反相高效液相色谱法测定中药菝葜中茋类成分的含量

目的：分析反相高效液相色谱法测定中药菝葜中茋类成分含量的方法。方法：色谱柱选用Zorbax SB C18柱,流动相为乙腈-磷酸水溶液系统梯度洗脱,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为320nm,进样量为10μl,柱温为30℃。结果：可对菝葜中虎杖苷、氧化白藜芦醇、云杉鞣酚、三棱素等成分准确测定。结论：反相高效液相色谱法操作简单、结果准确、专属性强,值得推广。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定龙血竭中紫檀(艹氐)的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法分离和测定龙血竭中紫檀芪的含量。方法:以Phenomenex C_(18)反相键合硅胶色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-1％冰醋酸(41:59)为流动相,流速1.5 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为310 nm,灵敏度为0.02 AUFS;柱温40℃;用外标法定量。结果:紫檀芪在41.6～208 ng范围有良好线性关系,r=0.999 5,理论塔板数以紫檀芪计为5 422;方法回收率为97.82％。结论:本方法是测定龙血竭中紫檀芪含量的准确、可靠、简便的定量方法。     

HPLC法测定菝葜提取物中槲皮素的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定菝葜提取物中槲皮素含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Kromasil 100-5C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),检测波长为370nm,流动相为甲醇-0.4%磷酸(49∶51),柱温为35℃,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果:槲皮素检测浓度在0.041～0.410μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997);平均回收率为97.81%,RSD=1.04%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、准确,可作为菝葜提取物中槲皮素的含量测定方法。     

贵州产菝葜类8种药用植物中薯蓣皂苷元的分析

目的 采用TLC、RP-HPLC法分析贵州产菝葜属及肖菝葜属8种常用药用植物中的指标性成分薯蓣皂苷元.方法 TLC法采用硅胶G板,以环己烷-乙酸乙酯(4:1)为展开剂.RP-HPLC的色谱条件为依利特Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸(76:24),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长203 nm,柱温30℃,薯蓣皂苷元理论板数不低于4×10~3.结果 薄层鉴别中仅有短梗菝葜、黑叶菝葜及小叶菝葜含有薯蓣皂苷元.薯蓣皂苷元0.0105～2.105 μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率为100.4%(RSD=1.85%,n=9).黑叶菝葜的薯蓣皂苷元含量最高,为0.15%,土茯苓、柔毛菝葜、托柄菝葜、短柱肖菝葜中均未检测到薯蓣皂苷元.结论 所用TLC法及RP-HPLC法简单易行、专属性强、准确度高、重复性好,可作为菝葜类药材内在质量的控制方法.     

HPLC法测定芪黄颗粒剂中大黄素含量研究

目的 探讨HPLC法测定芪黄颗粒剂中大黄素含量.方法 采用ZORBAX SB C18(规格:4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm) 色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水(11∶1),流速每分钟1.0 ml,柱温室温,检测波长为290 nm,进样量取10μL.结果 大黄素在浓度范围内(0.0039~0.0251)mg/ml之间有良好的线性关系,相对标准偏差RSD=1.11%,平均回收率为96.59%(n=3).结论 本研究方法专属性强、重复性好、结果准确,为芪黄颗粒剂中大黄素含量测定提供了科学、专属的方法.     

高效液相色谱波长切换法测定菝葜有效部位中4种指标成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC波长切换法同谱测定菝葜有效部位中落新妇苷、黄杞苷、白藜芦醇和槲皮素4种指标成分的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,Kromasil 100-5C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速:1.0mL.min-1,柱温30℃,多波长切换时间序列采样:0～45 min为290 nm;45～57 min为303 nm;57～80 min为370 nm。结果:落新妇苷在0.037～0.370μg、黄杞苷在0.011～0.110μg、白藜芦醇在0.302～3.020μg和槲皮素在0.042～0.420μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(n=6);4种成分的平均加样回收率分别为97.32%,97.55%,98.33%,97.12%;RSD分别为1.7%,2.1%,1.5%,1.9%。结论:本法简便、准确,所测结果稳定、重现性好,可用于菝葜有效部位的质量控制。     

RP—HPLC同时测定菝葜药材中总槲皮素和山柰酚含量

目的:建立同时测定菝葜药材中槲皮素和山柰酚含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法:色谱柱:Lichrospher C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相:甲醇-0.5%磷酸水溶液(55:45),流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长:365 nm。结果:槲皮素在2.97～29.7μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),山柰酚在3.01—30.1μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),方法回收率分别为98.9%和99.7%。结论:本方法简便、准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可为评价菝葜药材质量提供依据。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人工蛹虫草子实体中核苷类成分的含量

目的:建立高效液相测定人工培养蛹虫草子实体中核苷类成分含量的方法。方法:采用KNAUER Eurospher-100 C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-50mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(7∶93)为流动相,检测波长为260nm。结果:测定3批人工培育蛹虫草中核苷类成分的含量,腺苷、腺嘌呤、虫草素的平均含量分别为0.14%,0.0095%,0.42%。结论:本方法能同时测定人工蛹虫草中多种核苷类成分的含量,具有较高的灵敏度,操作简单,可用于人工蛹虫草的质量评价。     

高效液相色谱法测定菝葜醋酸乙酯提取物中白藜芦醇的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定菝葜醋酸乙酯提取物中白藜芦醇含量的方法。方法Zirchrom Kromasil C18 色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm)；流动相：乙腈-水(30∶70)；流速：1.0 mL·min^-1；柱温：室温；检测波长303 nm。结果白藜芦醇对照品线性范围18.8～94.0 μg·mL^-1，r＝0.999 6(n＝5)，样品平均回收率为101.10 %，RSD＝0.64 %(n＝5)，菝葜醋酸乙酯提取物中白藜芦醇的平均含量为29.59 μg·mg^-1。结论该方法简便、快捷、重现性好，为菝葜醋酸乙酯提取物的质量控制提供依据。     

西南5个产区虎杖中虎杖苷和白藜芦醇含量比较

目的:建立同时测定虎杖中虎杖苷和白藜芦醇含量的方法,并对西南5个产区虎杖样品中2种成分的含量进行比较。方法:采用高效液相色谱法同时测定2种成分。色谱柱为AgilentC18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(23:77,V/V),检测波长为306nm。结果:虎杖苷和白藜芦醇的进样浓度分别在48～480μg.mL-1(r=0.9990)、7.2～72.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9992)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;两者平均加样回收率分别为98.69%和99.42%,RSD分别为1.68%和3.39%(n均为6)。西南5个产区虎杖中虎杖苷含量高低依次为四川乐山>四川都江堰、重庆永川>贵州遵义、贵州毕节;白藜芦醇含量高低依次为贵州遵义、贵州毕节>四川都江堰、四川乐山>重庆永川。结论:本试验结果可为虎杖的质量控制提供参考依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.