An in vitro optimized injectable calcium phosphate cement for augmenting screw fixation in osteopenic goats

This study reports the proportioning and standardized mixing procedures for preparing a hydroxylapatite cement (tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate) of desired viscosity and mechanical strength reproducibly for application in trauma surgery. The behavior and the biomechanical properties of the resulting bone cement in screw augmentation were then evaluated in our osteopenic goat model. The use of a shaker standardized the mixing procedure. The optimal volume of Na2HPO4 used to prepare the injectable cement was 0.45 mL/g, with averaged in vitro compressive strength of 48.29 +/- 5.62 MPa. Histology showed increasing tightly-coupled bone apposition on the cement surface without fibrous encapsulation as observed in the screw-only controls with time in the osteopenic goat model. The cement increased the initial screw pull-out force (54.7%, p = 0.005) significantly and the energy required to failure (54.7%, p < 0.05) significantly, and remained higher than the screw-only controls after 3 months (9.8% and 20.2%, respectively) and 6 months (20.2% and 44.7%, respectively). These results imply potential in the prevention of interfacial micromotions and subsequent fibrous tissue formation at the implant-bone interface resulting in a decreased risk of implant failure. The optimized cement in this study may serve as a good candidate for augmenting fixation of osteoporotic bone.     

骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释载体的生物相容性

背景：目前硫酸钙主要被作为抗生素载体和成骨因子载体。 目的：观察骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释系统的体外缓释效果及与种子细胞的生物相容性。 方法：制备骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释系统,检测其体外释放性能。将SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞经体外诱导培养、扩增后,种植于骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释载体和单纯的注射式硫酸钙支架上行体外培养。 结果与结论：骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释支架具有缓释骨形态发生蛋白2的效果,持续时间可达31 d。骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释支架与大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞具有优良的生物相容性,并且相同时间点支架上的细胞黏附率、细胞数量及细胞碱性磷酸酶活性均明显高于注射式硫酸钙支架;扫描电镜发现两组材料上均有细胞生长,骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释支架上的细胞在支架表面和孔隙内生长良好,细胞突起接触融合,细胞密集区域可见细胞外基质形成,大量细胞包绕在材料表面;注射式硫酸钙支架上的细胞黏附数量较少,生长情况不及骨形态发生蛋白2/注射式硫酸钙缓释支架上的细胞。     

An injectable cementing screw for fixation in osteoporotic bone

With the aging population, osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are becoming more prevalent. Adequate screw fixation in this type of bone is difficult. Screws are often cemented in bone to help obtain purchase. However, current cementing techniques do not ensure implant stability. Here we present a new cannulated screw with side ports that can be injected with polymethylmethacylate (PMMA) for fixation in osteoporotic bone. We compared the ultimate holding power of this cannulated screw injected with PMMA to a solid screw with the same dimensions secured with PMMA by the standard technique. Both screws were placed into embalmed and fresh frozen lumbar vertebral bodies and pulled out using a mechanical testing system. The cannulated screw had a 278% greater holding power compared to the standard screw (p < 0.006). The cannulated screw provided a significant increase in holding power in osteoporotic bone. This novel screw is promising for fixation in osteoporotic bone and warrants clinical evaluation.     

Cephalexin-loaded injectable macroporous calcium phosphate bone cement

Different types of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been studied as potential matrices for incorporating different types of antibiotics. All of these matrices were morphologically microporous whereas macroporosity is essential for rapid cement resorption and bone replacement. In this study, liberation of cephalexin monohydrate (CMH) from a macroporous CPC was investigated over 0.5-300 h in simulated body fluid and some mathematical models were fitted to the release profiles. Macroporosity was introduced into the cement matrix by using sodium dodecyl sulfate molecules as air-entraining agents and the effect of both surfactant and CMH on basic properties of the CPC was studied. Incorporation of CMH into the CPC composition increased the setting time, decreased the crystallinity of the formed apatite phase, and improved the injectability of the paste. The use of both CMH and sodium dodecyl sulfate did not affect the rate of conversion of the reactants into apatite phase while soaking the cements in simulated body fluid. Results showed that the liberation rate of the drug from porous CPC was higher than that of the nonporous CPC but same release patterns were experienced in both types of cements, that is, like to nonporous CPC, a time-dependent controlled release of the incorporated drug was obtained from macroporous CPC. The Weibull model was the best fitting-equation for release profiles of all cements. The liberated CMH was as active as fresh cephalexin. It is concluded that this macroporous CPC can be successfully used as drug carrier with controlled release profile for the treatment of bone infections.     

骨水泥加固椎弓根螺钉的生物力学特性

背景：由于骨质原因及结构特点导致椎弓根螺钉经常出现把持力下降,从而发生松动、拔出,导致内固定失败,因此提高椎弓根螺钉的稳定性显得尤为重要。 目的：检测可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉椎弓根螺钉生物力学稳定性,为优化骨水泥使用量提供参考。 方法：选取7具新鲜成人尸体T₁₁-L₄椎体标本共40个椎体,随机分为可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉及DTPS^TM椎弓根螺钉组,各20个,置钉后分别注入1,2,3,5 mL骨水泥,通过影像学观察骨水泥弥散分布情况,并测得最大轴向拔出力进行比较。 结果与结论：骨水泥用量为1-3 mL时,可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉组螺钉平均最大轴向拔出力显著高于DTPS^TM组(P < 0.05)。骨水泥用量为5 mL时,2组平均最大轴向拔出力差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉组的直线回归方程为Y=25.269X+133.681(R²=0.837),DTPS^TM椎弓根螺钉组的直线回归方程为Y=32.039X+99.251(R²=0.936)。骨水泥用量在1-5 mL时,2组螺钉最大轴向拔出力与骨水泥量高度正相关(|R| > 0.8)。说明骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉可显著提高螺钉稳定性,椎弓根螺钉最大轴向拔出力与骨水泥使用量呈高度正相关,可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉在达到满意的内固定强化效果同时,减少骨水泥使用量,降低了骨水泥泄漏风险,相比DTPS^TM椎弓根螺钉更具有优势。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

椎弓根钉内固定联合硫酸钙骨水泥椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎骨折32例临床分析

目的探讨椎弓根钉内固定联合硫酸钙骨水泥椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎骨折的优势、临床疗效及经验。方法选取我院2009年2月~2013年2月胸腰椎骨折患者32例,采用后路椎弓根钉内固定联合硫酸钙骨水泥椎体成形术治疗。术前术后及末次随访在侧位X线平片上测量Cobb角,伤椎前、后缘椎体高度,伤椎上、下相邻椎体的前、后缘高度并计算椎体前缘高度压缩率及椎体后缘高度压缩率。术前术后及末次随访分别评估神经功能损伤Frankel分级。结果 32例患者得到随访;术后及末次随访Cobb角、椎体前缘高度压缩率及椎体后缘高度压缩率与术前比较有显著差异(0.05);神经功能损伤按Frankel分级术后及末次随访与术前比较有显著差异(0.05)。结论椎弓根钉内固定联合硫酸钙骨水泥椎体成形术是一种治疗胸腰椎骨折切实有效的治疗手段。     

骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉固定对骨质疏松患者有利无弊

背景：在对伴骨质疏松的腰椎疾病患者进行椎弓根螺钉固定手术时,椎体添加骨水泥可有效增加内固定稳定性,但对相邻节段的影响尚不明确。 目的：观察伴骨质疏松的腰椎疾病患者进行椎体骨水泥强化内固定后,早中期随访中骨水泥强化对相邻节段的影响。 方法：以87例伴骨质疏松的腰椎疾病患者为研究对象,均行椎弓根螺钉系统固定+后路椎管减压术,并分为3组：常规螺钉组,常规螺钉+骨水泥组,可灌注骨水泥螺钉+骨水泥组。样本平均随访6-18个月,平均随访为9个月。测量术前、术后3 d、末次随访的Oswestry功能障碍指数评分、固定节段上位相邻椎间隙高度、固定节段上位相邻椎体变形指数、固定节段椎体上缘终板及相邻上位椎体下缘终板凹陷角度、固定节段Cobb角。 结果与结论：①常规螺钉组、常规螺钉+骨水泥组、可灌注骨水泥螺钉+骨水泥组3组内末次随访功能障碍指数评分均较前明显减小(P < 0.05),组间两两对比无显著差异(P > 0.05)。表明骨质疏松患者脊柱后路固定时,是否添加骨水泥及不同添加方式,对早中期主观疗效影响无显著差异,且均可明显改善患者生活质量。②常规螺钉+骨水泥组、可灌注骨水泥螺钉+骨水泥组2组末次随访对术后3 d固定节段Cobb角变化小于常规螺钉组(P < 0.05),常规螺钉+骨水泥组、可灌注骨水泥螺钉+骨水泥组2组组间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。表明添加骨水泥辅助的内固定稳定性明显优于未添加骨水泥常规手术。③常规螺钉+骨水泥组、可灌注骨水泥螺钉+骨水泥组2组术后3 d出现上终板凹陷角度增大;末次随访观察到相邻上位椎体下终板凹陷角度、椎体矩形指数及相邻椎间隙均减小,且前两项指标的改变程度明显大于常规螺钉组。表明添加骨水泥辅助内固定对相邻椎间盘退变程度无显著影响,但明显改变了相邻椎体终板及椎体的形态,增加了相邻椎体发生骨折的风险。     

Ready-to-use injectable calcium phosphate bone cement paste as drug carrier

Current developments in calcium phosphate cement (CPC) technology concern the use of ready-to-use injectable cement pastes by dispersing the cement powder in a water-miscible solvent, such that, after injection into the physiological environment, setting of cements occurs by diffusion of water into the cement paste. It has also been demonstrated recently that the combination of a water-immiscible carrier liquid combined with suitable surfactants facilitates a discontinuous liquid exchange in CPC, enabling the cement setting reaction to take place. This paper reports on the use of these novel cement paste formulations as a controlled release system of antibiotics (gentamicin, vancomycin). Cement pastes were applied either as a one-component material, in which the solid drugs were physically dispersed, or as a two-component system, where the drugs were dissolved in an aqueous phase that was homogeneously mixed with the cement paste using a static mixing device during injection. Drug release profiles of both antibiotics from pre-mixed one- and two-component cements were characterized by an initial burst release of ～7–28%, followed by a typical square root of time release kinetic for vancomycin. Gentamicin release rates also decreased during the first days of the release study, but after ～1 week, the release rates were more or less constant over a period of several weeks. This anomalous release kinetic was attributed to participation of the sulfate counter ion in the cement setting reaction altering the drug solubility. The drug-loaded cement pastes showed high antimicrobial potency against Staphylococcus aureus in an agar diffusion test regime, while other cement properties such as mechanical performance or phase composition after setting were only marginally affected.     

球囊扩张硫酸钙骨水泥椎体增强与后外侧植骨融合结合短节段经伤椎椎弓根钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折疗效比较

目的分析比较球囊扩张硫酸钙骨水泥(Calcium sulfate cement,CSC)椎体增强与后外侧植骨融合结合短节段经伤椎椎弓根钉固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折中的临床效果。方法选取本院2012年1月~2014年12月经临床确诊为胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的60例患者,随机分成两组,各30例。椎体增强组患者采用球囊扩张CSC椎体增强结合短节段经伤椎椎弓根钉内固定;植骨融合组应用后外侧植骨融合结合短节段经伤椎椎弓根钉内固定。分别记录两组患者术前、术后1周及末次随访时视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、伤椎中央高度比、矢状面Cobb角等指标,并对结果进行比较和统计学分析。结果与术前相比,术后两组患者的VAS得分和ODI分值均显著降低,术后疼痛情况明显改善(0.01);术后1年,椎体增强组的中央高度比均明显高于植骨融合组且术后1年椎体增强组的矢状面Cobb角远远小于植骨融合组,提示术后椎体增强组疗效优于植骨融合组,矫正丢失更少,差异均存统计学意义(0.01),所有患者均未出现内固定失败。结论球囊扩张CSC椎体增强与后外侧植骨融合均可有效治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折,但CSC椎体增强早期可更好的恢复伤椎的高度,增加伤椎的稳定性和椎体强度,减少矫正度丢失,保留脊柱的节段运动功能。     

磷酸钙强化椎弓根螺钉的动态生物力学研究

目的 研究磷酸钙骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉后生物力学强度的体内动态变化。方法 成年雌性绵羊12只,年龄4～6岁;体重33～45Kg。经每只羊的L1～L6椎体双侧椎弓根,分直接植入、CPC强化和PMMA强化三种植钉方法植入椎弓螺钉,每只动物体内植钉方法按平衡不完全随机进行分配,每种方法各植4枚。植钉后动物被随机分配至术后1d,4w,12w和24w四个观察时间点,每点3只。在观察点获取植钉腰椎标本,测定螺钉的轴向拔出力和拔出能量吸收值,进行相同时间点各植钉方法之间和同一植钉方法各时间点之间的指标对比分析。结果 四个观察时间点动物的骨密度按序依次是,0.923±0.082g/cm2,0.910±0.098 g/cm2,0.952±0.123 g/cm2和0.912±0.126 g/cm2,组间均未见显著差异（P﹥0.05）。在术后1d,4w,12w和24w四个观察时间点CPC强化组的最大轴向拔出力（Fmax）依次是,893.13±63.91N,916.50±109.88N,1022.04±73.85N和1104.91±112.33N。拔出能量吸收值（EAV）与相应的Fmax呈正相关（P﹤0.001）。同一方法各时间点内的Fmax 和EAV均无显著性差异（P﹥0.28）。相同时间点,CPC强化组的Fmax和EAV均显著高于对照组（P﹤0.001）。另外,除24周的EAV二者无差异（P﹥0.18）外,PMMA强化组两项指标均高于CPC强化组（P﹤0.003）。结论 结果表明用CPC强化能显著提高椎弓根螺钉的固定强度,且强化作用在体内是动态稳定的。在椎弓根螺钉强化方面,CPC是PMMA理想的替代材料。     

Trabecular bone response to injectable calcium phosphate (Ca-P) cement

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical, biological, and handling properties of a new developed calcium phosphate (Ca-P) cement when implanted in trabecular bone. Ca-P cement consisting of a powder and a liquid phase was implanted as a paste into femoral trabecular bone of goats for 3 days and 2, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The cement was tested using three clinically relevant liquid-to-powder ratios. Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement, routinely used in orthopedics, was used as a control. The Ca-P cement was easy to handle and was fast setting with good cohesion when in contact with body fluids. X-ray diffraction at the different implantation periods showed that the cement had set as an apatite and remained stable over time. Histological evaluation after 2 weeks, performed on 10 microm un-decalcified sections, showed abundant bone apposition on the cement surface without any inflammatory reaction or fibrous encapsulation. At later time points, the Ca-P cement implants were totally covered by a thin layer of bone. Osteoclast-like cells, as present at the interface, had resorbed parts of the cement mass. At locations where Ca-P cement was resorbed, new bone was formed without loss of integrity between the bone bed and the cement. This demonstrated the osteotransductive property of the cement, i.e., resorption of the material by osteoclast-like cells, directly followed by the formation of new bone. Histological and histomorphometrical evaluation did not show any significant differences between the Ca-P cement implanted at the three different liquid/powder ratios. The results indicate that the investigated Ca-P cement is biocompatible, osteoconductive, as well as osteotransductive and is a candidate material for use as a bone substitute.     

Increased bone remodelling around titanium implants coated with chondroitin sulfate in ovariectomized rats

Coating titanium implants with artificial extracellular matrices based on collagen and chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been shown to enhance bone remodelling and de novo bone formation in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen deficiency and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the osseointegration of CS-modified Ti implants. 30 adult female, ovariectomized Wistar rats were fed either with an ethinyl-estradiol-rich diet (E) to simulate a clinical relevant HRT or with a genistein-rich diet (G) to test an alternative therapy based on nutritionally relevant phytoestrogens. Controls (C) received an estrogen-free diet. Uncoated titanium pins (Ti) or pins coated with type-I collagen and CS (Ti/CS) were inserted 8 weeks after ovarectomy into the tibia. Specimens were retrieved 28 days after implantation. Both the amount of newly formed bone and the affinity index (P < 0.05) were moderately higher around Ti/CS implants as compared to uncoated Ti. The highest values were measured in the G-Ti/CS and E-Ti/CS groups, the lowest values for the E-Ti and G-Ti controls. Quantitative synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT) revealed the highest increase in total bone formation around G-Ti/CS as compared to C-Ti (P < 0.01). The effects with respect to direct bone apposition were less pronounced with SRμCT. Using scanning nanoindentation, both the indentation modulus and the hardness of the newly formed bone were highest in the E-Ti/CS, G-Ti/CS and G-Ti groups as compared to C-Ti (P < 0.05). Coatings with collagen and CS appear to improve both the quantity and quality of bone formed around Ti implants in ovarectomized rats. A simultaneous ethinyl estradiol- and genistein-rich diet seems to enhance these effects.     

腰椎内固定中两种椎弓根钉加强技术与骨水泥的应用

背景：骨质疏松伴腰椎退行性病变行椎弓根钉固定骨质疏松的椎体后可能会出现螺钉的松动、脱落,使用固化材料强化椎弓根钉能提高治疗效果。 目的：比较骨质疏松患者腰椎内固定中使用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥和可注射硫酸钙骨水泥加强椎弓根钉两种技巧的临床效果。 方法：腰椎滑脱、腰椎失稳、严重腰椎管狭窄合并骨质疏松的患者共61例,根据治疗方式分为2组：传统聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯强化椎弓根钉组和可注射硫酸钙骨水泥强化椎弓根钉组。 结果与结论：两组患者治疗操作时间、出血量、治疗前后目测类比评分、日本骨科协会评估治疗分数评分及改善率比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯组中2例患者出现了注入的骨水泥渗漏,随访未造成新的神经损伤。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯组患者治疗后骨密度随着随访时间的延长未出现逐渐的增强趋势;硫酸钙骨水泥组患者治疗后骨密度出现渐进性的改善,与患者治疗后日本骨科协会评估治疗分数改善率呈线性相关。两组患者未出现螺钉松动、拔出及神经功能的异常。表明与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯相似,硫酸钙骨水泥能增加椎弓根螺钉的稳定性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

An injectable calcium phosphate cement for the local delivery of paclitaxel to bone

Bone metastases are usually treated by surgical removal, fixation and chemotherapeutic treatment. Bone cement is used to fill the resection voids. The aim of this study was to develop a local drug delivery system using a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) as carrier for chemotherapeutic agents. CPC consisted of alpha-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate dibasic and precipitated hydroxyapatite powders and a 2% Na(2)HPO(4) hardening solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe CPC morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to follow CPC transformation. The loading/release capacity of the CPC was studied by a bovine serum albumin-loading model. Release/retention was measured by high performance liquid chromatography and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. For chemotherapeutic loading, paclitaxel (PX) was loaded onto the CPC discs by absorption. Viability of osteosarcoma U2OS and metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells was measured by an AlamarBlue assay. Results of SEM and XRD showed changes in CPC due to its transformation. The loading model indicated a high retention behavior by the CPC composition. Cell viability tests indicated a PX minimal lethal dose of 90?μg/ml. PX released from CPC remained active to influence cell viability. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CPC is a feasible delivery vector for chemotherapeutic agents.     

Tendon-to-bone healing using an injectable calcium phosphate cement combined with bone xenograft/BMP composite

Injectable calcium phosphate cement (ICPC) has been applied to enhance the tendon-to-bone healing. However, its slow degradation delays the osteointegration of grafted tendon in bone tunnels. We therefore constructed a synthetic biomaterial of ICPC combined with recombined bone xenograft granules (RBX). In this study, the first stage study demonstrated that the ICPCB contained 3 mg BMPs (ICPCB-3) obtained a porous structure. More importantly, the values of ICPCB-3 were highest in cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, expression of osteogenic genes, and newly ectopic bone-forming area (P < 0.05). Then, ICPCB-3 was used in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction model. Ninety skeletal mature rabbits underwent bilateral ACL reconstructions and were assigned to 3 groups: control group, ICPC alone group, and ICPCB-3 group. Animals were sacrificed at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. The results showed compared with ICPC, ICPCB-3 composite markedly accelerated tendon-to-bone healing. In addition, little remnants were observed in ICPCB-3 group. Moreover, the maximum loads to failure of ICPCB-3 group was significantly higher than ICPC group at 24 weeks (P < 0.01). We conclude that the ICPCB composite, with a porous structure and better osteointegration effect, has direct clinical instruction to arthroscopic techniques of the ACL reconstruction.     

磷酸钙骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉固定的周期抗屈试验研究

目的 本实验旨在从周期抗屈试验方面证实磷酸钙骨水泥对椎弓根螺钉固定的强化作用.方法 在一组Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级骨质疏松椎骨的一侧直接置入椎弓根螺钉作为对照,另一侧填入磷酸钙骨水泥后再置入椎弓根螺钉作强化固定,12h后进行周期抗屈试验.然后用磷酸钙骨水泥固定松动后的椎弓根螺钉并进行周期抗屈试验.在另一组Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级骨质疏松椎骨上重复以上试验步骤.结果 第一组椎骨对照侧的螺钉松动率为91.3%,强化侧为33.3%,两侧螺钉均松动椎骨的最大负荷中位数分别为75N和162.5N,两侧均未松动的9号椎体中,对照侧的螺钉位移1.942mm,强化侧仅为0.403mm,差别均有显著性意义.螺钉松动后重新固定,两侧的松动率均为41.7%,两侧螺钉均松动椎骨的最大负荷中位数分别为150N和175N,两侧均未松动的9号椎体中,螺钉位移均为0.411mm,与对照侧初始固定相比,均有显著性意义.第二组椎骨对照侧和强化侧的松动率均为100%.结论 磷酸钙骨水泥能强化椎弓根螺钉在Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级骨质疏松椎骨上的周期抗屈能力,但在Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级骨质疏松椎骨上无效果.     

硫酸钙椎体成形术结合椎弓根螺钉治疗无神经症状的爆裂性胸腰椎骨折

目的为了评估后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合可注射型硫酸钙治疗无神经症状的爆裂性胸腰椎骨折的临床效果。方法采用后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合可注射型硫酸钙治疗25例无神经症状的爆裂性胸腰椎骨折患者,分别在术后1周,术后1年时随访观察椎体前缘高度,Cobb角和矢状面指数(SI)变化,记录视觉模拟评分(VAS)改变情况。结果 24例患者得到随访,术后椎体的高度和Cobb角、SI均较术前得到明显矫正(<0.01)。术后1年随访没有发现明显的高度丢失和进展性畸形,VAS评分2.3分。结论该联合手术可以有效治疗无神经症状的爆裂性胸腰椎骨折,能够有效降低内固定失败和矫正丢失。     

Augmentation of acrylic bone cement with multiwall carbon nanotubes

Acrylic bone cement, based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), is a proven polymer having important applications in medicine and dentistry, but this polymer continues to have less than ideal resistance to mechanical fatigue and impact. A variety of materials have been added to bone cement to augment its mechanical strength, but none of these augmentative materials has proven successful. Carbon nanotubes, a new hollow multiwalled tubular material 10-40 nm in diameter, 10-100 microm long, and 50-100 times the strength of steel at 1/6 the weight, have emerged as a viable augmentation candidate because of their large surface area to volume ratio. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of multiwall carbon nanotubes to bone cement can alter its static or dynamic mechanical properties. Bar-shaped specimens made from six different (0-10% by weight) concentrations of multiwall carbon nanotubes were tested to failure in quasi-static 3-point bending and in 4-point bending fatigue (5 Hz). Analyses of variance and the 3-Parameter Weibull model were used to analyze the material performance data. The 2 wt % MWNT concentration enhanced flexural strength by 12.8% (p=0.003) and produced a 13.1% enhancement in yield stress (p=0.002). Bending modulus increased slightly with the smaller (<5 wt % MWNT) concentrations, but increased 24.1% (p<0.001) in response to the 10 wt % loading. While the 2 wt % loading produced slightly improved quasi-static test results, it was associated with clearly superior fatigue performance (3.3x increase in the Weibull mean fatigue life). Weibull minimum fatigue life (No), Weibull modulus (alpha), and characteristic fatigue life (beta) for bone cement augmented with carbon nanotubes were enhanced versus that observed in the control group. These data unambiguously showed that the bone cement-MWNT polymer system has an enhanced fatigue life compared to "control" bone cement (no added nanotubes). It is concluded that specific multiwall carbon nanotube loadings can favorably improve the mechanical performance of bone cement.     

Fibrin gel-immobilized primary osteoblasts in calcium phosphate bone cement: in vivo evaluation with regard to application as injectable biological bone substitute

Osteogenic injectable bone substitutes may be useful for many applications. We developed a novel injectable bone substitute based on osteoblast-fibrin glue suspension and calcium phosphate bone cement (BC). Human osteoblasts were isolated from trabecular bone samples and cultured under standard conditions. Osteoblasts were suspended in fibrinogen solution (FS). BC was cured with thrombin solution. 8 x 4 mm injectable bone discs were prepared using silicon molds and a custom-made applicator device. Discs containing BC, BC/FS, or BC/FS/osteoblasts were implanted subcutaneously into athymic nude mice. After 3, 9 and 24 weeks, specimens were explanted and subjected to morphologic and biomechanical evaluation. In vitro fibrin gel-embedded osteoblasts displayed a differentiated phenotype as evidenced by alkaline phosphatase, collagen type 1 and von Kossa stains. A proportion of osteoblasts appeared morphologically intact over a 3-day in vitro period following application into the BC. BC/FS and BC/FS/osteoblast discs were sparsely infiltrated with vascularized connective tissue. There was no bone formation in implants from all groups. However, positive von Kossa staining only in BC/FS/osteoblast groups suggests engraftment of at least some of the transplanted cells. Biomechanical evaluation demonstrated initial stability of the composites. Young's modulus and maximal load did not differ significantly in the BC/FS and BC/FS/osteoblast groups. The practicability of osteoblast-containing injectable bone could be demonstrated. The dense microstructure and the suboptimal initial vascularization of the composites may explain the lack of bone formation. Modifications with regard to enhanced osteoblast survival are mandatory for a possible application as injectable osteogenic bone replacement system.     

一种可注射体内成孔的磷酸钙骨水泥

背景：磷酸钙骨水泥存在脆性大、抗水溶性(血溶性)差、力学性能不足、降解缓慢等缺点,其临床应用受到一定限制,故需要对其进行改性研究。 目的：制备一种具有一定强度、孔隙率、适合骨生长的多孔磷酸钙骨水泥生物支架材料。 方法：以磷酸钙骨水泥为基本体系,液相采用壳聚糖的弱酸溶液,以提高磷酸钙骨水泥的可塑性和黏弹性,使骨水泥具有可注射性,显著提升骨水泥的应用范围及应用舒适度。固相为双相磷酸钙(磷酸四钙+磷酸氢钙)粉体,并在固相中添加一定量的甘露醇及聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物作为造孔剂,制备磷酸钙支架材料。 结果与结论：此材料孔径可达到10~300 μm。添加60%致孔剂时,磷酸钙骨水泥固化体孔隙率可达到(68.3±1.5)%。磷酸钙骨水泥孔隙率的增加使材料的力学性能下降,其抗压强度从最初不含致孔剂时的(53.0±1.4) MPa下降到含60%致孔剂的(2.5±0.2) MPa。实验制备的此种多孔磷酸钙骨水泥材料,是具有一定抗压强度、较好的孔隙率,并能体内降解的可注射生物支架材料。