拉喹莫德的合成工艺研究

目的 合成拉喹莫德并对工艺进行研究.方法 以2-氨基-6-氯苯甲酸为起始原料,经成环反应、甲基化反应、缩合反应、水解反应等合成了拉喹莫德.结果 合成的拉喹莫德总收率为71.8％.结论 工艺改进后,简化了操作过程,提高了拉喹莫德的收率.     

芬戈莫德的合成

目的改进免疫抑制剂芬戈莫德的合成工艺。方法以2-苯乙醇和溴化钠为起始原料,经取代、酰化、缩合等反应制得芬戈莫德。结果目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR谱和MS确证。总收率为26.9%,比文献收率提高了6.4%。结论改进后的工艺路线方法操作简便、反应条件温和、收率高、成本低,有利于工业化生产。     

4-氨基-5-氯-2-乙氧基苯甲酸的合成

目的合成4-氨基-5-氯-2-乙氧基苯甲酸。方法以对氨基水杨酸钠为原料,经酸化、甲酯化、乙酰化、乙基化、氯代、水解等六步反应得到枸橼酸莫沙必利的主要中间体4-氨基-5-氯-2-乙基苯甲酸。结果与结论本合成工艺提高了收率,降低了成本,更适合工业化生产,本工艺总收率为62.4%。     

氯吡格雷中间体α-氯(2-氯)苯乙酸甲酯合成工艺的优化

目的:探讨合成α-氯(2-氯)苯乙酸甲酯的工艺优化。方法:以邻氯扁桃酸甲酯为原料、二氯亚砜为氯化试剂合成α-氯(2-氯)苯乙酸甲酯;设计正交试验,以邻氯扁桃酸甲酯与二氯亚砜投料比、反应温度、反应时间为因素,以产率为指标优化合成工艺条件,并进行验证试验。结果:确定了最佳反应条件即邻氯扁桃酸甲酯与二氯亚砜投料比为2∶3,反应时间为1h,反应温度40℃;以此条件合成产品收率≥92%,纯度≥99%。结论:所得合成工艺条件适用于合成α-氯(2-氯)苯乙酸甲酯。     

盐酸氯普鲁卡因的合成

目的合成盐酸氯普鲁卡因并改进工艺。方法以2-氯-4-硝基苯甲酸为起始物料,经过还原、酯化、成盐3步反应制得盐酸氯普鲁卡因。结果目标物经IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR和MS确证结构,反应总收率达到73.9%,纯度为99.76%。结论该合成路线操作简便、反应条件温和,适于工业化生产。     

芬戈莫德的合成

芬戈莫德的合成及工艺优化,以正辛基苯和3-溴丙酰氯为原料,经酰化、硝化、还原、羟甲基化、氢化反应制得,总收率28.1%,且便于工业化生产。     

艾拉莫德(T-614)的合成工艺研究

目的对新药艾拉莫德(1)的合成工艺进行研究。方法以4-氯-3-硝基苯甲醚为起始原料,与苯酚反应生成4-苯氧基-3-硝基苯甲醚,再经还原、甲磺酰化、付-克酰基化、甲酰化、水解、环合,共7步反应制备得到(1)。结果(1)的化学结构经核磁共振谱、质谱确证,纯度(HPLC法)>99%。结论该合成路线较短,反应条件温和,操作简便,收率较高(38%),易于工业化生产。     

芬戈莫德的合成

芬戈莫德的合成及工艺优化,以正辛基苯和3-溴丙酰氯为原料,经酰化、硝化、还原、羟甲基化、氢化反应制得,总收率28.1%,且便于工业化生产。     

马来酸氟吡汀的合成工艺改进研究

目的对马来酸氟吡汀的合成工艺进行改进研究。方法以对氟苄胺和2-氨基-3-硝基-6-氯吡啶为起始原料,通过取代反应合成中间体2-氨基-3-硝基-6-对氟苄胺基吡啶,然后再通过一锅法合成马来酸氟吡汀。结果合成了目标化合物马来酸氟吡汀,并利用1H-NMR、MS、IR等确证了结构。本合成工艺的总收率为46.7%,质量分数为99.95%。结论该合成工艺改进后操作性好,条件温和,更适于药品的工业化生产。     

6-甲基-3-硝基-2-氯苯酚的合成及其副产物分析

目的以5-硝基-2-甲基苯酚为原料合成6-甲基-3-硝基-2-氯苯酚。方法利用盐酸条件下滴加次氯酸钠法制备产品,考察盐酸浓度、反应温度及反应时间对产率的影响;进行了副产物物质结构的综合分析,并以FTIR-8400型傅立叶交换红外分光光度计、NMR-200型核磁共振渡谱仪进行结构表征。结果产品收率为61％,确定了主要副产物的分子结构为邻对位氯苯酚。结论确定的初步反应条件有利于改进工艺,进一步提高产品收率。     

Laquinimod (ABR-215062) for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis

Laquinimod (ABR-215062) is an oral immunomodulatory agent developed for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Laquinimod is a derivative of the drug roquinimex, but lacks the unacceptable side effect profile of this drug which was documented in previous MS trials. Preclinical studies in experimental models of MS, both of autoimmune neuroinflammation and of toxin induced demyelination show a multitude of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, including some that are effective directly in the central nervous system. Phase I study results confirmed the safety and tolerability of laquinimod, and phase II and III studies provide a picture of a consistent albeit moderate effect on relapse rate and new lesion development on magnetic resonance imaging combined with a stronger effect on sustained progression and brain atrophy. These findings make laquinimod a potentially useful future treatment of MS.     

Oral laquinimod therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS. Early treatment reduces the number of relapses, limits progression of disability, and improves quality of life; however, existing therapies are only partially effective and require parenteral administration. Objective: To review current experience with laquinimod as a novel immunomodulatory therapy for MS. Results: Laquinimod is a new quinolonecarboxamide that has demonstrated efficacy in animal models of several autoimmune diseases, including MS. It shows immunomodulatory effects, likely through Th1/Th2 shift, but does not lead to immunosuppression. Laquinimod is metabolized in the liver, primarily by the CYP3A4 enzyme. Phase II studies in relapsing MS demonstrate a dose-response effect on disease activity, measured by number of active lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and show favorable tolerability and safety based on clinical and laboratory indicators. Two Phase III studies currently in progress are evaluating the efficacy of laquinimod 0.6 mg/day in relapsing MS. The drug was granted a fast track review by the FDA in 2009. Conclusion: Laquinimod is a novel, orally administered immunomodulator that has advanced to the pre-submission stage and may become an alternative to the current injectable first-line treatments for relapsing MS.     

口服治疗多发性硬化药物——拉喹莫德

拉喹莫德是正处于Ⅲ期临床试验、口服安全有效的抗多发性硬化症药物,其通过改变细胞因子的平衡实现免疫调节,改善临床症状。现对其研究现状进行综述。     

Laquinimod in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Introduction: Laquinimod is a new once-daily oral administrable agent, which is under investigation in a phase 3 clinical trial for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and in a phase 2 clinical trial for primary progressive MS (PPMS).

Areas covered: The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and the safety profiles of laquinimod are covered in this review. In preclinical studies, the ability to prevent both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and experimental autoimmune neuritis has been demonstrated. Reduced cell infiltration, demyelination, axonal damage and a shift of T-helper cell responses have been shown. Accordingly, in human studies, a decrease of pro-inflammatory and an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines have been measured and a significant reduction of disease progression and a decrease in brain volume loss has been demonstrated. During all clinical studies a favorable safety profile was observed for 0.6mg laquinimod. New information about cardiovascular events is prompting the discontinuation of higher dosing regimens in both ongoing trials.

Expert opinion: Laquinimod is a first in class oral agent with high potential to reduce disease progression in RRMS and PPMS. Owing to its favorable safety profile, a combination with 0.6mg laquinimod and other disease modifying therapies could be an option in future MS therapy.     

Laquinimod, a once-daily oral drug in development for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Laquinimod is a novel, small, orally administered medication that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. In preclinical testing, laquinimod inhibited the development of both acute and chronic paralysis in the multiple sclerosis model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, laquinimod reduced inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice treated at disease induction or at clinical disease onset. Recent findings from the clinical trials indicate that laquinimod has significant effects in reducing relapse rate and has more pronounced effects in reducing sustained disability progression as well as brain atrophy, with a good safety profile. In conclusion, preclinical studies show that laquinimod's unique mechanisms of action, including its immunomodulatory and CNS-protective effects, translate into clinical benefits in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients.     

Laquinimod,a once-daily oral drug in development for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

Laquinimod is a novel, small, orally administered medication that has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. In preclinical testing, laquinimod inhibited the development of both acute and chronic paralysis in the multiple sclerosis model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, laquinimod reduced inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice treated at disease induction or at clinical disease onset. Recent findings from the clinical trials indicate that laquinimod has significant effects in reducing relapse rate and has more pronounced effects in reducing sustained disability progression as well as brain atrophy, with a good safety profile. In conclusion, preclinical studies show that laquinimod’s unique mechanisms of action, including its immunomodulatory and CNS-protective effects, translate into clinical benefits in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients.     

Laquinimod: a promising oral medication for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

INTRODUCTION: MS is a chronic immunological disease of the CNS. Due to a lack of curative treatment approaches, current principles aim at the reduction of inflammatory disease activity. Today, many different substances are under investigation in Phase III clinical trials and hold promise in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Laquinimod is a promising new orally administered substance which has demonstrated beneficial effects in placebo-controlled trials in patients with RRMS and is currently under investigation in two global Phase III trials. AREAS COVERED: The authors review the pharmaceutical properties of laquinimod, its suggested mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy and adverse profile. This review contains data that have been presented by experts in the field at international meetings and congresses and that have been published in peer-reviewed journals. EXPERT OPINION: While laquinimod has been shown to have a promising safety profile, its mechanisms of action are not completely understood and further research is necessary to clarify this. Studies conducted in EAE, the mouse model of MS, have demonstrated immunomodulatory and neuroprotective mechanisms of action. Hopefully, the two current pivotal Phase III trials currently underway will shed some light on laquinimod confirming its clinical potential and add to the current armamentarium for the treatment of RRMS.     

Gateways to clinical trials

1-Octanol, 9vPnC-MnCc; Abiraterone acetate, Adalimumab, Adefovir dipivoxil, Alemtuzumab, Aliskiren fumarate, Aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester, Amlodipine besylate/atorvastatin calcium, Amrubicin hydrochloride, Anakinra, Aripiprazole, ARRY-520, AS-1404, Asimadoline, Atazanavir sulfate, AVE-0277, Azelnidipine; Bevacizumab, Bimatoprost, Boceprevir, Bortezomib, Bosentan, Botulinum toxin type B; Certolizumab pegol, Cetuximab, Clevudine, Contusugene ladenovec, CP-751871, Crofelemer, Cypher, CYT006-AngQb; Darbepoetin alfa, Desmopressin, Dexlansoprazole, DG-041; E-5555, Ecogramostim, Entecavir, Erlotinib hydrochloride, Escitalopram oxalate, Eszopiclone, Everolimus, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe/simvastatin; Falecalcitriol, Fampridine, Fesoterodine fumarate, Fingolimod hydrochloride; Gefitinib, Ghrelin (human), GS-7904L, GV-1001; HT-1001; Insulin detemir, ISIS-112989, Istradefylline; Laquinimod sodium, Latanoprost/timolol maleate, Lenalidomide, Levobetaxolol hydrochloride, Liposomal doxorubicin, Liposomal morphine sulfate, Lubiprostone, Lumiracoxib, LY-518674; MEM-1003, Mesna disulfide, Mipomersen sodium, MM-093, Mycophenolic acid sodium salt; Naptumomab estafenatox, Natalizumab; Olmesartan medoxomil, Olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide; Paclitaxel nanoparticles, Paclitaxel poliglumex, Pasireotide, Pazufloxacin mesilate, Pegfilgrastim, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon alfa-2b/ribavirin, Pegvisomant, Pemetrexed disodium, Pimagedine, Pimecrolimus, Pramlintide acetate, Prasterone, Pregabalin, Prulifloxacin; QAE-397; Rec-15/2615, RFB4(dsFv)-PE38, rhGAD65, Roflumilast, Romiplostim, Rosuvastatin calcium, Rotigotine, Rupatadine fumarate; Safinamide mesilate, SIR-Spheres, Sitagliptin phosphate, Sodium phenylacetate, Sodium phenylacetate/Sodium benzoate, Sorafenib, SSR-244738; Taribavirin hydrochloride, Taxus, Teduglutide, Tegaserod maleate, Telaprevir, Telbivudine, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Tigecycline, Tiotropium bromide, Trabectedin, Travoprost, Treprostinil sodium; Ustekinumab; Valsartan/amlodipine besylate, Varenicline tartrate, Vildagliptin; Zofenopril calcium.     

Review of laquinimod and its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immunological disease of the central nervous system characterized by early inflammatory demyelination and subsequent neurodegeneration. Although major progress has occurred, MS is still an incurable disease. Further, parenteral application and/or safety issues of the currently licensed drugs are associated with low patient compliance. Thus, there remains an unmet need for the development of more effective and well-tolerated oral therapies for the treatment of MS. At this point in time, different oral available substances are under investigation and hold promise in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS).

Areas covered: The physical, chemical and pharmacological properties of laquinimod, as well as its suggested mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy and side-effect profile are reviewed.

Expert opinion: Laquinimod is a new orally administered synthetic drug designed as an immunomodulator. Its mechanisms of action are not yet fully elucidated. Studies in mice and humans revealed different mechanisms of action, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. So far, Phase II and Phase III clinical trials have shown its efficacy on magnetic resonance imaging based measures of disease activity, annualized relapse rate and disability progression in RRMS patients. Current data suggest a relatively modest efficacy by measures of relapse rate and there seems to be no superiority in comparison to established disease-modifying agents in relapsing-remitting MS. Further studies are necessary to evaluate both neuroprotective efficacy and optimal dosage of laquinimod in more detail.