离层次及范围,止血彻底,术后早期注水、适当固定。结果:60例中扩张器均扩张良好,2例出现血肿,3例注射壶外露,经及时处理后均能继续扩张,无一例出现扩张器移位,皮瓣转移后血运良好,面颈部瘢痕修复效果理想。结论:采用术前、术中、术后的综合措施预防胸三角皮瓣预扩张时扩张器下沉移位效果显著,能基本解决扩张囊移位,为二期手术打下良好的基础。     

软组织扩张术治疗大面积头面部瘢痕

目的 探讨大面积头面部瘢痕的治疗方法.方法 头部采用1～3个扩张器行头部皮肤软组织扩张术.面部瘢痕均采用胸三角皮瓣预扩张后带蒂转移修复.结果 2003年至2007年,于临床应用12例,头胸部皮肤扩张充分.其中胸三角皮瓣预扩张的2例患者.扩张器自切口处外露,但未影响手术效果;3例因扩张过程中,注水过多,致妊娠纹形成.皮瓣转移后均无血运障碍成活良好,供区直接拉拢缝合,效果满意.结论 皮肤软组织扩张术是治疗大面积头面部瘢痕的较好方法.     

扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复面颈部瘢痕的护理

目的：探讨扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复面颈部瘢痕的护理要点。方法：回顾分析102例采用扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复烧烫伤后颈面部瘢痕的患者的护理过程。结果：102例中12例扩张器自切口处外露,但未影响手术效果。皮瓣转移后7例单侧尖端皮瓣血运障碍,自行愈合后色素减退;1例单侧转移,皮瓣坏死;其余效果良好。结论：术前进行心理护理至关重要;术后加强基础护理,积极预防并发症的发生,注意观察皮瓣血运是皮瓣转移成活的关键。     

胸三角皮瓣预扩张后修复颈部瘢痕挛缩

目的 探讨胸三角皮瓣预扩张后,带蒂转移修复颈部瘢痕挛缩的治疗方法.方法 据颈部瘢痕范围,采用单侧(18例)或双侧胸三角皮瓣(2例)预扩张,成人选用600～800 ml扩张器,儿童选用200～450 ml扩张器.瘢痕面积:8 cm×5 cm～12 cm×13 cm.单侧胸三角皮瓣的面积最小9 cm×16 cm,最大12 cm×18 cm,供区均直接拉拢缝合.切口均选择在锁骨下,根据修复面积设计皮瓣,同时要兼顾断蒂时修复剩余瘢痕所需皮瓣的面积.皮瓣转移3周后行延迟术,4周断蒂修复剩余的颈部瘢痕.结果 2007至2009年采用扩张后胸三角皮瓣修复20例颈部瘢痕挛缩,仅1例皮瓣扩张不充分,但未影响手术效果,余皮瓣术后均成活,效果满意.6例6个月后复诊,1例患者切口瘢痕明显,5例效果良好.结论 扩张后胸三角皮瓣是修复颈部大面积瘢痕的较好方法.     

胸三角皮瓣扩张器置入术的手术体会

目的:探讨胸三角皮瓣扩张器置入术的手术体会。方法:本组患者23例,均行胸三角皮瓣扩张器置入术,术中根据解剖特点,按分区依次解剖剥离皮瓣,将头静脉分支和胸肩峰动脉皮支结扎,彻底止血,留置负压引流。结果:23例中除1例出现感染,2例出现妊娠纹样改变外均按预期扩张充分,顺利完成Ⅱ期皮瓣转移。结论:将胸三角皮瓣供区依解剖特点分区后,使手术操作层次更加清楚,解剖剥离易于操作,有效地避免并发症的发生。     

应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复颜面部大面积瘢痕

目的 探讨颜面部大面积瘢痕的修复方法.方法 对12例患者均采用在胸三角皮瓣下置入1个扩张器,切口选择在锁骨下,术中结扎颈横动脉颈段皮支、胸肩峰动脉皮支,以加强延迟效果,慎勿损伤胸廓内动脉穿支.胸三角皮瓣预扩张充分后,将面部瘢痕切除、松解挛缩,使眼、鼻、口等器官均恢复正常解剖位置,据缺损大小设计皮瓣,以胸侧端为蒂.术中将面部部分瘢痕瓣翻转与胸三角皮瓣带部对合缝合以封闭蒂部创面.3周后将皮瓣延迟,再1周后断蒂修复颏部创面.结果 12例应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复单侧或双侧颜面部大面积瘢痕,术后效果满意.结论 扩张后的胸三角皮瓣是修复颜面部大面积瘢痕的可取方法.     

应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复颜面部大面积瘢痕

目的 探讨颜面部大面积瘢痕的修复方法.方法 对12例患者均采用在胸三角皮瓣下置入1个扩张器,切口选择在锁骨下,术中结扎颈横动脉颈段皮支、胸肩峰动脉皮支,以加强延迟效果,慎勿损伤胸廓内动脉穿支.胸三角皮瓣预扩张充分后,将面部瘢痕切除、松解挛缩,使眼、鼻、口等器官均恢复正常解剖位置,据缺损大小设计皮瓣,以胸侧端为蒂.术中将面部部分瘢痕瓣翻转与胸三角皮瓣带部对合缝合以封闭蒂部创面.3周后将皮瓣延迟,再1周后断蒂修复颏部创面.结果 12例应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复单侧或双侧颜面部大面积瘢痕,术后效果满意.结论 扩张后的胸三角皮瓣是修复颜面部大面积瘢痕的可取方法.     

应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复颜面部大面积瘢痕

目的 探讨颜面部大面积瘢痕的修复方法.方法 对12例患者均采用在胸三角皮瓣下置入1个扩张器,切口选择在锁骨下,术中结扎颈横动脉颈段皮支、胸肩峰动脉皮支,以加强延迟效果,慎勿损伤胸廓内动脉穿支.胸三角皮瓣预扩张充分后,将面部瘢痕切除、松解挛缩,使眼、鼻、口等器官均恢复正常解剖位置,据缺损大小设计皮瓣,以胸侧端为蒂.术中将面部部分瘢痕瓣翻转与胸三角皮瓣带部对合缝合以封闭蒂部创面.3周后将皮瓣延迟,再1周后断蒂修复颏部创面.结果 12例应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复单侧或双侧颜面部大面积瘢痕,术后效果满意.结论 扩张后的胸三角皮瓣是修复颜面部大面积瘢痕的可取方法.     

应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复颜面部大面积瘢痕

目的 探讨颜面部大面积瘢痕的修复方法.方法 对12例患者均采用在胸三角皮瓣下置入1个扩张器,切口选择在锁骨下,术中结扎颈横动脉颈段皮支、胸肩峰动脉皮支,以加强延迟效果,慎勿损伤胸廓内动脉穿支.胸三角皮瓣预扩张充分后,将面部瘢痕切除、松解挛缩,使眼、鼻、口等器官均恢复正常解剖位置,据缺损大小设计皮瓣,以胸侧端为蒂.术中将面部部分瘢痕瓣翻转与胸三角皮瓣带部对合缝合以封闭蒂部创面.3周后将皮瓣延迟,再1周后断蒂修复颏部创面.结果 12例应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复单侧或双侧颜面部大面积瘢痕,术后效果满意.结论 扩张后的胸三角皮瓣是修复颜面部大面积瘢痕的可取方法.     

应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复颜面部大面积瘢痕

目的 探讨颜面部大面积瘢痕的修复方法.方法 对12例患者均采用在胸三角皮瓣下置入1个扩张器,切口选择在锁骨下,术中结扎颈横动脉颈段皮支、胸肩峰动脉皮支,以加强延迟效果,慎勿损伤胸廓内动脉穿支.胸三角皮瓣预扩张充分后,将面部瘢痕切除、松解挛缩,使眼、鼻、口等器官均恢复正常解剖位置,据缺损大小设计皮瓣,以胸侧端为蒂.术中将面部部分瘢痕瓣翻转与胸三角皮瓣带部对合缝合以封闭蒂部创面.3周后将皮瓣延迟,再1周后断蒂修复颏部创面.结果 12例应用扩张后的胸三角皮瓣修复单侧或双侧颜面部大面积瘢痕,术后效果满意.结论 扩张后的胸三角皮瓣是修复颜面部大面积瘢痕的可取方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.